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Organizations
Agencies France has two national general-purpose law enforcement agencies: For the band, see The Police. ...
In addition, the national government has a Customs service (Douanes). Those three agencies are the only ones legally capable of making full arrests or serving search warrants. The National Police (Police Nationale) is the main civil law enforcement agency of France, with primary jurisdiction in cities and large towns. ...
Categories: French government | Stub ...
Gendarmes guarding the Paris Hall of Justice Gendarmerie motorcyclists police the roads and autoroutes of rural France. ...
Categories: French government | Stub ...
The entrance to the Ministry in Place Beauvau is guarded by one gendarme (to the left) and one policewoman (to the right). ...
Customs duty is a tariff or tax on the import or export of goods. ...
Local governments (communes) may maintain a Police Municipale ("Municipal police") forces, which have very limited law enforcement powers outside of traffic issues and local ordinance enforcement. Rural communes may also form a garde champêtre or Police Rurale ("Rural Police"), which is responsible for limited local patrol and protecting the environment. A commune or comune is a system of social and economic organization which involves the common ownership of resources and/or shared obligations. ...
Municipal police are the providers of general police services to cities and towns and other urban or populated areas. ...
Police vs Gendarmerie The existence of two national police forces with similar goals and attributions, but somewhat different zones of activity, has at times created friction or competition between the two. Their merging has sometimes been suggested.
Since 1941, the division of the zones of activity between the Police and the Gendarmerie was that cities with more than 10,000 inhabitants were handled by the Police, and the remaining ones by the Gendarmerie. However, with the development of suburban dwellings, this had increasingly proved inadequate. Furthermore, the shifting of a town from a Police to a Gendarmerie zone was often controversial, because, typically, a gendarmerie units serves a wide area. A redistribution of competency was thus decided, and implemented between 2003 and 2005. Large conurbations will be handled by the Police in their entirety. Rural and periurban areas, as well as some smaller cities with populations ranging from 5,000 to 16,000, will be handled by the Gendarmerie.[1] 1941 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...
It has been suggested that Suburbia be merged into this article or section. ...
2003 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and is the current year. ...
A conurbation is an urban area comprising a number of cities or towns which, through population growth and expansion, have physically merged to form one continuous built up area. ...
In addition, the Police and the Gendarmerie have specific zones of competency:
- the Police handles questions regarding the entrance and stay of foreigners (border police);
- the Gendarmerie handles all matters regarding the military, as well as police at sea, the security of airports, and the security of certain public buildings (Republican Guard).
Local Police or Gendarmerie precincts may not be capable of conducting complex investigations. For this reason, both the Police and the Gendarmerie maintain regional services dedicated to criminal investigations (police judiciaire); these are known as "regional services of judiciary police" in the Police, "research sections" in the Gendarmerie. In addition, both the Police and the Gendarmerie maintain laboratories dedicated to forensics. Most criminal enquiries are conducted by the Police. Justice may choose either service; sometimes, if the judiciary is disappointed by the results or the methods of one service, it may give the enquiry to the other service. Two republican guards in ceremony uniform in front of a side entrance of the Élysée Palace The Republican Guard mans the honour guards welcoming foreign heads of state or government; here, president Jacques Chirac welcomes then king of Cambodia Norodom Sihanouk to the Élysée Palace. ...
Forensics or forensic science is the application of science to questions which are of interest to the legal system as well as social sciences such as archaeology. ...
The National Police also features some central offices with national jurisdiction, charged with specific missions, such as the national anti-terrorist division. Look up terrorist in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Both the Police and the Gendarmerie have SWAT teams. The Gendarmerie has the foremost and best-known, the GIGN; the Police has the RAID and the GIPN groups. The Gendarmerie also has armored and paratroops squadrons. SWAT officers SWAT (an acronym for Special Weapons and Tactics; originally Special Weapons Attack Team) is a specialized paramilitary police unit in major United States city police departments, which is trained to perform dangerous operations. ...
Categories: Stub | Law enforcement in France ...
The Recherche Assistance Intervention Dissuasion (Research, Assistance, Intervention, Deterrence) is the Commando unit of the French National Police, which has several (possibly 9) regionally based hostage rescue teams called GIPNs. ...
An American Paratrooper using a T-10C series parachute Paratroopers are soldiers trained in parachuting and formed into an airborne force. ...
Both the Police and the Gendarmerie have riot control forces: the CRS for the Police, the gendarmerie mobile for the Gendarmerie (which are often mistaken for the former). They intervene throughout the country. French mobile gendarmes doing riot control. ...
A CRS officier in normal gear, standing by a Bastille Day parade The Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité (often abbreviated to CRS) are the riot control forces and general reserve of the French National Police. ...
One justification for the maintenance of a military force handling matters of civilian police is that the military cannot unionize, contrary to civilian civil servants such as the Police, which may make management easier. The gendarmes found a workaround by forming associations of spouses of gendarmes. Salting is the preparation of food with salt. ...
Procedures
Administrative policing The police administrative comprises a variety of actions undertaken under the direction and supervision of the executive branch, notably the prefect, police and gendarmerie forces conduct a variety of actions ensuring public order. They include: Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the executive is the branch of a government charged with implementing, or executing, the law. ...
A prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeferre, to bring in front, i. ...
In urban planning, the notion of public order refers a city containing relatively empty (and orderly) spaces; which allow for flexibility in redesiging the citys layout; such perceptions played an important role in the establishments of suburbs. ...
In many parts of the world traffic is generally organized, flowing in lanes of travel for a particular direction, with interchanges, traffic signals, or signage at intersectons to facilitate the orderly and timely flow of traffic. ...
