Two polio vaccines are used throughout the world to combat polio. The first was developed by Jonas Salk, first tested in 1952, and announced to the world by Salk on April 12, 1955. It consists of an injected dose of inactivated (dead ) poliovirus. Thereafter, Albert Sabin produced an oral polio vaccine using attenuated poliovirus. Human trials of Sabin's vaccine began in 1957 and it was licensed in 1962.^[1] The two vaccines have eradicated polio from most of the countries in the world^[2][3] and reduced the worldwide incidence from an estimated 350,000 cases in 1988 to fewer than 2000 cases in 2006.^[4][5] Celebrate the Century - 1950s - Polio Vaccine This image is a postage stamp produced by the United States Postal Service after 1978. ... Poliomyelitis (polio), or infantile paralysis, is a viral paralytic disease. ... Jonas Edward Salk (October 28, 1914 – June 23, 1995) was an American physician and researcher best known for the development of the first successful polio vaccine (the eponymous Salk vaccine). ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... is the 102nd day of the year (103rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar). ... This article is about the virus. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Attenuated redirects here. ... In health care, including medicine, a clinical trial (synonyms: clinical studies, research protocols, medical research) is the application of the scientific method to human health. ... Year 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A child receives oral polio vaccine during a 2002 campaign to immunize children in India. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The "great race"

In 1935 Maurice Brodie, a research assistant at New York University, had attempted to produce a formaldehyde-killed polio vaccine from ground-up monkey spinal cords. His initial attempts were hampered by the difficulty of obtaining enough virus. Brodie first tested the vaccine on himself and several of his assistants. He then gave the vaccine to three thousand children: many developed allergic reactions, but none developed immunity to polio.^[6] Philadelphia pathologist John Kollmer also claimed to have developed a vaccine that same year, but it too produced no immunity and was blamed for causing a number of cases, some of them fatal.^[7] New York University (NYU) is a private, nonsectarian, coeducational research university in New York City. ... The chemical compound formaldehyde (also known as methanal) is a gas with a pungent smell. ...

Mass polio vaccination in Columbus, Georgia during the early days of the National Polio Immunization Program.

A breakthrough came in 1948 when a research group headed by John Enders at the Children's Hospital Boston successfully cultivated the poliovirus in human tissue in the laboratory. This development greatly facilitated vaccine research and ultimately allowed for the development of vaccines against polio. Enders and his colleagues, Thomas H. Weller and Frederick C. Robbins, were recognized for their labors with a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1954.^[8] Other important advancements that lead to the development of polio vaccines were: the identification of three poliovirus serotypes (Poliovirus type 1 (PV1 or Mahoney), PV2 (Lansing), and PV3 (Leon)), the finding that preceding paralysis, the virus must be present in the blood, and the demonstration that administration of antibodies in the form of gamma-globulin protects against paralytic polio.^[5][9] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 520 pixelsFull resolution (1338 × 870 pixel, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 520 pixelsFull resolution (1338 × 870 pixel, file size: 2. ... Columbus is a city in Muscogee County, Georgia, United States. ... Year 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... John Franklin Enders was born in West Hartford, Connecticut February 10, 1887. ... Childrens Hospital Boston is a hospital located in Boston, Massachusetts, USA, adjacent to Brigham and Womens Hospital and Harvard Medical School. ... This article is about the virus. ... Dr. Thomas Huckle Weller (born June 15, 1915) was an American virologist, he, John Franklin Enders and Frederick Chapman Robbins were awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1954 for showing how to cultivate poliomyelitis viruses in the test tube. ... Frederick Chapman Robbins (1916-2003) was a Nobel laureate in Medicine and Physiology in 1956 along with Enders and Weller. ... List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physiology or Medicine from 1901 to the present day. ...

