78 iridium ← platinum → gold Pd ↑ Pt ↓ Ds periodic table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	platinum, Pt, 78
Chemical series	transition metals
Group, Period, Block	10, 6, d
Appearance	grayish white
Atomic mass	195.084(9) g/mol
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	21.45 g/cm³
Liquid density at m.p.	19.77 g/cm³
Melting point	2041.4 K (1768.3 °C, 3214.9 °F)
Boiling point	4098 K (3825 °C, 6917 °F)
Heat of fusion	22.17 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	469 kJ/mol
Heat capacity	(25 °C) 25.86 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T/K 2330 (2550) 2815 3143 3556 4094
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	cubic face centered
Oxidation states	2, 3, 4 (mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	2.28 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies	1st: 870 kJ/mol
	2nd: 1791 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.)	177 pm
Covalent radius	128 pm
Van der Waals radius	175 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 105 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 71.6 W/(m·K)
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 8.8 µm/(m·K)
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(r.t.) 2800 m/s
Young's modulus	168 GPa
Shear modulus	61 GPa
Bulk modulus	230 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.38
Mohs hardness	3.5
Vickers hardness	549 MPa
Brinell hardness	392 MPa
CAS registry number	7440-06-4
Notable isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of platinum iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 190Pt 0.01% 6.5×1011 y α 3.18 186Os 191Pt syn 2.96 d ε  ? 191Ir 192Pt 0.79% Pt is stable with 114 neutrons 193mPt syn 4.33 d IT 0.1355e 193Pt 193Pt syn 50 y ε  ? 193Ir 194Pt 32.9% Pt is stable with 116 neutrons 195mPt syn 4.02 d IT 0.1297e 195Pt 195Pt 33.8% Pt is stable with 117 neutrons 196Pt 25.3% Pt is stable with 118 neutrons 197mPt syn 1.59 h IT 0.3465 197Pt 197Pt syn 19.8913 h β- 0.719 197Au 198Pt 7.2% Pt is stable with 120 neutrons
References

