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A police duty belt (known in the United States as gun belts[1]) is a nylon or leather belt designed for police officers to carry equipment which enables them to conduct their duties, including PlastiCuffs, handcuffs, radios, baton, police notebooks and other paperwork, hand-held weapons such as CS spray, pepper spray or depending on the police force, firearms and ammunition. The duty belt is also used to carry less police-specific items, including torches, batteries, gloves, pens, pencils, keys and the like.[2][3] Duty belts often carry more than 20 lbs (9.1 kg) of equipment.[4] The main manufacturers of police duty belts are Bianchi International, Gould & Goodrich and Uncle Mike's Law Enforcement, a division of Michaels of Oregon.[5] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Nylon is a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers first produced on February 28, 1935 by Wallace Carothers at DuPont. ...
Modern leather-working tools Leather is a material created through the tanning of hides and skins of animals, primarily cattlehide. ...
For the band, see The Police. ...
A demonstrator is cuffed with plasticuffs. ...
A pair of metal double-locking police handcuffs A woman cuffed with handcuffs and thumbcuffs Handcuffs are devices to secure two wrists close together. ...
A club, cudgel, baton, truncheon, night stick, or bludgeon is among the simplest of all weapons. ...
A police notebook holder. ...
CS gas (commonly called tear gas), or chlorobenzylidene malonitrile, is a usually non-lethal riot control agent. ...
Pepper spray (also known as OC spray (from Oleoresin Capsicum), OC gas, capsicum spray, or oleoresin capsicum) is a lachrymatory agent (a chemical compound that irritates the eyes to cause tears, pain, and even temporary blindness) that is used in riot control, crowd control and personal self-defense, including defense...
An assortment of modern hand-held firearms using fixed ammunition, including military assault rifles, a sporting shotgun (fourth from bottom), a tactical shotgun (third from bottom), and a sporting rifle (top). ...
Bianchi International is a worldwide producer of leather goods for the law enforcement industry. ...
History
Many forces in England began with a uniform consisting of a swallow-tail coat and top hat.[6] A pillbox or kepi hat along with a frock coat were introduced in the 1860s, along with helmets for protection against attack and the weather.[7] Truncheons themselves had been introduced as early as 1764[8][9], however it was not until 1994 that police forces started to introduce the duty belt to contain such equipment,[10] as a alternative to having their staff carry equipment in their handbags or pockets, or in the case of the earliest officers, carrying a cutlass or firearm clipped to the belt of the frock coat. In fact pockets themselves were not introduced until the early 1900s in some cases.[11] A Police Constable of West Yorkshire Police on patrol The United Kingdom (UK) does not have one single police service serving the general public; with the exception of various special police forces and of Northern Ireland (which has one unified force, the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI)), police forces...
// Although there are minor variations in the styling, pattern and insignia, the police forces of Great Britain, Jersey, Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Gibraltar all wear very similar uniforms. ...
// The First Transcontinental Railroad in the USA was built in the six year period between 1863 and 1869. ...
A club, cudgel, baton, truncheon, night stick, or bludgeon is among the simplest of all weapons. ...
1764 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...
An assortment of modern hand-held firearms using fixed ammunition, including military assault rifles, a sporting shotgun (fourth from bottom), a tactical shotgun (third from bottom), and a sporting rifle (top). ...
// Public flight demonstration of an airplane by Alberto Santos-Dumont in Paris, November 12, 1906. ...
Before duty belts, British female officers had to carry their truncheon, which was shorter then the men's version, in their handbag along with their police notebook. Male officers carried handcuffs, whereas female officers were not permitted to without special permission.[12] During the 1950s and 1960s the Sam Browne belt was in popular use by police offficers. A police notebook holder. ...
Hiatts Speedcuffs in holster, as used by UK police A model wearing handcuffs, waist chain, and thumbcuffs Old handcuffs Handcuffs are restraints designed to secure an individuals wrists close together. ...
This does not cite any references or sources. ...
1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ...
John J. Pershing wearing a Sam Browne belt. ...
Composition
Material Speedcuffs with a plastic grip fitted to allow easy manipulation and storage on a duty belt Most duty belts have a width of 2 inches and are either made of nylon or leather.[13][2] Many police departments have had officers complain of having back pain due to their supposedly rigid nylon belts and so many forces are now switching to leather belts as they are considered by some as more flexible.[14] Older belts used to buckle under the weight of whatever was carried on the belt; recently manufacturers have introduced double ply belts which retain their shape and can withstand the weight of the equipment on the belt. Nylon is a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers first produced on February 28, 1935 by Wallace Carothers at DuPont. ...