In 1952 and 1953 the U.S. experienced an outbreak of 58,000 and 35,000 polio cases, up from a typical number of around 20,000 cases a year. Amid this U.S. polio epidemic, millions of dollars were invested in finding and marketing a polio vaccine by commercial interests, including Lederle Laboratories in New York under the direction of H. R. Cox. Polish-born virologist and immunologist Hilary Koprowski, who also worked at Lederle, claims to have created the first successful polio vaccine (in 1950) but his vaccine, a live attenuated virus taken orally, was still in the research stage and would not be ready for use until five years after Jonas Salk's polio vaccine (a dead inject-able vaccine) reached the market. The samples of difficult-to-manufacture attenuated virus Albert Sabin would use to develop his oral polio vaccine were given to him by Hilary Koprowski. "Koprowski would later complain that the polio vaccine he had discovered became known as the Sabin vaccine."^[10] Koprowski's own vaccine was ultimately tested, but the outcome was a failure. After the attenuated live virus entered the body, it sometimes reverted to a virulent state.^[11] Nevertheless, from 1957 to 1960, large scale tests were carried out in the Congo. The results have been controversial.^[12] Herald Rea Cox (1907 -1986), was an American bacteriologist. ... Hilary Koprowski (b. ... Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Virulence is a term used to refer to either the relative pathogenicity or the relative ability to do damage to the host of an infectious agent. ...

The development of two polio vaccines would lead to the first modern mass inoculations. The last cases of paralytic poliomyelitis caused by endemic transmission of wild virus in the United States were in 1979, when an outbreak occurred among the Amish in several Midwest states.^[13] The disease was entirely eradicated in the Americas by 1994.^[14] Inoculation, originally Variolation, is a method of purposefully infecting a person with smallpox (Variola) in a controlled manner so as to minimise the severity of the infection and also to induce immunity against further infection. ... The Amish (Amisch or Amische) (IPA: ) are an Anabaptist Christian denomination in the United States and Canada (Ontario and Manitoba) known for their plain dress and avoidance of modern conveniences such as cars and electricity. ... The Midwest is a common name for a region of the United States of America. ... World map showing the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere historically considered to consist of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. ...

Salk's "inactivated polio vaccine"

The first effective polio vaccine was developed in 1952 by Jonas Salk at the University of Pittsburgh. The Salk vaccine, or inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), is based on three wild, virulent reference strains, Mahoney (type 1 poliovirus), MEF-1 (type 2 poliovirus), and Saukett (type 3 poliovirus), grown in a type of monkey kidney tissue culture (Vero cell line), which are then inactivated with formalin.^[5] The injected Salk vaccine confers IgG-mediated immunity in the bloodstream, which prevents polio infection from progress to viremia and protects the motor neurons, thus eliminating the risk of bulbar polio and post-polio syndrome. However, because it offers no protection to the mucosal lining of the intestine, people vaccinated with Salk's vaccine can still carry the disease and spread it to unvaccinated individuals. Jonas Edward Salk (October 28, 1914 – June 23, 1995) was an American physician and researcher best known for the development of the first successful polio vaccine (the eponymous Salk vaccine). ... The University of Pittsburgh, commonly referred to as Pitt, is a state-related, doctoral/research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. ... Virulence is a term used to refer to either the relative pathogenicity or the relative ability to do damage to the host of an infectious agent. ... The kidneys are organs that filter wastes (such as urea) from the blood and excrete them, along with water, as urine. ... Vero cells are used in cell cultures. ... The chemical compound formaldehyde (also known by IUPAC nomenclature as methanal), is a gas with a strong pungent smell. ... Schematic of antibody binding to an antigen An antibody is a protein complex used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. ... Viremia is a condition where viruses enter the bloodstream. ... In vertebrates, motoneurons (also called motor neurons) are efferent neurons that originate in the spinal cord and synapse with muscle fibers to facilitate muscle contraction and with muscle spindles to modify proprioceptive sensitivity. ... Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is a condition that frequently affects survivors of poliomyelitis, a viral infection of the nervous system, after recovery from an initial paralytic attack of the virus. ...