Platinum is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Pt and atomic number 78. A heavy, malleable, ductile, precious, gray-white transition metal, platinum is resistant to corrosion and occurs in some nickel and copper ores along with some native deposits. Platinum is used in jewelry, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts, dentistry, and automobile emissions control devices. General Name, Symbol, Number iridium, Ir, 77 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 9, 6, d Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 192. ... It has been suggested that Gold bar be merged into this article or section. ... General Name, Symbol, Number palladium, Pd, 46 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 5, d Appearance silvery white metallic Atomic mass 106. ... Known properties Name, Symbol, Number Darmstadtium, Ds, 110 Chemical series Transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 7, d Appearance unknown Atomic weight From [267] amu to [281] amu Electron configuration probably [Rn] 5f14 6d9 7s1 a guess based upon platinum e- s per energy level 2, 8, 18, 32, 32... original image: media:Pt-TableImage-BIG.png File links The following pages link to this file: Platinum User:Femto/elements e9 Categories: GFDL images ... For information about the period table of elements, see Periodic table. ... This is a list of chemical elements, sorted by name and color coded according to type of element. ... Categories: Chemical elements ... A chemical series is a group of chemical elements whose physical and chemical characteristics vary progressively from one end of the series to another. ... In chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings: It commonly refers to any element in the d-block of the periodic table, including zinc and scandium. ... A periodic table group is a vertical column in the periodic table of the chemical elements. ... In the periodic table of the elements, a period is a row of the table. ... A block of the periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups. ... The Group 10 elements are: Nickel (28) Palladium (46) Platinum (78) Darmstadtium (110) Color coding for these atomic numbers: At room temperature, all are solid; red indicates item is synthetic and does not occur naturally. ... A period 6 element is one of the chemical elements in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements, including the Lanthanides. ... D Block is a rap group based in Yonkers, New York. ... Color is an important part of the visual arts. ... Platinium sample. ... The atomic mass of a chemical element (also known as the relative atomic mass or average atomic mass or atomic weight) is the average atomic mass of all the chemical elements isotopes as found in a particular environment, weighted by isotopic abundance. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude we list here masses between 60. ... Hydrogen = 1 List of Elements in Atomic Number Order. ... Electron atomic and molecular orbitals In atomic physics, the electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule or other body. ... General Name, Symbol, Number xenon, Xe, 54 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 5, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 131. ... Properties The electron is a fundamental subatomic particle which carries a negative electric charge. ... A quantum mechanical system can only be in certain states, so that only certain energy levels are possible. ... In the physical sciences, a phase is a set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (i. ... In jewelry, a solid gold piece is the alternative to gold-filled or gold-plated jewelry. ... Density (symbol: ρ - Greek: rho) is a measure of mass per unit of volume. ... Room temperature, in laboratory reports, is taken to be roughly 21–23 degrees Celsius (69-73 degrees Fahrenheit), or 294–296 kelvins. ... Density (symbol: ρ - Greek: rho) is a measure of mass per unit of volume. ... The melting point of a solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... The melting point of a solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... The kelvin (symbol: K) is the SI unit of temperature, and is one of the seven SI base units. ... The degree Celsius (°C) is a unit of temperature named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who first proposed a similar system in 1742. ... Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after the German physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), who proposed it in 1724. ... It has been suggested that Saturation temperature be merged into this article or section. ... The kelvin (symbol: K) is the SI unit of temperature, and is one of the seven SI base units. ... The degree Celsius (°C) is a unit of temperature named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who first proposed a similar system in 1742. ... Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after the German physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), who proposed it in 1724. ... The standard enthalpy change of fusion, also known as the heat of fusion, is the amount of thermal energy which must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of a substance to change states from a solid to a liquid or vice versa. ... Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ... The standard enthalpy change of vaporization is a physical property of substances. ... Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The vapor pressure is the pressure (if the vapor is mixed with other gases, the partial pressure) of a vapor (this vapour being formed from molecules/atoms escaping from a liquid/solid). ... Rose des Sables (Sand Rose), formed of gypsum crystals In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ... The oxidation state or oxidation number is defined as the sum of negative and positive charges in an atom, which indirectly indicates the number of electrons it has accepted or donated. ... The common (Arrhenius) definition of a base is a chemical compound that absorbs hydronium ions when dissolved in water (a proton acceptor). ... Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom or molecule to attract electrons in the context of a chemical bond. ... Electronegativity is a measure of the attraction that an atom has for the bonding pair of electrons in a covalent bond. ... The ionization energy (IE) of an atom or of a molecule is the energy required to strip it of an electron. ... Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ... The hot butt sexis the distance from the atomic nucleus to the outmost stable electron orbital in a atom that is at equilibrium. ... You have big harry skanky balls ... Picometre (American spelling: picometer) is an SI measure of length that is equal to 10−12 of a metre. ... You have big harry skanky balls ... Covalent radius in chemistry corresponds to half of the distance between two identical atomic nuclei, bound by a covalent bond. ... You have big harry skanky balls ... The van der Waals radius of an atom is the radius of an imaginary hard sphere which can be used to model the atom for many purposes. ... You have big harry skanky balls ... In physics, magnetism is one of the phenomena by which materials exert an attractive or repulsive force on other materials. ... Paramagnetism is the tendency of the atomic magnetic dipoles, to align with an external magnetic field. ... // Headline text POOP!! Danny Hornsby (also known as Gnome) is a measure indicating how strongly a Gnome can opposes the flow of electric current. ... In physics, thermal conductivity, λ or k, is the intensive property of a material which relates its ability to conduct heat. ... In physics, thermal conductivity, λ, is the quantity of heat transmitted, due to unit temperature gradient, in unit time under steady conditions in a direction normal to a surface of unit area, when the heat transfer is