Modern leather-working tools Leather is a material created through the tanning of hides and skins of animals, primarily cattlehide. ...
Color The most common color for duty belts in service with law enforcement personnel and security officers is black, however there is some variation. In some instances, brown leather is used in place of black, which is generally only chosen for cosmetic purposes, ie. that it is more suited to the officers uniform.
Application Duty belts wrap around the officer's waist and fasten with a buckle at the front. In the past many belts would sag and move about on the waist when an officer was running, nowadays belt keepers which wrap around the duty belt and trouser belt ensure that the belt stays fixed and doesn't move while the officer is taking something from the belt or engaging in an altercation with a suspect. A belt is a flexible band, typically made of leather or heavy cloth, and worn around the waist. ...
Belt keepers A popular method of preventing vertical movement in the belt is by the use of several belt keepers. These are clip fastened, and allow the officer to attach his duty belt to his trouser belt, having the added effect of preventing sagging, in what is sometimes a very heavy duty belt.[3][15] A belt is a flexible band, typically made of leather or heavy cloth, and worn around the waist. ...
Belt suspenders Belt suspenders allow the wearer to move a portion of the weight of the belt onto the shoulders, decreasing stress on the lower back.[3] This also means that the belt does not have to be worn as tight, cutting down on pressure exerted on the stomach. However, there are also safety concerns over these, as they can be used against the officer in the event of a struggle, but newer versions break off like a clip-on tie when pulled, reducing the risk of any injury to the officer. A man wearing classic suspenders, which hook directly into the trousers instead of using clips. ...
Clip-on tie. ...
Fasteners Traditionally, belts have been fastened using a metal buckle, however this trend is changing for a number of reasons. Now, plastic buckles are more common, and many incorporate a three way buckle system, for added security. An example of this is the Coplock system, which requires the wearer to depress a third release catch before the buckles may be separated.
The plastic buckles are often favoured over the traditional metal versions, because with these it is much easier to adjust the length of the belt to suit the officer perfectly, whereas with the metal belt buckles is was only possible to have the belt at pre-set lengths, determined by the position of the holes in the belt
Equipment
Firearms holster Holster designs for firearms cover a wide range of shapes, materials, and retention/release mechanisms, from simple leather pouches hanging from a belt to highly protective holsters with flaps that cover the entire handgun, to highly adjustable competition holsters that hold the handgun at a precise position and release instantly with the right pressure. The wide range of types indicates the highly varied circumstances in which holsters are used, and the varying preferences of the users. Most commonly, the holster is set up so that the grip is level with, or slightly above, the top of the duty belt.[2] A holster is a specialized article of clothing worn to hold a handgun about the person, most commonly in a location where it can be easily drawn for immediate use. ...
Although there are different forms of holsters, the one most commonly worn by police officers on duty is a duty holster. Duty holsters are designed to be carried openly, so concealment is not an issue. However, as they are visible to others, weapon retention is a critical consideration. Appearance is also important in duty holsters, as they are generally considered part of the wearer's uniform, so they are often found made with quality leather for law enforcement use and polished with shoe polish, or made in a camouflage color or pattern for military use. Duty holsters are generally only found for full-sized and mid-sized handguns, as there is no reason to carry a compact handgun unless concealment is needed. The Berns-Martin is one example of a high-security revolver duty holster. Weapon retention is generally nowhere as paramount a consideration in military holsters as it is in law enforcement holsters due to the different occupational nature of their users. Modern leather-working tools Leather is a material created through the tanning of hides and skins of animals, primarily cattlehide. ...
An open can of Kiwi shoe polish with a side-mounted opening mechanism visible at the top of the photo. ...
Countershaded Ibex are almost invisible in the Israeli desert. ...
Berns-Martin The Berns-Martin a type of break front holster for a revolver. ...