Salk's vaccine was licensed in 1955, and immediately children's vaccination campaigns were launched. In 1954, the vaccine was tested at Arsenal Elementary School and the Watson Home for Children in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Salk's vaccine was then used in a test called the Francis Field Trial, led by Thomas Francis; the largest medical experiment in history. The test began with some 4,000 children at Franklin Sherman Elementary School in McLean, Virginia, and would eventually involve 1.8 million children, in 44 states from Maine to California.^[15] By the conclusion of the study, roughly 440,000 received one or more injections of the vaccine, about 210,000 children received a placebo, consisting of harmless culture media, and 1.2 million children received no vaccination and served as a control group, who would then be observed to see if any contracted polio.^[10] The results of the field trial were announced April 12, 1955 (the tenth anniversary of the death of Franklin Roosevelt). The Salk vaccine had been 60 - 70% effective against PV1 (poliovirus type 1), over 90% effective against PV2 and PV3, and 94% effective against the development of bulbar polio.^[16] In the U.S, following a mass immunization campaign promoted by the March of Dimes, the annual number of polio cases would fall to 5,600 by 1957.^[17] The IPV vaccine was used extensively in the U.S. until the early 1960s. An enhanced-potency IPV was licensed in the United States in November 1987, and is currently the vaccine of choice in the United States.^[13] Year 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The D.T. Watson Home for Crippled Children is famous as one of the first sites in the world to test the Jonas Salk vaccine for Polio. ... Nickname: Motto: Benigno Numine (With the Benevolent Deity) Location in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania Coordinates: , Country United States Commonwealth Pennsylvania County Allegheny Founded November 25, 1758 Incorporated April 22, 1794 (borough)   March 18, 1816 (city) Government  - Mayor Luke Ravenstahl (D) Area  - City 151. ... Dr. Thomas Francis, Jr. ... Boundaries of the McLean CDP as of 2003. ... Official language(s) None (English and French de facto) Capital Augusta Largest city Portland Area  Ranked 39th  - Total 33,414 sq mi (86,542 km²)  - Width 210 miles (338 km)  - Length 320 miles (515 km)  - % water 13. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... “Placebo effect” redirects here. ... A growth medium is an object in which microorganisms or cells in experience growth. ... March of Dimes official logo March of Dimes is the name of health charities in both the United States and Canada. ... Erectile dysfunction, also known as impotence, is the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis for satisfactory sexual intercourse regardless of the capability of ejaculation. ...

This 1963 poster featured CDC’s national symbol of public health, the "Wellbee", encouraging the public to receive an oral polio vaccine.

Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 494 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (700 × 849 pixel, file size: 127 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Polio vaccine Public... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 494 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (700 × 849 pixel, file size: 127 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Polio vaccine Public... Public health is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. ...

Sabin's "oral polio vaccine"

Eight years after Salk's success, Albert Sabin developed the oral polio vaccine (OPV).^[18] The OPV is a live-attenuated vaccine, produced by the passage of the virus through non-human cells at a sub-physiological temperature, which produces spontaneous mutations in the viral genome. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Attenuation is the decrease of the amount, force, magnitude, or value of something. ... Physiology (in Greek physis = nature and logos = word) is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. ...

There are 57 nucleotide substitutions which distinguish the attenuated Sabin 1 strain from its virulent parent (the Mahoney serotype), two nucleotide substitutions attenuate the Sabin 2 strain, and 10 substitutions are involved in attenuating the Sabin 3 strain.^[5] The primary attenuating factor common to all three Sabin vaccines is a mutation located in the virus's internal ribosome entry site (or IRES)^[19] which alters stem-loop structures, and reduces the ability of poliovirus to translate its RNA template within the host cell.^[20] A nucleotide is a chemical compound that consists of a heterocyclic base, a sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. ... IRES (Internal Ribosome Entry Site) were first discovered in +RNA viruses in 1986 in the labs of Sonenberg and Wimmer. ... An example of an RNA stem-loop Stem-loop intramolecular base pairing is a pattern that can occur in single-stranded DNA or, more commonly, in RNA. It occurs when two regions of the same molecule base-pair to form a double helix that ends in a short unpaired loop...