dependent only on the temperature gradient thermal conductivity = heat flow rate / (distance × temperature... Solids expand in response to heating and contract on cooling; this response to temperature change is expressed as its coefficient of thermal expansion: The coefficient of thermal expansion is used in two ways: as a volumetric thermal expansion coefficient as a linear thermal expansion coefficient These characteristics are closely related. ... The speed of sound c (from Latin celeritas, velocity) varies depending on the medium through which the sound waves pass. ... Room temperature, in laboratory reports, is taken to be roughly 21–23 degrees Celsius (69-73 degrees Fahrenheit), or 294–296 kelvins. ... Metre per second (U.S. spelling: meter per second) is an SI derived unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector), defined by distance in metres divided by time in seconds. ... The modulus of elasticity can also be measured in other units of pressure, for example pounds per square inch (psi). ... In materials science, shear modulus S, sometimes referred to as the modulus of rigidity, is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain: S = shear stress/shear strain = (F/A)/Φ. Another commonly accepted symbol is G. Shear modulus is usually measured in ksi (kips per square... The bulk modulus K of a fluid or solid is the inverse of the compressibility: where p is pressure and V is volume. ... When a sample of material is stretched in one direction, it tends to get thinner in the other two directions. ... Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer. ... The Vickers hardness test was developed in the early 1920s and uses a pyramid-shaped indenter made of diamond. ... The Brinell scale characterises the indentation hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter, loaded on a material test-piece. ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... Platinum (Pt) Standard atomic mass: 195. ... Silly Fact: The Word Isotpe is used the the Early Adult Cartoon - The Simpsons. ... Natural abundance refers to the prevalence of different isotopes of an element as found in nature. ... Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ... In physics, the decay mode describes a particular way a particle decays. ... The decay energy is the energy released by a nuclear decay. ... An electronvolt (symbol: eV) is the amount of energy gained by a single unbound electron when it falls through an electrostatic potential difference of one volt. ... In nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, is a nuclide resulting from the radioactive decay of a parent or precursor nuclide. ... A year is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the orbit of the Earth around the Sun. ... Alpha decay is a form of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus ejects an alpha particle and transforms into a nucleus with mass number 4 less and atomic number 2 less. ... General Name, Symbol, Number osmium, Os, 76 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 6, d Appearance silvery, blue cast Atomic mass 190. ... A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ... Electron capture is a decay mode for chemical elements that will occur when there are too many protons in the nucleus of an atom, and there isnt enough energy to emit a positron; however, it continues to be a viable decay mode for radioactive elements that can decay by... General Name, Symbol, Number iridium, Ir, 77 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 9, 6, d Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 192. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Properties In physics, the neutron is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass of 939. ... A nuclear isomer is a metastable or isomeric state of an atom caused by the excitation of a proton or neutron in its nucleus so that it requires a change in spin before it can release its extra energy. ... A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ... This article is about the nuclear process. ... A conversion electron is an electron which results from interactions with metastable atomic nuclei, which results from radioactive decay processes. ... A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ... A year is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the orbit of the Earth around the Sun. ... Electron capture is a decay mode for chemical elements that will occur when there are too many protons in the nucleus of an atom, and there isnt enough energy to emit a positron; however, it continues to be a viable decay mode for radioactive elements that can decay by... General Name, Symbol, Number iridium, Ir, 77 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 9, 6, d Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 192. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Properties In physics, the neutron is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass of 939. ... A nuclear isomer is a metastable or isomeric state of an atom caused by the excitation of a proton or neutron in its nucleus so that it requires a change in spin before it can release its extra energy. ... A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ... This article is about the nuclear process. ... A conversion electron is an electron which results from interactions with metastable atomic nuclei, which results from radioactive decay processes. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Properties In physics, the neutron is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass of 939. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Properties In physics, the neutron is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass of 939. ... A nuclear isomer is a metastable or isomeric state of an atom caused by the excitation of a proton or neutron in its nucleus so that it requires a change in spin before it can release its extra energy. ... A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ... This article is about the nuclear process. ... A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ... In nuclear physics, beta decay (sometimes called neutron decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an electron or a positron) is emitted. ... It has been suggested that Gold bar be merged into this article or section. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Properties In physics, the neutron is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass of 939. ... Recommended values for many properties of the elements, together with various references, are collected on these data pages. ... A chemical element, often called simply element, is a chemical substance that cannot be divided or changed into other chemical substances by any ordinary chemical technique. ... The periodic table of the chemical elements, also called the Mendeleev periodic table, is a tabular display of chemical elements, first created in 1869 by Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev. ... The atomic number (Z) is a term used in chemistry and physics to represent the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. ... In chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings: It commonly refers to any element in the d-block of the periodic table, including zinc and scandium. ... General Name, Symbol, Number nickel, Ni, 28 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 4, d Appearance lustrous, metallic Atomic mass 58. ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic brown Atomic mass 63. ... Jewelry (the American spelling; spelled jewellery in Commonwealth English) consists of ornamental devices worn by persons, typically made with gems and precious metals. ... The article on electrical energy is located elsewhere. ... Automobile emissions control covers all the technologies that are employed to reduce the air pollution-causing emissions produced by automobiles. ...