Modern law enforcement duty holsters are available with varying levels of retention security (i.e. Level I, Level II, Level II+, Level III, etc.); some security features are passive (such as retention screws, decoy straps, and Safariland's SLS hood guard accessory), while others are active and require deliberate manipulation by the officer during the draw (such as traditional thumbreak snaps, Safariland's SLS system and SLS Sentry accessory). While a higher level of retention will make it more difficult for a suspect to snatch a holstered handgun away from an officer, it may also reduce the speed and ease with which an officer may draw his handgun (especially if the security features are active and not passive). Therefore, when selecting a duty holster, an officer may be forced to select a balance of speed and retention that he/she is comfortable with. A Thumb break is a safety device installed on many holsters and sheaths to prevent a handgun or knife from being drawn by unauthorized persons, as well as to prevent loss of the item when engaged in activities such as parachuting, rappelling, or fighting. ...
Handcuffs German police officers subdue an offender. Both officers have truncheons, tasers, handcuffs and radios clipped to their duty belts
Chain link or hinged Because of the smaller carrying size of these types of handcuffs, officers generally have a greater range of placement options on the belt. Hiatts Speedcuffs in holster, as used by UK police A model wearing handcuffs, waist chain, and thumbcuffs Old handcuffs Handcuffs are restraints designed to secure an individuals wrists close together. ...
As can be seen to the left, many officers choose to carry their cuffs in either an open or closed top holder, in the small of back position. The advantage of this is that when an officer may be involved in a struggle, the cuffs are in a better position for the officer to reach.
However, it has recently come to light that this is an unsafe practise, due to the pressure exerted on the small of the back by the cuffs and case, whilst seated. Although this may not be a problem for beat officers, who patrol on foot, this can cause severe problems in vehicle-based officers. Over time, the cuff case may cause a rupture in the L-5 disc, and cause pinching of the Sciatic nerve, thus numbing the officers left leg, severely affecting their running ability, which is necessary in their daily duties, for example a foot pursuit of a suspect. The sciatic nerve (also known as the ischiatic nerve) is a large nerve that runs down the lower limb. ...
Some officers also choose to carry their handcuffs in the small of back position, but do not utilise a handcuff case, meaning that one side of the cuffs is pushed between the officer’s belt and trousers (or simply tucked into their trousers), and the other side is allowed to hang loose on the outside. This method is often utilised by plain clothes officers who do not wear a belt, and therefore are unable to use a case.
Rigid Because of the rigid bar in this type of handcuffs, these tend to occupy more space on a belt, lowering the number of possible wearing positions. Typically, the cuffs are worn in a holster at a 45 degree angle, on either the left or right side of the officer, depending on whether they are left or right handed. This can be seen in the British police officers to the right. These types of handcuffs are known as speedcuffs or quickcuffs as the rigid bar design allows the officer to easily control the suspect and a much quicker placement on the wrist of the offender. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Anti-personnel sprays Another common item that is carried by police officers is an incapacitant spray. Common types of this include CS spray, Mace, Pelargonyl Vanillylamide (PAVA), and pepper spray. CS or 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (also called o-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile)(chemical formula: C10H5ClN2) is a substance that is used as a riot control agent and is claimed to be non-lethal. ...
CS or 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (also called o-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile)(chemical formula: C10H5ClN2) is a substance that is used as a riot control agent and is claimed to be non-lethal. ...
Mace is a tear gas in the form of an aerosol spray which propels the lachrymator mixed with a volatile solvent. ...
Pepper spray (also known as OC spray (from Oleoresin Capsicum), OC gas, capsicum spray, or oleoresin capsicum) is a lachrymatory agent (a chemical compound that irritates the eyes to cause tears, pain, and even temporary blindness) that is used in riot control, crowd control and personal self-defense, including defense...
One method of carrying these is in a detachable holder, attached to the wearer by a belt loop, and a lanyard. This provides the officer with both an easy, fast method of bringing their spray in a position for use against a suspect, and also a secure way of carrying it, as the lanyard means that it is always within reach of the officer, and they have a method of drawing it back should it fall.[16]
Another method of carriage that is used, and is more basic, is to simply contain the canister in a pouch, secured by either a Velcro or button fastener.