The attenuated poliovirus in the Sabin vaccine replicates very efficiently in the gut, the primary site of infection and replication, but is unable to replicate efficiently within nervous system tissue. The OPV proved to be superior in administration, and also provided longer lasting immunity than the Salk vaccine.^[19] Although Salk's vaccine had reduced the incidence of polio to a tiny fraction of what it was in the early 1950s, it would be the oral live-virus vaccine that would enable the complete elimination of the wild polio virus in the United States. The Human Nervous System A human being coordinates its nervous system, the activity of the muscles, monitors the organs, constructs and also stops input from the senses, and initiates actions. ... Immunity is a medical term that describes a state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ...

In 1961, type 1 and 2 monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine (MOPV) was licensed, and in 1962, type 3 MOPV was licensed. In 1963, trivalent OPV was licensed, and would become the vaccine of choice in the United States and most other countries of the world, largely replacing the use of the inactivated polio vaccine.^[6] A second wave of mass immunizations would lead to a dramatic decline in the number of polio cases. In 1961, only 161 cases were recorded in the United States.^[21] Antivenom (or antivenin, or antivenene) is a biological product used in the treatment of venomous bites or stings. ...

Iatrogenic (vaccine-induced) polio

A major concern attributable to the oral polio vaccine (OPV) is that it can revert to a virulent form.^[22] Clinical disease caused by vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is indistinguishable from that caused by wild polioviruses.^[23] This is believed to be a rare event, but outbreaks of vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) have been reported, and tends to occur in areas of low coverage by OPV, presumably because the OPV is itself protective against the related outbreak strain.^[24][25] Reversion is not possible in IPV vaccinations used in the U.S., and thus vaccine-induced polio is not a concern.

The rate of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) varies by region but is generally about 1 case per 750,000 vaccine recipients.^[26] VAPP is more likely to occur in adults than in children. In immunodeficient children, the risk of VAPP is almost 7,000 times higher, particularly for persons with B-lymphocyte disorders (e.g., agammaglobulinemia and hypogammaglobulinemia), which reduce the synthesis of protective antibodies.^[23] In medicine, immunodeficiency (or immune deficiency) is a state in which the immune systems ability to fight infectious disease is compromised or entirely absent. ... B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response (as opposed to the cell-mediated immune response). ... X-linked agammaglobulinemia (also called X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia, XLA, Bruton type agammaglobulinemia) is a rare X-linked genetic disorder that affects the bodys ability to fight infection (origin of the name: A=no, gammaglobulin=Antibody). ... Hypogammaglobulinemia is a type of immune deficiency. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

Outbreaks of VAPP occurred independently in Belarus (1965–66), Egypt (1983–1993), Hispaniola (2000–2001), Philippines (2001), Madagascar (2001–2002),^[27] and in Haiti (2002), where political strife and poverty have interfered with vaccination efforts.^[28] In 2006 an outbreak of vaccine-derived poliovirus occurred in China.^[29] Early map of Hispaniola The island of Hispaniola (from Spanish, La Española) is the second-largest island of the Antilles, lying between the islands of Cuba to the west, and Puerto Rico to the east. ...

Vaccination schedule

A child receives oral Polio vaccine.

Following the widespread use of poliovirus vaccine in the mid-1950s, the incidence of poliomyelitis declined rapidly in many industrialized countries. As the incidence of wild polio diminishes, nations transition from use of the oral vaccine back to the injected vaccine because the risk of latrogenic polio outweighs the risk of subclinical transmission. Image File history File links Poliodrops. ... Image File history File links Poliodrops. ...

The use of OPV was discontinued in the United States in 2000, but it continues to be used around the globe.^[13] In 2002, a pentavalent (5-component) combination vaccine (called Pediarix) containing IPV was approved for use in the United States. The vaccine also contains combined diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccines (DTaP) and a pediatric dose of hepatitis B vaccine.^[13] In the UK the change from OPV to IPV occurred in 2004 and for convenience polio vaccine was combined with tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines.^[30] In chemistry, valence, also known as valency or valency number, is a measure of the number of chemical bonds formed by the atoms of a given element. ... Tetanus is a medical condition that is characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. ... Non-cellular life is life that exists without cells. ... Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis; a similar, milder disease is caused by B. parapertussis. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into DPT vaccine. ... Hepatitis B is an inflammation of the liver and is caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a member of the Hepadnavirus family[1] and one of hundreds of unrelated viral species which cause viral hepatitis. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Binomial name Haemophilus influenzae (Lehmann & Neumann 1896) Winslow 1917 Haemophilus influenzae, formerly called Pfeiffers bacillus or Bacillus influenzae, is a non-motile Gram-negative coccobacillus first described in 1892 by Dr. Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic. ...