Notable characteristics

An assortment of native platinum nuggets

The metal appears silvery-white when pure, and firm. The metal is corrosion-resistant. The catalytic properties of the six platinum family metals are outstanding (a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen explodes in the presence of platinum). For this catalytic property platinum is used in catalytic converters, incorporated in automobile exhaust systems, as well as tips of spark plugs. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (816x439, 124 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Platinum Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (816x439, 124 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Platinum Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. ... Hot metal work from a blacksmith In chemistry, a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily forms ions (cations) and has metallic bonds, and metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions (cations) in a cloud of electrons. ... Corrosion, atmospheric and biologic (Barnacles) Corrosion is deterioration of useful properties in a material due to reactions with its environment. ... A catalyst (Greek: καταλύτης, catalytēs) is a substance that accelerates the rate (speed) of a chemical reaction (see also catalysis). ... The platinum group or platinum family is a group of six metal elements with similar physical and chemical properties. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series Chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 15. ... A catalytic converter is a device used to reduce the emissions from an internal combustion engine. ... A small variety of cars, the most popular kind of automobile. ... This article or section should include material from Spark gap A spark plug is an electrical device that fits into the cylinder head of some internal combustion engines and ignites compressed aerosol gasoline by means of an electric spark. ...

Platinum's wear- and tarnish-resistance characteristics are well suited for making fine jewelry. Platinum is more precious than gold. The price of platinum changes along with its availability, but it normally costs about twice as much as gold. In the 18th century, platinum's rarity made King Louis XV of France declare it the only metal fit for a king. Jewelry (the American spelling; spelled jewellery in Commonwealth English) consists of ornamental devices worn by persons, typically made with gems and precious metals. ... It has been suggested that Gold bar be merged into this article or section. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Louis XV in 1712, dressed as a girl, as was customary at the time for very young boys of the aristocracy The regent, Philippe dOrléans Louis XV (February 16, 1710 – May 10, 1774), called the Well-Beloved (French: le Bien-Aimé), was King of France from 1715 to...

Other distinctive properties include resistance to chemical attack, excellent high-temperature characteristics, and stable electrical properties. All these properties have been exploited for industrial applications. Platinum does not oxidise in air at any temperature but can be corroded by cyanides, halogens, sulfur, and caustic alkalis. This metal is insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acid but does dissolve in the mixture known as aqua regia (forming chloroplatinic acid). Common oxidation states of platinum include +2, +3, and +4. The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ... A cyanide is any chemical compound that contains the cyano group C≡N, with the carbon atom triple-bonded to the nitrogen atom. ... The halogens are a chemical series. ... General Name, Symbol, Number sulfur, S, 16 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 3, p Appearance lemon yellow Atomic mass 32. ... For the battery, see alkaline battery The word alkali can mean:- In chemistry, an alkali is a specific type of base, formed as a carbonate, hydroxide or other ionic salt of an alkali metal or alkali earth metal element. ... The chemical substance hydrochloric acid is the aqueous (water-based) solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas. ... R-phrases , S-phrases , , , , Flash point not applicable RTECS number QU5775000 Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Aqua regia (Latin for royal water) is a highly corrosive, fuming yellow liquid, formed by a fresh mixture of concentrated nitric acid (otherwise known as aqua fortis) and concentrated hydrochloric acid, usually in the ratio of one to three. ... The oxidation state or oxidation number is defined as the sum of negative and positive charges in an atom, which indirectly indicates the number of electrons it has accepted or donated. ...

Applications

• catalyst utilized in the catalytic converter, an optional component of the gasoline-fuelled automobile exhaust system (see "Notable characteristics" in this article),
• certain platinum-containing compounds are capable of intercalating into DNA and are chemotherapeutic agents owing to this capability. For example, cisplatin and carboplatin belong to this class of drugs,
• platinum resistance thermometers,
• electrodes for use in electrolysis.