Flashlight
D Cell size Law enforcement and security officers very often choose the D Cell Maglite as a flashlight for duty use, both because of its high candlepower and also its possible use as a self defence weapon, because of its bulky size.[17] The torch is very often carried in either a ring or a holder with or without stud fastener. The holder, regardless of design, generally bases its design on that of the D Cell torch, which incorporates a flared head for the bulb to be contained in. The holder generally works on the principle that the shaft of the torch is slim enough to pass through the holder, but that the flared head is prevented from falling through because it is too wide to do so. Further security is often added by the addition of a press stud fastener to prevent the torch from moving out of the holder without the officer releasing the stud fastener Maglite flashlight The popular 2xAA Mini Maglite in four variations Maglite (also known as MAGLITE, MAG-LITE) is a brand of flashlight created by Mag Instrument, Inc. ...
Armed police officers with ammunition visible behind the right elbow of the officers on the far left Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1641x2189, 742 KB) Summary South Australian Police Force officers Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: South Australia Police User:Lukeroberts/gallery Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1641x2189, 742 KB) Summary South Australian Police Force officers Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: South Australia Police User:Lukeroberts/gallery Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to...
Smaller Some officers, in addition, or as a replacement to carrying a D Cell flashlight may choose to carry a smaller, yet more powerful torch, generally with LED, Krypton, or Xenon bulbs. Popular brands are Streamlight, Surefire, and Pelican. These torches are often preferred by officers, both because they take up less space on a duty belt, and also because they weigh much less, lightening what may be an extremely heavy duty belt.
Magazine holders If the officer is armed with a firearm, then further magazines or speedloaders are generally required to be carried, in the event of a prolonged firefight. There are two basic variants to these holders, where the magazine is carried in a vertical position, or in a horizontal position. The advantage of carriage in a vertical, upright position is that the magazine occupies less space on the belt, and therefore more magazines can be carried. There is also variation in the number of magazines a pouch incorporates. The norm is for two magazines to be carried, but there are also variants which allow for carriage of more, or less, dependent on the needs of the officer. Also, similar to holders of other items of equipment, these can be found with either an open top design, or a closed design fastened either with a press stud or Velcro. Gravure of a 30-round STANAG 4179 magazine, originally designed for the AR-15/M16 series of rifles. ...
A speedloader is a device used for loading a firearm or firearm magazine with loose ammunition very quickly. ...
Baton holder -
There are several types of baton holders for officers who have straight batons, side handle batons, or extendable batons.[9] For the straight and side handles batons they use a ring which keeps the baton in place,[2] but can slide out when the officer is running or engaging in a altercation with an offender, and a straight baton has to be removed before the officer can sit in his patrol vehicle[9]. A club, cudgel, baton, truncheon, night stick, or bludgeon is among the simplest of all weapons. ...
Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor of the United States Federal Protective Service. ...
In the UK, where the police are not generally armed, they use a cross-draw holster for their extendable batons[9], which is on the opposite side of their strong hand, facing forward. When an officer wants to draw a baton from a cross-draw baton holster, he has to reach across his front to the other side of the belt, where the baton is, undo a thumbsnap (these baton holders have open tops, but are considered secure) and pull the baton out of the pouch.[18] These holders also allow the baton to be stored while extended to allow the officer to arrest a suspect without the officer having to drop his baton or collapse it, which could take time and allow the suspect to escape.[19] A Thumb break is a safety device installed on many holsters and sheaths to prevent a handgun or knife from being drawn by unauthorized persons, as well as to prevent loss of the item when engaged in activities such as parachuting, rappelling, or fighting. ...
Elsewhere, officers can choose to have a closed baton pouch or an open top baton pouch for their extendable batons. Open top baton pouches are considered by some officers to be a safety concern as there is no thumbsnab to undo, as an officer may be unaware of the baton being taken from him or falling out when moving.
Key holder Noise reduction is a major issue for an officer, because if a suspect hears the officer approaching, the element of surprise has been lost, allowing the suspect to prepare himself for possible resistance. Many officers are now choosing to wear "silent" key keepers, which simply includes a small pad of Velcro below the key clip into the design, which wraps around the keys preventing movement when the officer may be approaching, or moving at speed. Although other types of key holders include, models which work in the same way as a tape-measure. When the keys are pulled away from the base, held on the duty belt, and used to unlock something, and subsequently when the officer releases the keys, they simply retract automatically back to the base. Another design is a hidden key keeper, which are concealed in a belt keeper, but this is mostly only used for the storage of spare sets of handcuff keys. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 182 KB) Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 182 KB) Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
First aid kit - See also: First aid kit
Since police officers are amongst the first to arrive to any incident, where medical attention potentially may be required, officers have with them a first aid pouch which contains some basic life saving equipment, which is useful while waiting for an ambulance to arrive. This equipment may include: medical gloves, CPR mask and antiseptic wipes. First aid kit of the French Army A first aid kit is a collection of supplies and equipment for use in giving first aid, particularly in a medical emergency. ...
