Plecoptera
species of Pteronarcyidae
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Infraclass: Neoptera Order: Plecoptera Burmeister, 1839
Suborders
Antarctoperlaria Arctoperlaria Euholognatha Systellognatha Image File history File links Pteronarcyidea. ... Genera Pteronarcys Pteronarcella See text Pteronarcyidae; also known as giant stoneflies, or salmonflies; is a family of the order Plecoptera. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... “Animalia” redirects here. ... Subphyla and Classes Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Trilobita - trilobites (extinct) Subphylum Chelicerata Arachnida - spiders,scorpions, etc. ... Insects (Class Insecta) are a major group of arthropods and the most diverse group of animals on the Earth, with over a million described species—more than all other animal groups combined. ... Orders     Blattodea (cockroaches)     Mantodea (mantids)     Isoptera (termites)     Zoraptera     Grylloblattodea     Dermaptera (earwigs)     Plecoptera (stoneflies)     Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids)     Phasmatodea (walking sticks, timemas)     Embioptera (webspinners)     Mantophasmatodea (gladiators)    Superorder Hemipterodea     Psocoptera (booklice, barklice)     Phthiraptera (lice)     Hemiptera (true bugs)     Thysanoptera (thrips)    Superorder Endopterygota     Miomoptera - extinct     Megaloptera (alderflies, etc. ... Hermann Burmeister. ...

Plecoptera are an order of insects, commonly known as stoneflies. There are some 1,700 recorded species worldwide. In scientific classification used in biology, the order (Latin: ordo, plural ordines) is a rank between class and family (termed a taxon at that rank). ... Insects (Class Insecta) are a major group of arthropods and the most diverse group of animals on the Earth, with over a million described species—more than all other animal groups combined. ... In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ...

The nymphs are aquatic and live in the benthic zone of lakes and streams. Nymphs of this order are hunters of other aquatic arthropods or shredders of large organic particles, such as leaves. Some also graze on benthic algae. They undergo many molts as aquatic nymphs (10 instars?) before emerging and becoming terrestrial as adults. Praying mantis nymphs, approximately 4mm long, clustered on a leaf In biology, a nymph is the immature form of some insect species, which undergoes incomplete metamorphosis (Hemimetabolism) before reaching its adult stage; unlike a larva, a nymphs overall form already resembles that of an adult. ... Animal environments are classified as either aquatic (water), terrestrial (land), or amphibious (water and land). ... This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... A man-made lake in Keukenhof, Netherlands A lake is a body of water or other liquid of considerable size contained on a body of land. ... Butchers Creek, Omeo, Victoria A stream, brook, beck, burn or creek, is a body of water with a detectable current, confined within a bed and banks. ... Ecdysis is the molting of the cuticula in arthropods and related groups (Ecdysozoa). ... An instar is a developmental stage of arthropods, such as insects, between each molt. ...

The name comes from the Greek pleikein ("braided") and ptera ("wing"). They possess two pairs of wings which are membranous and fold flat over the back. Both nymphs and adults have long paired cerci projecting from the tip of their abdomens. The forewing and hindwing of a bee. ... A biological membrane or biomembrane is an enclosing or separating tissue which acts as a barrier within or around a cell. ... A common earwig with large cerci in the background. ... The abdomen is a part of the body. ...

Stonefly of the family Perlidae

A few wingless species such as Capnia lacustra are the only known insects that are fully aquatic from birth to death ^[1]. Image File history File links Plecoptera-perlidae1-sp. ... Image File history File links Plecoptera-perlidae1-sp. ...

They are believed to be one of the most primitive groups of insects with close relatives identified from the Carboniferous and Lower Permian geological periods. The Carboniferous is a major division of the geologic timescale that extends from the end of the Devonian period, about 359. ... The Permian is a geologic period that extends from about 299. ...

Plectoptera are found in both the Southern and Northern hemispheres, and the populations are quite distinct although the evolutionary evidence suggests that species may have crossed the equator on a number of occasions before once again becoming geographically isolated ^[2]. This article is about evolution in biology. ...

All species of Plecoptera are pollution intolerant and their presence in a stream or still water is usually an indicator of good or excellent water quality. Water pollution is a large set of adverse effects upon water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater caused by human activities. ...

Systematics

This list has been adapted from the Tree of Life Web ^[3].

• Antarctoperlaria

• Eustheniidae
• Diamphipnoidae
• Austroperlidae
• Gripopterygidae

• Arctoperlaria

• Scopuridae
• Taeniopterygidae (ca. 75 species) - winter stoneflies
• Notonemouridae
• Nemouridae (ca. 400 species) - spring stoneflies
• Capniidae (ca. 300 species) - small winter stoneflies
• Leuctridae - rolled-winged stoneflies
• Pteronarcyidae (ca. 12 species) - salmonflies, giant stoneflies
• Styloperlidae (ca. 7 species)
• Peltoperlidae (ca. 50 species) - roachlike stoneflies
• Perlodidae (250+ species)
• Perlidae (ca. 400 species) - common stoneflies
• Chloroperlidae (100+ species) - green stoneflies

Diversity ca. ... Genera Pteronarcys Pteronarcella See text Pteronarcyidae; also known as giant stoneflies, or salmonflies; is a family of the order Plecoptera. ... Genera See text Peltoperlidae, also known as the Roachlike Stoneflies, are a family of stoneflies. ... Subfamilies Perlodinae Isoperlinae // Perlodidae; also known as the Perlodid stoneflies, stripetails, or springflies; are a family of stoneflies. ...

References

1. ^ E. M. Holst (2000). "Lake Tahoe benthic stonefly (Capnia lacustra)", in D. D. Murhy & C. M. Knopp: Lake Tahoe Watershed Assessment. USDA, O-118–O-120. 
2. ^ H. B. N. Hynes (1993). Adults and Nymphs of British Stoneflies. Freshwater Biological Association. ISBN 0-900386-28-2. 
3. ^ C. Riley Nelson (1996-01-01). Plecoptera. Tree of Life Web Project.