The first dose of polio vaccine is given shortly after birth, usually between 1-2 months of age, a second dose is given at 4 months of age.^[13] The timing of the third dose depends of the vaccine formulation but should be given between 6–18 months of age.^[30] Booster vaccination are given at 4 to 6 years of age, for a total of four doses at or before school entry.^[31] In some countries a fifth vaccination is given during adolescence.^[30] Routine vaccination of adults (18 years of age and older) in developed countries is neither necessary nor recommended because most adults are already immune and have a very small risk of exposure to wild poliovirus in their home countries.^[13] “Young Men” redirects here. ...

Efficacy

In the generic sense, vaccination works by priming the immune system with an 'immunogen'. Stimulating immune response, via use of an infectious agent, is known as immunization. Vaccine efficacy is defined by the amount of immunity against infection a particular vaccine provides, and is often measured by detection of protective antibodies in the blood.^[32] A scanning electron microscope image of a single neutrophil (yellow), engulfing anthrax bacteria (orange). ... An antigen is any molecule that is recognized by antibodies. ... A child being immunized against polio. ... Efficacy is the ability to produce a desired amount of a desired effect. ... Immunity is a medical term that describes a state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

The development of immunity to polio efficiently blocks person-to-person transmission of wild poliovirus, thereby protecting both individual vaccine recipients and the wider community.^[33] Because there is no long term carrier state for poliovirus in immunocompetent individuals, polioviruses have no non-primate reservoir in nature, and survival of the virus in the environment for an extended period of times appears to be remote, interruption of person-to person transmission of the virus by vaccination is the critical step in global polio eradication.^[33] An asymptomatic carrier (or just carrier), is a person who is infected with an infectious disease or carries the abnormal gene of a recessive genetic disorder, but displays no symptoms. ...

After two doses of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), ninety percent or more of individuals develop protective antibody to all three serotypes of poliovirus, and at least 99% are immune to poliovirus following three doses. A single dose of oral polio vaccince produces immunity to all three poliovirus serotypes in approximately 50% of recipients.^[13] Three doses of live-attenuated OPV produce protective antibody to all three poliovirus types in more than 95% of recipients. OPV produces excellent immunity in the intestine, the primary site of wild poliovirus entry, which helps prevent infection with wild virus in areas where the virus is endemic.^[31] IPV produces less gastrointestinal immunity than does OPV, so persons who receive IPV are more easily infected with wild poliovirus. In regions without wild poliovirus, inactivated polio vaccine is the vaccine of choice.^[31] In regions with higher incidence of polio, and thus a different relative risk between efficacy and reversion of the vaccine to a virulent form, live vaccine is still used. The live virus also has stringent requirements for transport and storage, which are a problem in some hot or remote areas. Serotypes refer to a group of related microorganisms or viruses distinguished by responses to different antigens. ... In anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine (or colon). ... In epidemiology, an infection is said to be endemic in a population when that infection is maintained in the population without the need for external inputs. ... For the Physics term GUT, please refer to Grand unification theory The gastrointestinal or digestive tract, also referred to as the GI tract or the alimentary canal or the gut, is the system of organs within multicellular animals which takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and...