A catalytic converter is a device used to reduce the emissions from an internal combustion engine. ... Intercalation induces structural distortions. ... Space-filling model of a section of DNA molecule Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life (and most viruses). ... Cisplatin or cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CDDP) is a platinum-based chemotherapy drug used to treat various types of cancers, including sarcomas, some carcinomas (e. ... |} Carboplatin is a chemotherapy drug used against some form of cancer. ... A Resistance Thermometer Detector measures the relationship between electrical resistance and temperature. ... An electrode is a conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e. ... In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them. ...

History

Naturally-occurring platinum and platinum-rich alloys have been known for a long time. Though the metal was used by pre-Columbian Native Americans, the first European reference to platinum appears in 1557 in the writings of the Italian humanist Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484-1558) as a description of a mysterious metal found in Central American mines between Darién (Panama) and Mexico ("up until now impossible to melt by any of the Spanish arts"). The term Pre-Columbian is used to refer to the cultures of the New World in the era before significant European influence. ... Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484-1558), humanist scholar. ...

The Spaniards named the metal "platina," or little silver, when they first encountered it in Colombia. They regarded platinum as an unwanted impurity in the silver they were mining, and often discarded it. General Name, Symbol, Number silver, Ag, 47 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 5, d Appearance lustrous white metal Atomic mass 107. ...

Platinum was discovered by astronomer Antonio de Ulloa and Don Jorge Juan y Santacilia (1713-1773), both appointed by King Philip V to join a geographical expedition in Peru that lasted from 1735 to 1745. Among other things, Ulloa observed the platina del pinto, the unworkable metal found with gold in New Granada (Colombia). British privateers intercepted Ulloa's ship on the return voyage. Though he was well-treated in England, and even made a member of the Royal Society he was prevented from publishing a reference to the unknown metal until 1748. Before that could happen Charles Wood independently isolated the element in 1741. Antonio de Ulloa (January 12, 1716 _ July 3, 1795) was a Spanish general, explorer, author, astronomer, colonial administrator and the first Spanish governor of Louisiana. ... King Philip V of Spain (December 19, 1683 – July 9, 1746) or Philippe of Anjou was king of Spain from 1700 to 1746, the first of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain. ... New Grenada was the name given to a group of colonial provinces in northern South America, corresponding mainly to modern Colombia. ... A privateer was a private ship (or its captain) authorized by a countrys government to attack and seize cargo from another countrys ships. ... The premises of the Royal Society in London. ... Events April 24 - A congress assembles at Aix-la-Chapelle with the intent to conclude the struggle known as the War of Austrian Succession - at October 18 - The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle is signed to end the war Adam Smith begins to deliver public lectures in Edinburgh Building of... Charles Wood may refer to: Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax. ... // Events April 10 - Austrian army attack troops of Frederick the Great at Mollwitz August 10 - Raja of Travancore defeats Dutch East India Company naval expedition at Battle of Colachel December 19 - Vitus Bering dies in his expedition east of Siberia December 25 - Anders Celsius develops his own thermometer scale Celsius...

The alchemical symbol for platinum (shown below) was made by joining the symbols of silver and gold. Alchemy is an early protoscientific and philosophical discipline combining the elements of chemistry, metallurgy, physics, medicine, astrology, semiotics, mysticism, and art. ...

The definition of a metre for a long time was based on the distance between two marks on a bar of a platinum-iridium alloy housed at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures in Sevres, France. A platinum-iridium cylinder serves to this day as the standard of the kilogram and is housed in the same facility as the metre bar. Platinum is also used in the definition of the Standard hydrogen electrode. Alchemical symbol for platinum. ... The metre (Commonwealth English) or meter (American English) (symbol: m) is the SI base unit of length. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iridium, Ir, 77 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 9, 6, d Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 192. ... The Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures, or BIPM) is a standards organization, one of the three organizations established to maintain the SI system under the terms of the Metre Convention. ... Sèvres is a commune of the Hauts-de-Seine département in France. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... A standard hydrogen electrode (abbreviated SHE) is a redox electrode which is placed in the basis of the thermodynamic scale of oxidation-reduction potentials. ...

