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Encyclopedia > Plasmon

In physics, the plasmon is the quasiparticle resulting from the quantization of plasma oscillations just as photons and phonons are quantizations of light and sound waves, respectively. Thus, plasmons are collective oscillations of the free electron gas density, often at optical frequencies. They can also couple with a photon to create a third quasiparticle called a plasma polariton. A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor demonstrates the Meissner effect. ... In physics, a quasiparticle refers to a particle-like entity arising in certain systems of interacting particles. ... Look up quantization in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In plasma physics, plasma oscillations, also known as Langmuir waves (after Irving Langmuir) and plasma waves, are periodic oscillations of charge density in conducting media such as plasmas or metals. ... In modern physics the photon is the elementary particle responsible for electromagnetic phenomena. ... Normal modes of vibration progression through a crystal. ... In physics, the free electron model is a possible model for the behaviour of electrons in a crystal structure. ... This article is in need of attention. ...


Since plasmons are the quantization of classical plasma oscillations, most of their properties can be derived directly from Maxwell's Equations. For thermodynamic relations, see Maxwell relations. ...

Contents

Explanation

Plasmons are explained in the classical picture using the Drude model of metals. The metal is treated as a three dimensional crystal of positively charged ions, and a delocalized electron gas is moving in a periodic potential of this ion grid. The Drude model of electrical conduction was developed in the 1900s by Paul Drude to explain the transport properties of electrons in materials (especially metals). ... This article is about metallic materials. ... This article is about the electrically charged particle. ... In physics, the free electron model is a possible model for the behaviour of electrons in a crystal structure. ...


Plasmons play a large role in the optical properties of metals. Light of frequency below the plasma frequency is reflected, because the electrons in the metal screen the electric field of the light. Light of frequency above the plasma frequency is transmitted, because the electrons cannot respond fast enough to screen it. In most metals, the plasma frequency is in the ultraviolet, making them shiny (reflective) in the visible range. Some metals, such as copper and gold, have electronic interband transitions in the visible range, whereby specific light energies (colors) are absorbed, yielding their distinct color. In doped semiconductors, the plasma frequency is usually in the deep ultraviolet[1]. That is why they are reflective, too. For other uses, see Light (disambiguation). ... In physics, plasma oscillations, often referred to as Langmuir waves or plasma waves, are periodic oscillations of charge density in conducting media such as plasmas or metals. ... In physics, the space surrounding an electric charge or in the presence of a time-varying magnetic field has a property called an electric field. ... For other uses, see Ultraviolet (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Copper (disambiguation). ... GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ... For other uses, see Ultraviolet (disambiguation). ...


The plasmon energy can often be estimated in the free electron model as In solid-state physics, the free electron model is a simple model for the behaviour of valence electrons in a crystal structure of a metallic solid. ...

E_{p} = hbar sqrt{frac{n e^{2}}{mepsilon_0}}

where n is the valence electron density, e is the elementary charge, m is the electron mass and ε0 the permittivity of free space. In chemistry, valence electrons are the electrons contained in the outermost, or valence, electron shell of an atom. ... The elementary charge (symbol e or sometimes q) is the electric charge carried by a single proton, or equivalently, the negative of the electric charge carried by a single electron. ... Properties The electron is a fundamental subatomic particle which carries a negative electric charge. ... This article is in need of attention. ...


Surface plasmons

Surface plasmons are those plasmons that are confined to surfaces and that interact strongly with light resulting in a polariton. They occur at the interface of a vacuum or material with a positive dielectric constant with that of a negative dielectric constant (usually a metal or doped dielectric). They play a role in Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and in explaining anomalies in diffraction from metal gratings (Wood's anomaly), among other things. Surface plasmon resonance is used by biochemists to study the mechanisms and kinetics of ligands binding to receptors (i.e. a substrate binding to an enzyme). This article is in need of attention. ... The relative dielectric constant of a material under given conditions is a measure of the extent to which it concentrates electrostatic lines of flux. ... Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy was discovered by Martin Fleischmann (later of cold fusion infamy) et al. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Robert Williams Wood (May 2, 1868 - August 11, 1955) was a physicist. ... The excitation of surface plasmons by light is denoted as a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for planar surfaces or localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) for nanometer-sized metallic structures. ... A biochemist is a scientist trained and dedicated to producing results in the discipline of biochemistry. ... Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ...


More recently surface plasmons have been used to control colours of materials[1]. This is possible since controlling the material's surface shape controls the types of surface plasmons that can couple to it and propagate across it. This in turn controls the interaction of light with the surface. These effects are illustrated by the historic stained glass which adorn medieval cathedrals. In this case, the color is given by metal nanoparticles of a fixed size which interacts with the optical field to give the glass its vibrant color. In modern science, these effects have been engineered for both visible light and microwave radiation. Much research goes on first in the microwave range because at this wavelength material surfaces can be produced mechanically as the patterns tend to be of the order a few centimeters. To produce optical range surface plasmon effects involves producing surfaces which have features <400 nm. This is much more difficult and has only recently become possible to do in any reliable or available way. Strictly speaking, stained glass is glass that has been painted with silver stain and then fired. ... Microwave Slang for small waves, like at a beach, often used by surfers. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... A nanometre (American spelling: nanometer) is 1. ...