As with other live-virus vaccines, immunity initiated by OPV is probably lifelong. The duration of immunity induced by IPV is not known with certainty, although a complete series is thought to provide protection for many years.^[34]

Contamination concerns

In 1960, it was determined that the rhesus monkey kidney cells used to prepare the poliovirus vaccines were infected with a virus called SV40 (or Simian Virus-40).^[35] SV40, also discovered in 1960, is a naturally occurring virus that infects monkeys. In 1961, SV40 was found to cause tumors in rodents.^[36] More recently, the virus was found in certain forms of cancer in humans, for instance brain and bone tumors, mesotheliomas, and some types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.^[37][38] However, it has not been determined that SV40 causes these cancers.^[39] Binomial name Macaca mulatta Zimmermann, 1780 The Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta), often called the Rhesus monkey, is one of the best known species of Old World monkeys. ... SV40 is an abbreviation for Simian vacuolating virus 40 or Simian virus 40, a polyomavirus that is found in both monkeys and humans. ... Groups I: dsDNA viruses II: ssDNA viruses III: dsRNA viruses IV: (+)ssRNA viruses V: (-)ssRNA viruses VI: ssRNA-RT viruses VII: dsDNA-RT viruses A virus (from the Latin noun virus, meaning toxin or poison) is a microscopic particle (ranging in size from 20 - 300 nm) that can infect the... Suborders Sciuromorpha Castorimorpha Myomorpha Anomaluromorpha Hystricomorpha Rodentia is an order of mammals also known as rodents. ... Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). ... A brain tumor is any intracranial tumor created by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division, normally either in the brain itself (neurons, glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells), lymphatic tissue, blood vessels), in the cranial nerves (myelin-producing Schwann cells), in the brain envelopes (meninges), skull, pituitary and pineal gland, or... An arm bone tumor Bone tumor is an inexact term, which can be used for both benign and malignant abnormal growths found in bone, but is most commonly used for primary tumors of bone, such as osteosarcoma (or osteoma). ... Non-Hodgkins lymphoma is a type of cancer. ...

SV40 was found to be present in stocks of the injected form of the polio vaccine (IPV) in use between 1954 to 1962, it is not found OPV form (which was licensed later). Over 98 million Americans received one or more doses of polio vaccine between 1955 to 1963 when a proportion of vaccine was contaminated with SV40; it has been estimated that 10 - 30 million Americans may have received a dose of vaccine contaminated with SV40.^[35] Later analysis suggested that vaccines produced by the former Soviet bloc countries until 1980, and used in the USSR, China, Japan, and several African countries, may have been contaminated; meaning hundreds of millions more may have been exposed to SV40.^[40] During the Cold War, the Eastern Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) comprised the following Central and Eastern European countries: Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Albania (until the early 1960s, see below), the Soviet Union, and Czechoslovakia. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...

In 1998, the National Cancer Institute undertook a large study, using cancer case information from the Institutes SEER database. The published findings from the study revealed that there was no increased incidence of cancer in persons who may have received vaccine containing SV40.^[41] Another large study in Sweden examined cancer rates of 700,000 individuals who had received potentially contaminated polio vaccine as late as 1957; the study again revealed no increased cancer incidence between persons who received polio vaccines containing SV40 and those who did not.^[42] The question of whether SV40 causes cancer in humans remains controversial however, and the development of improved assays for detection of SV40 in human tissues, will be needed to resolve the controversy.^[39] The National Cancer Institute (NCI) is part of the United States Federal governments National Institutes of Health. ...

References

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 226th day of the year (227th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... January 29 is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... January 29 is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Sanofi pasteur is the vaccines business of sanofi-aventis Group. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... March 12 is the 71st day of the year (72nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 6 is the 310th day of the year (311th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... March 12 is the 71st day of the year (72nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... March 12 is the 71st day of the year (72nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... March 12 is the 71st day of the year (72nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• March of Dimes
• OPV AIDS hypothesis

March of Dimes official logo March of Dimes is the name of health charities in both the United States and Canada. ... According to the oral polio vaccine (OPVA) AIDS hypothesis, the AIDS pandemic originated from live polio vaccines prepared in chimpanzee tissue cultures (at least some of which were almost certainly contaminated with chimpanzee SIV) which were administered to up to one million Africans between 1957 and 1960. ...

External links

• CGDev.org - 'Vaccines for Development', Center for Global Development
• PBS.org - 'People and Discoveries: Salk Produces Polio Vaccine 1952', PBS
• SFGate.com - 'Rogue virus in the vaccine: Early polio vaccine harbored virus now feared to cause cancer in humans', William Carlsen, San Francisco Chronicle (July 15, 2001)