Occurrence

Platinum ore

Platinum is often found as native platinum and alloyed with iridium as platiniridium. The platinum arsenide, sperrylite, is a major source of platinum associated with nickel ores in the Sudbury Basin deposit. The rare sulfide mineral cooperite, (Pt,Pd,Ni)S, contains platinum along with palladium and nickel. Cooperite occurs in the Merensky Reef within the Bushveld complex, Transvaal, South Africa. Platinum ore Source: US Government File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Platinum ore Source: US Government File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... An alloy is a combination, either in solution or compound, of two or more elements, which has a combination of at least one metal, and where the resultant material has metallic properties. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iridium, Ir, 77 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 9, 6, d Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 192. ... An arsenide ion is an arsenic atom with three extra electrons and charge -3. ... Sperrylite is a platinum arsenide mineral with formula: PtAs2. ... General Name, Symbol, Number nickel, Ni, 28 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 4, d Appearance lustrous, metallic Atomic mass 58. ... Sudbury Basin is the oval structure, next to the much younger lake-filled Wanapitei crater The Sudbury Basin is the second largest impact crater on earth, and a major geologic structure in Ontario, Canada. ... In chemistry, a sulfide (sulphide in British) is a chemical compound or combination of sulfur with an oxidation number of -2, with another chemical element or a radical thereof. ... Cooperite is a grey mineral consisting of platinum sulfide (PtS), general in combinations with sulfides of other elements such as palladium and nickel (PdS and NiS). ... General Name, Symbol, Number palladium, Pd, 46 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 5, d Appearance silvery white metallic Atomic mass 106. ... The Bushveld igneous complex contains one of the richest ore deposits on Earth. ... Flag of Transvaal The Transvaal (lit. ...

Platinum, often accompanied by small amounts of other platinum family metals, occurs in alluvial placer deposits in the Witwatersrand of South Africa, Colombia, Ontario, the Ural Mountains, and in certain western American states. The platinum group or platinum family is a group of six metal elements with similar physical and chemical properties. ... Alluvium is soil land deposited by a river or other running water. ... A sluice box used in placer mining Placer mining (pronounced plass-er) is a open-pit or open-cast form of mining by which certain valuable minerals are extracted from the earth without tunneling. ... Witwatersrand is a low mountain range which runs through Gauteng in South Africa. ... Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin: Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Official languages English, French (in some areas) Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Lieutenant-Governor James K. Bartleman Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Parliamentary representation  - House seat  - Senate seats 106 24 Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 4th 1,076,395... Map of Ural Mountains The Ural Mountains (Russian: Уральские горы = Урал) also known simply as the Urals and as the Riphean Mountains in Greco-Roman antiquity, is a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia. ...

Platinum is produced commercially as a by-product of nickel ore processing in the Sudbury deposit. The huge quantities of nickel ore processed makes up for the fact that platinum is present as only 0.5 ppm in the ore. General Name, Symbol, Number nickel, Ni, 28 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 4, d Appearance lustrous, metallic Atomic mass 58. ... Parts per million (ppm) is a measure of concentration that is used where low levels of concentration are significant. ...

Isotopes

Naturally occurring platinum is composed of five stable isotopes and one radioisotope, Pt-190, which has a very long half-life (over 6 billion years or 190 Ps). There are also many other radioisotopes with the most stable being Pt-193 with a half-life of 50 years. Silly Fact: The Word Isotpe is used the the Early Adult Cartoon - The Simpsons. ... A radionuclide is an atom with an unstable nucleus. ... Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ... Look up second in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A radionuclide is an atom with an unstable nucleus. ...

Precautions

This metal doesn't normally cause health problems due to its unreactive nature. Platinum compounds rarely occur in nature. Certain platinum complexes (cis-platin) have been used in chemotherapy, as they have very good anti-tumor activity, though they do unfortunately cause cumulative irreversible kidney damage.

Rarity and Color

Although its use as such is much more rare than that of gold or silver, platinum is considered a precious metal and is traded on commodities exchanges. Due to its rarity, it is more highly priced than gold or silver.

References

• Los Alamos National Laboratory - Platinum
• Nuclides and Isotopes Fourteenth Edition: Chart of the Nuclides, General Electric Company, 1989

External links

Look up Platinum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Platinum

• The Platinum Group Metals Database
• A balanced historical account of the sequence of discoveries of platinum; illustrated.
• WebElements.com - Platinum
• Platinum Metals Review E-Journal
• Platinum Guild International