In mathematics, a pointed space is a topological spaceX with a distinguised basepointx0 in X. Maps of pointed spaces are continuous maps preserving basepoints, i.e. a continuous map f : X → Y such that f(x0) = y0. This is usually denoted
f : (X, x0) → (Y, y0).
Pointed spaces are important in algebraic topology, particularly in homotopy theory, where many constructions, such as the fundamental group, depend on a choice of basepoint.
The pointed set concept is less important; it is anyway the case of a pointed discrete space.
Category of pointed spaces
The class of all pointed spaces forms a category Top• with basepoint preserving continuous maps as morphisms. Another way to think about this category is as the comma category, ({•} ↓ Top) where {•} is any one point space and Top is the category of topological spaces. (This is also called a coslice category denoted {•}/Top). Objects in this category are continuous maps {•} → X. Such morphisms can be thought of as picking out a basepoint in X. Morphisms in ({•} ↓ Top) are morphisms in Top for which the following diagram commutes:
It is easy to see that commutivity of the diagram is equivalent to the condition that f preserves basepoints.
There is a forgetful functorTop• → Top which "forgets" which point is the basepoint. This functor has a left adjoint which assigns to each topological space X the disjoint union of X and a one point space {•} whose single element is taken to be the basepoint.
Operations on pointed spaces
A subspace of a pointed space X is a topological subspace A ⊆ X which shares its basepoint with X so that the inclusion map is basepoint preserving.
One can form the quotient of a pointed space X under any equivalence relation. The basepoint of the quotient is the image of the basepoint in X under the quotient map.
One can form the product of two pointed spaces (X, x0), (Y, y0) as the topological product X × Y with (x0, y0) serving as the basepoint.
The coproduct in the category of pointed spaces is the wedge sum, which can be thought of as the one-point union of spaces.
The smash product of two pointed spaces is essentially the quotient of the direct product and the wedge sum.
The reduced suspension ΣX of a pointed space X is smash product of X and the pointed circle S1.
Initially controversial, set theory has come to play the role of a foundational theory in modern mathematics, in the sense of a theory invoked to justify assumptions made in mathematics concerning the existence of mathematical objects (such as numbers or functions) and their properties.
Set theory is a branch of mathematics created principally by the German mathematician Georg Cantor at the end of the 19th century.
The important idea of Cantor's, which got set theory going as a new field of study, was to define two sets A and B to have the same number of members (the same cardinality) when there is a way of pairing off members of A exhaustively with members of B.
Feeds |
Contact