| Beyond the Plume Myth (6760 words) |
 | Accommodating plumes relegates mantle convection to a weak, sluggish effect such that basal drag appears as a minor, resisting force, with plates having to move themselves by boundary forces and continents having to be rifted by plumes (IX p. |
| The plume head, which is assumed to have a diameter of 1000 km, rises to form, beneath the lithosphere, an oblate circular disk, with a diameter of 2000-2500 km. |
| Other plume models have resorted to a variety of ad hoc plumbing arrangements for melt to reach the surface including swaying or deflection of plumes, channeling of plume material by lithospheric structure, multiple conduits from a single plume head, or have devised special shapes such as tabular plumes. |
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