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Plating is the general name surface-covering techniques in which a metal is deposited onto a conductive surface. Plating is indispensable as a corrosion inhibitor for the manufacture of computers, mobile phones, and electronic devices as well as other uses such as solderability, hardness, wearability, friction loss, paint adhesion, conductivity, shielding, etc. Moreover, it is a key technology for the development of new machines. It is also used for decoration, for example in jewelry, typically to provide a silver or gold exterior. Thin-film deposition techniques have accomplished plating on scales as small as the width of an atom, so it is appropriate to call some plating applications nanotechnology. Image File history File links Information_icon. ... Hot metal work from a blacksmith In chemistry, a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily loses electrons to form positive ions (cations) and has metallic bonds between metal atoms. ... A BlueGene supercomputer cabinet. ... Jewelry (the American spelling; spelled jewellery in Commonwealth English) consists of ornamental devices worn by persons, typically made with gems and precious metals. ... General Name, Symbol, Number silver, Ag, 47 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 5, d Appearance lustrous white metal Standard atomic weight 107. ... GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ... Thin-film deposition is any technique for depositing a thin film of material onto a substrate or onto previously deposited layers. ... Buckminsterfullerene C60, also known as the buckyball, is the simplest of the carbon structures known as fullerenes. ...

There are several plating methods. For example, in one method, a solid surface is covered with a metal sheet, and then heat and pressure are applied to fuse them together (a version of this technique is called Sheffield plate). Other plating techniques include vapor deposition under vacuum, sputter deposition, and methods using vacuum conditions or gas. Recently, however, only plating techniques using a liquid tend to be called "plating". Metallizing refers to the process of coating metal on non-metallic objects. Sheffield plate is a layered combination of silver and copper that was used for many years to produce larger silver goods such as serving trays and teapots. ... Vapor deposition can refer to chemical vapor deposition or physical vapor deposition. ... Look up Vacuum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Sputter deposition is a method of depositing thin films by sputtering a block of source material onto a substrate. Sputtered atoms ejected into the gas phase are not in their thermodynamic equilibrium state, and tend to deposit on all surfaces in the vacuum chamber. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Metallizing is the general name for the technique of coating metal on the surface of non-metallic objects. ...

Electroplating

Main article: Electroplating

Electroplating is the process by which a metal in its ionic form is supplied with electrons to form a non-ionic coating on a desired substrate. The most common system involves: a chemical solution which contains the ionic form of the metal, an anode (positively charged) which may consist of the metal being plated (a soluble anode) or an insoluble anode (usually carbon, platinum, titanium, lead, or steel), and finally, a cathode (negatively charged) where electrons are supplied to produce a film of non-ionic metal. Electroplating is the process of using Davd lloyd current to coat an electrically conductive object with a relatively thin layer of metal. ... An electrostatic potential map of the nitrate ion (NO3−). Areas coloured red are lower in energy than areas colored yellow An ion is an atom or group of atoms which have lost or gained one or more electrons, making them negatively or positively charged. ... Properties The electron (also called negatron, commonly represented as e−) is a subatomic particle. ... Diagram of a zinc anode in a galvanic cell. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Solution. ... Insoluble Not soluble ... Diagram of a copper cathode in a Daniells cell. ...

Electroless plating

Electroless plating, also known as chemical or auto-catalytic plating, is a non-galvanic type of plating method that involves several simultaneous reactions in an aqueous solution, which occur without the use of external electrical power. The reaction is accomplished when hydrogen is released by a reducing agent, normally sodium hypophosphite, and oxidized thus producing a negative charge on the surface of the part. The most common electroless plating method is electroless nickel plating. See: Electroless nickel plating In chemistry and biology, catalysis (in Greek meaning to annul) is the acceleration of the rate of a chemical reaction by means of a substance, called a catalyst, that is itself unchanged chemically by the overall reaction. ... In biology, galvanism is the contraction of a muscle that is stimulated by an electric current. ... Drinking water This article focuses on water as we experience it every day. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... General Name, Symbol, Number sodium, Na, 11 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 3, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 22. ... Electroless nickel plating is achieved by forming a thin layer of nickel phosphate on a solid workpiece such as metals and plastics. ...

Specific cases

Gold plating

Main article: Gold plating

Gold plating is a method of depositing a thin layer of gold on the surface of other metal, most often copper or silver. Gold-plating is a term relating to European Union law, used particularly in the UK. Gold-plating refers to the practise of national bodies exceeding the terms of European Community directives when implementing them into national law. ... Gold-plating is a term relating to European Union law, used particularly in the UK. Gold-plating refers to the practise of national bodies exceeding the terms of European Community directives when implementing them into national law. ... GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic pinkish red Standard atomic weight 63. ... General Name, Symbol, Number silver, Ag, 47 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 5, d Appearance lustrous white metal Standard atomic weight 107. ...