This page is about protests. ...
French mobile gendarmes doing riot control. ...
A CRS officier in normal gear, standing by a Bastille Day parade The Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité (often abbreviated to CRS) are the riot control forces and general reserve of the French National Police. ...
Gendarmes guarding the Paris Hall of Justice Gendarmerie motorcyclists police the roads and autoroutes of rural France. ...
Judicial policing The police judiciaire comprises a variety of actions undertaken under the direction and supervision of the judiciary. They include: The judiciary, also referred to as the judicature, consists of justices, judges and magistrates among other types of adjudicators. ...
These actions must follow the rules given in the Code of Penal Procedure (Code de procédure pénale), articles 12 to 29. The Chicago Police Department arrests a man An arrest is the action of police or other authority, or even in some circumstances a private civilian, to apprehend and take under guard a person who is suspected of committing a crime. ...
In the parlance of criminal justice, a suspect is a term used to refer to a person, known or unknown, suspected of committing a crime. ...
A search warrant is a written warrant issued by a judge which authorizes the police to conduct a search of a person or location for evidence of a criminal offense. ...
In order to better fulfill these missions, some sections of the French National Police (police judiciaire) are specialized in criminal enquiries; the Gendarmerie counterpart are the sections de recherche (research sections).
Rights and limitations The powers of French Police and Gendarmerie forces are constrained by statute law and jurisprudence. The rules of procedure depend on the stage of enquiry: - Crimes committed in flagrante delicto, in which a suspect was found committing the crime, or pursued by witnesses, or found in possession of objects from the crime or other probable cause.
- Preliminary enquiries — it is unsure whether a crime, or which crime, has been committed, but there exist good reasons to believe this might be the case.
- Judicial information — an investigative magistrate (a judge, external to the police) supervises an enquiry on a case where it is certain, or at least very probable, that a crime has been committed.
This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ...
In United States criminal law, Probable cause refers to the standard by which a police officer may make an arrest or conduct a personal or property search. ...
An inquisitorial system is a legal system where the court or a part of the court is actively involved in determining the facts of the case, as opposed to an adversarial system where the role of the court is solely that of an impartial referee between parties. ...
Officers and agents of judiciary police The procedures that police and gendarmerie officers follow when conducting criminal enquiries are set by the Code of Criminal procedure (Code de procédure pénale) and applicable jurisprudence. Criminal enquiries are conducted under the supervision of the judiciary (depending on the phase, under the supervision of the public prosecutor or of an investigative judge). Criminal procedure refers to the legal process for adjudicating claims that someone has violated the criminal law. ...
Jurisprudence is the scientific and historic study of law, inclusive of: Legal history, including legal historiography and hermeneutics; Legal philosophy; Legal science, e. ...
Two important notions are those of "officer of judiciary police" (officier de police judiciaire or OPJ), "agent of judiciary police" (agent de police judiciaire or APJ) and "agent of judiciary police assistant" (APJ adjoint).
- Mayors and deputy mayors. This disposition is rarely used.
- In the National Police, these are OPJs:
- the commissionners and above ranks;
- the titular members of the corps de commande et d'encadrement nominally listed in a joint decision by the Ministers of Justice and of the Interior;
- members of the Corps de maîtrise et d'application who have completed 3 years of service, are affected in some specific services, and are nominally listed in a joint decision by the Ministers of Justice and of the Interior.
- In the National Gendarmerie, these are OPJs:
- commissioned officers
- non-commissioned officers having completed 3 years of service, nominally designated by a joint decision by the Ministers of Justice and of Defense.
These ministerial nomination decisions may only be taken after the approval of a specific commission. The current rules also warrant the completion of an examination pertaining to legal matters. A mayor (from the Latin maīor, meaning larger,greater) is the politician who serves as chief executive official of some types of municipalities. ...
Most other members of the National Police and Gendarmerie are APJs. The remaining members of the National Police, as well as members of municipal police forces, are APJ assistants.
Only OPJs may perform full arrests or serve search warrants; APJs may only assist them in these talks. In case a suspect has been apprehended by an APJ, he/she must be brought before an OPJ for a full arrest. According to the law, any citizen can apprehend the author of a crime or of an offence that can be punished by a prison sentence (citizen's arrest), and lead him/her to an OPJ (this includes APJ, APJ assistants). However, this is problematic in case of a "simple" citizen due to the estimation of what can be punished by a prison sentence or not, and due to possible abuse (abuses are a restriction of the individual freedom and can be sued for illegal confinement). A citizens arrest is an arrest performed by a person acting as a civilian, as opposed to a sworn law enforcement officer. ...
In all cases, the prerogatives of an OPJ may only be exerced if they are affected to a position where these are needed, and by nominal decision of the general prosecutor of their area. These prerogatives are temporarily suspended when they engage, in an organized force, in an operation of public order (i.e. riot control). In urban planning, the notion of public order refers a city containing relatively empty (and orderly) spaces; which allow for flexibility in redesiging the citys layout; such perceptions played an important role in the establishments of suburbs. ...
French mobile gendarmes doing riot control. ...
The quality of officer of judiciary police may be withdraw by the Judiciary if the officer has behave in an inappropriate fashion. The general prosecutor grades OPJs, and these grades are taken into account for possible promotions.
See Also Constabulary may have several definitions. ...
External links - Legal analysis of the goals of administrative policing (in French)
- Code of penal (criminal) procedure
- statute part
- regulations
- decrees in the Council of State
- simple decrees
- administrative decisions
- A British analysis of the situation: page 1, page 2, page 3, page 4, page 5, page 6,
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