Possible applications

Plasmons have been considered as a means of transmitting information on computer chips. Plasmons involve rapid motion of electrons through the solid. They have also been proposed as a means of high-resolution lithography and microscopy due to their extremely small wavelengths. Both of these applications have seen successful demonstrations in the lab environment. Finally, surface plasmons have the unique capacity to confine light to very small dimensions which could enable many new applications. A microprocessor is a programmable digital electronic component that incorporates the functions of a central processing unit (CPU) on a single semiconducting integrated circuit (IC). ... Lithography is a method for printing on a smooth surface. ...


Surface plasmons are very sensitive to the properties of the materials on which they propagate. This has led to their use to measure the thickness of monolayers on colloid films, such as screening and quantifying protein binding events. Companies such as Biacore have commercialized instruments which operate on these principles. Optical surface plasmons are being investigated with a view to improve makeup by L’Oréal among others.[2] A Colloid or colloidal dispersion is a type of homogeneous mixture. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... Biacore is a life science products company, based in Sweden specializing in measuring protein-protein interaction and binding affinity. ... The L’Oréal Group Euronext: FR0000120321, headquartered in the Paris suburb of Clichy, France, is the worlds largest cosmetics and beauty company. ...


External links

  • http://www.plasmonicfocus.com
  • http://www.sprpages.nl
  • http://www.qub.ac.uk/mp/con/plasmon/sp1.html
  • http://www.nano-optics.org.uk
  • Plasmonic computer chips move closer
  • Progress at Stanford for use in computers
  • Slashdot: A Plasmonic Revolution for Computer Chips?
  • A Microscope from Flatland Physical Review Focus, January 24 2005
  • http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Invisibility_shield_gets_blueprint
  • http://www.plasmonanodevices.org
  • http://www.eu-pleas.org
  • http://www.plasmocom.org
  • Test the limits of plasmonic technology

Slashdot, often abbreviated as /.[1], is a science, science fiction, and technology-related news website owned by SourceForge, Inc. ...

See also

The excitation of surface plasmons by light is denoted as a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for planar surfaces or localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) for nanometer-sized metallic structures. ... Spinplasmonics is a field of nanotechnology combining spintronics and plasmonics. ...

References

  • Stefan Maier (2007). Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications. Springer. ISBN 978-0387331508. 
  • Heinz Raether (1980). Excitation of plasmons and interband transitions by electrons. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-09677-9. 
  • A.V. Zayats, I.I. Smolyaninov, A.A. Maradudin, "Nano-optics of surface plasmon polaritons," Phys. Rep., vol. 408, pp. 131-314 (2005).
  • Harry A. Atwater (2007). The Promise of Plasmonics. In Scientific American, April 2007 v.296 n.4, pg.56-63
  1. ^ Kittel, C.: "Introduction to Solid State Physics", 8th edition, Wiley 2005, Table 2 on p. 403
v • d • e
Particles in physics
Elementary particles Fermions:  Quarks: u · d · s · c · b · t • Leptons: e- · e+ · μ- · μ+ · τ- · τ+ · νe · νμ · ντ
Bosons:  Gauge bosons: γ · g · W± · Z0 
Other:  Ghosts 
Composite particles Hadrons:  Baryons(list)/Hyperons/Nucleons: p · n · Δ · Λ · Σ · Ξ · Ω · Ξb • Mesons(list)/Quarkonia: π · K · ρ · J/ψ · Υ
Other:  Atomic nuclei • Atoms • Exotic atoms: Positronium • Molecules
Hypothetical elementary particles Superpartners: Axino · Dilatino · Chargino · Gluino · Gravitino · Higgsino · Neutralino · Sfermion · Slepton · Squark
Other: Axion · Dilaton · Goldstone boson · Graviton · Higgs boson · Tachyon · X · Y · W' · Z'
Hypothetical composite particles Exotic hadrons:  Exotic baryons: Pentaquark • Exotic mesons: Glueball · Tetraquark
Other:  Mesonic molecule
Quasiparticles Davydov soliton · Exciton · Magnon · Phonon · Plasmon · Polariton · Polaron

  Results from FactBites:
 
Plasmon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (306 words)
In physics, the plasmon is the quasiparticle resulting from the quantization of plasma oscillations.
Surface plasmon resonance is used by biochemists to detect the presence of a molecule on a surface.
Plasmons have been considered as a means of transmitting information on computer chips, since plasmon wires can be much smaller than conventional wires and can support much higher frequencies (into the 100 THz regime, while conventional wires become very lossy in the 10s of GHz).
  More results at FactBites »


 

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