Gold plating is often used in electronics, to provide a corrosion-resistant electrically conductive layer on copper, typically in electrical connectors and printed circuit boards. With direct gold-on-copper plating, the copper atoms have the tendency to diffuse through the gold layer, causing tarnishing of its surface and formation of an oxide/sulfide layer. A layer of a suitable barrier metal, usually nickel, has therefore to be deposited on the copper substrate, forming a copper-nickel-gold sandwich. See corrosive for the hazard. ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic pinkish red Standard atomic weight 63. ... An electrical connector is a device for joining electrical circuits together. ... Part of a 1983 Sinclair ZX Spectrum computer board. ... A barrier metal is a material used in integrated circuits to chemically isolate semiconductors from soft metal interconnects, while maintaining an electrical connection between them. ...

Metals may also be coated with gold for ornamental purposes, using a number of different processes usually referred to as gilding. A gilded Tibetan Vajrasattva Gilding is the art of applying metal leaf (most commonly gold or silver leaf) to a surface. ...

Silver plating

For less demanding applications in electronics, silver is often used as a cheaper replacement for gold. Care should be used for parts exposed to high humidity environments. When the silver layer is porous or contains cracks, the underlying copper undergoes rapid galvanic corrosion, flaking off the bell end crust the plating and exposing the copper itself; a process known as red plague. General Name, Symbol, Number silver, Ag, 47 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 5, d Appearance lustrous white metal Standard atomic weight 107. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... The Galvanic cell, named after Luigi Galvani, consists of two metals connected by an electrolyte which forms a salt bridge between the metals. ... Red plague is an accelerated corrosion of copper when plated with silver. ...

Historically, silver plate was used to provide a cheaper version of items that might otherwise be made of silver, including cutlery and candlesticks. The earliest kind was Old Sheffield Plate, but in the 19th century new methods of production (including electroplating) were introduced: see Sheffield Plate. Used cutlery: a plate, a fork and knife, and a drinking glass. ... Sheffield plate is a layered combination of silver and copper that was used for many years to produce larger silver goods such as serving trays and teapots. ...

Copper Plating

Main article: Copper plating

Copper plating is the process in which a layer of copper is deposited on the item to be plated by using an electric current. ...

Palladium plating

Palladium General Name, Symbol, Number palladium, Pd, 46 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 5, d Appearance silvery white metallic Standard atomic weight 106. ...

Rhodium plating

Rhodium plating is occasionally used on white gold, silver or copper and its alloys. A barrier layer of nickel is usually deposited on silver first, though in this case it is not to prevent migration of silver through rhodium, but to prevent contamination of the rhodium bath with silver and copper, which slightly dissolve in the sulfuric acid, usually present in the bath composition. Sulfuric acid, H2SO4, is a strong mineral acid. ...

Chrome plating

Main article: Chrome plating

Chrome plating is a finishing treatment utilizing the electrolytic deposition of chromium. The most common form of chrome plating is the thin, decorative bright chrome, which is typically a 10-µm layer over an underlying nickel plate. It imparts a mirror-like finish to items such as metal furniture frames and automotive trim. Thicker deposits, up to 1000 µm, are called hard chrome and are used in industrial equipment to reduce friction and wear and to restore the dimensions of equipment that have experienced wear. Bright chrome is often used as a decorative feature on consumer products such as cars. ... Bright chrome is often used as a decorative feature on consumer products such as cars. ... Electroplating is the process of using Davd lloyd current to coat an electrically conductive object with a relatively thin layer of metal. ... General Name, Symbol, Number chromium, Cr, 24 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 6, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 51. ... A micrometre (American spelling: micrometer, symbol µm) is an SI unit of length. ... General Name, Symbol, Number nickel, Ni, 28 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 4, d Appearance lustrous, metallic and silvery with a gold tinge Standard atomic weight 58. ... A mirror, reflecting a vase. ... Friction is the force that opposes the relative motion or tendency toward such motion of two surfaces in contact. ...

The traditional solution used for industrial hard chrome plating is made up of about 250 g/l of Cr0₃ and about 2.5 g/l of S0₄^-. In solution, the chrome dissociates from the O₃ leaving Cr⁶⁺, known as hexavalent chromium. Hexavalent chrome is a very reactive, highly soluble ion. As such reasonable precautions should be taken to minimize exposure of of Cr⁶⁺ to people and the environment. Bright chrome is often used as a decorative feature on consumer products such as cars. ...