A blue nitrile medical glove. ...
A CPR-mask, with carrying case A CPR mask is a device used to deliver rescue breaths during a cardiac arrest or respiratory arrest safely. ...
Knife pouch It is often necessary for police officers to carry either a knife, or a multitool. The former is primarily used, not as a self defence object, but as a utility tool for the cutting of various objects, an example of which is a car seatbelt, which an officer may have to quickly cut in order to remove an injured person from a motor vehicle. The latter, a multitool, can be used in a number of different situations, depending on its specific design. It may be used as a knife, in the circumstances described above, and may also be used in the assembly or disassembly of various items in the field, to facilitate their repair. It also has a limited use as a method of entry tool. Officers may also choose to carry a window-punch which is a small metal point on the end of a hammer type handle, which the officer can use to break a window either to access a car or a residence. A knife is a sharp-edged (single or double edged) instrument consisting of a thin blade used for cutting and fitted with a handle. ...
A multitool is a portable, versatile hand tool that combines several individual tool functions in a single grip or in the shape of a credit card. ...
Country-specific equipment
British police -
The standard equipment for officers of the British police forces includes Hiatts Speedcuffs, TETRA or Airwaves radio (often carried on the shoulder lapel), CS spray (some forces now use PAVA), Extendable baton (ASP), and a personal protection pouch (gloves, CPR mask). British police officers, and those of the Hong Kong Police Force, can also carry their warrant cards on their belts. // Although there are minor variations in the styling, pattern and insignia, the police forces of Great Britain, Jersey, Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Gibraltar all wear very similar uniforms. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
The TETRA logo TErrestrial Trunked RAdio (TETRA) (formerly known as Trans European Trunked RAdio) is a specialist Professional Mobile Radio and walkie talkie standard used by police departments, fire departments, ambulance services and the military. ...
CS or 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (also called o-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile)(chemical formula: C10H5ClN2) is a substance that is used as a riot control agent and is claimed to be non-lethal. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
A warrant card is a proof of identification and authority for Police Officers. ...
Police in the United States Handguns are commonly worn on the hip, or in a strap-on holster on the thigh. Like British police, American officers typically carry handcuffs, a radio, Mace or pepper spray and an electroshock gun or TASER, however police in the United States uniformly carry firearms. The most common are Glocks, Smith & Wessons, Sig-Sauers or Berettas, usually chambered in .40 S&W or 9mm Luger. Glock is an Austrian weapons manufacturer (named after the founder Gaston Glock) founded in 1963 in Deutsch-Wagram, near Vienna, Austria. ...
Smith & Wesson NASDAQ: SWHC (S&W) is the largest manufacturer of handguns in the United States. ...
SIGARMS is the US representative of Swiss manufacturing firm Swiss Arms AG, which was split off of Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft (SIG) in 2000. ...
Logo of Pietro Beretta This article is about a firearm manufacturer; for the car, see Chevrolet Beretta. ...
The . ...
ball and hollowpoint 9mm Luger rounds are popular handgun ammunition. ...
Alternatives Some officers are now switching to harnesses which carry the equipment they need, instead. This harness goes over their stab-proof vest and reduces the need for officers to keep reaching round to get their equipment. Some officers have even stored their equipment in pockets of their coats or trousers, however this is not recommended if you need to reach for the equipment quickly. A stab vest is a reinforced undergarment designed to resist knife attacks. ...
Notes Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 174th day of the year (175th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
June 24 is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 190 days remaining. ...
is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
June 24 is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 190 days remaining. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
June 5 is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
June 5 is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
June 1 is the 152nd day of the year (153rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
June 1 is the 152nd day of the year (153rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
is the 174th day of the year (175th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
June 24 is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 190 days remaining. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
June 4 is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
June 24 is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 190 days remaining. ...
Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ...
June 4 is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
References Printed sources: - Genat, Robert Modern Police Motorcycles in Action, 1999 ISBN 0760305226
- Stering, Robert S. Police Officer's Handbook: An Introductory Guide, 2005 ISBN 0763747890
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