Zinc plating

Main article: Galvanization

Zinc coatings prevent oxidation of the protected metal by forming a barrier and by acting as a sacrificial anode if this barrier is damaged. Zinc oxide is a fine white dust that (in contrast to iron oxide) does not cause a breakdown of the substrate's surface integrity as it is formed. Indeed the zinc oxide, if undisturbed, can act as a barrier to further oxidation, in a way similar to the protection afforded to aluminum and stainless steels by their oxide layers. Galvanization or galvanisation refers to any of several electrochemical processes named after the Italian scientist Luigi Galvani. ... General Name, Symbol, Number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Standard atomic weight 65. ... The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ... Diagram of a zinc anode in a galvanic cell. ... Zinc oxide is a chemical compound with formula ZnO. It is nearly insoluble in water but soluble in acids or alkalis. ... Iron oxide pigment There are a number of iron oxides: Iron oxides Iron(II) oxide or ferrous oxide (FeO) The black-coloured powder in particular can cause explosions as it readily ignites. ... Aluminum is a soft and lightweight metal with a dull silvery appearance, due to a thin layer of oxidation that forms quickly when it is exposed to air. ... The 630 foot high, stainless-clad (type 304L) Gateway Arch defines St. ... An oxide is a chemical compound containing an oxygen atom and other elements. ...

See also:

• Hot-dip galvanizing
• Corrugated galvanised iron

Hot-dip galvanizing is a form of galvanization. ... Corrugated galvanised iron, commonly abbreviated CGI, is a building material composed of sheets of hot-dip galvanised mild steel cold-rolled to have a linear corrugated pattern in them. ...

Tin plating

Main article: tinplate

- on the use of tin to protect iron or steel.

The tin-plating process is used extensively to protect both ferrous and nonferrous surfaces. Tin is a useful metal for the food processing industry since it is non-toxic, ductile and corrosion resistant. The excellent ductility of tin allows a tin coated base metal sheet to be formed into a variety of shapes without damage to the surface tin layer. It provides sacrificial protection for copper, nickel and other non-ferrous metals, but not for steel. Tinplate consists of sheet steel covered with a thin layer of tin. ... General Name, Symbol, Number tin, Sn, 50 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 5, p Appearance silvery lustrous gray Standard atomic weight 118. ... Ferrous in chemistry is a term used for the iron with an oxidation number +2. ... Food processing is the set of methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into food for consumption by humans or animals. ... Ductility is the physical property of being capable of sustaining large plastic deformations without fracture (in metals, such as being drawn into a wire). ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic pinkish red Standard atomic weight 63. ... General Name, Symbol, Number nickel, Ni, 28 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 4, d Appearance lustrous, metallic and silvery with a gold tinge Standard atomic weight 58. ... The steel cable of a colliery winding tower. ...

Tin is also widely used in the electronics industry because of its ability to protect the base metal from oxidation thus preserving its solderability. In electronic applications, lead may be added to prevent the growth of metallic "whiskers" in compression stressed deposits, which would otherwise cause electrical shorting Electronics is the study of the flow of charge through various materials and devices such as, semiconductors, resistors, inductors, capacitors, nano-structures, and vacuum tubes. ... For Pb as an abbreviation, see PB. General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish gray Standard atomic weight 207. ...

Alloy plating

In some cases, it is desirable to co-deposit two or more metals resulting in an electroplated alloy deposit. Depending on the alloy system, an electroplated alloy may be solid solution strengthened or precipitation hardened by heat treatment to improve the plating's physical and chemical properties. Nickel-Cobalt is a common electroplated alloy. Precipitation hardening, also called Age hardening, is a heat treatment technique used to strengthen malleable materials, especially non-ferrous alloys including most structural alloys of aluminium and titanium. ... Heat treatment is a method used to alter the physical, and sometimes chemical, properties of a material. ...

alloy plating sux... if i ever plated anything then i would b shunned from society... careful with this scandelous knowledge

Composite plating

Metal matrix composite plating can be manufactured when a substrate is plated in a bath containing a suspension of ceramic particles. Careful selection of the size and composition of the particles can fine-tune the deposit for wear resistance, high temperature performance, or mechanical strength. Tungsten Carbide, Silicon carbide, Chromium carbide, and Aluminum Oxide (alumina) are commonly used in composite electroplating. A metal matrix composite (MMC) is a type of composite material with at least two constituent parts, one being a metal. ... Monotungsten carbide, WC, or Ditungsten Carbide, W2C, is a chemical compound containing tungsten and carbon, similar to titanium carbide. ... Silicon carbide (SiC) is a ceramic compound of silicon and carbon that is manufactured on a large scale for use mainly as an abrasive but also occurs in nature as the extremely rare mineral moissanite. ... Chromium carbide (Cr3C2) is an extremely hard refractory ceramic material. ...

See also

• Gilding
• Sheffield plate

A gilded Tibetan Vajrasattva Gilding is the art of applying metal leaf (most commonly gold or silver leaf) to a surface. ... Sheffield plate is a layered combination of silver and copper that was used for many years to produce larger silver goods such as serving trays and teapots. ...

References

Electrochemistry Encyclopedia