This article covers the history of Polish Intelligence Services. The latter have a long history dating back to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

History

Early history

Although the first official service of the Polish government entrusted with espionage, intelligence and counter-intelligence was not formed until 1918, in the past centuries the Polish state developed a net of informers in surrounding states. Also, a number of envoys and ambassadors were used not only as diplomats, but also for gathering information, mostly by bribery. Among such spies was Jan Andrzej Morsztyn, a notable Polish poet of the 17th century. Polish kings, and the military commanders (hetmans) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth like Stanisław Koniecpolski had espionage networks. The hetmans were responsible for espionage in the Ottoman Empire, its vassals and disputed territories (like Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania) and Muscovy, and also among the restless Cossacks. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Intelligence (abbreviated or ) is the process and the result of gathering information and analyzing it to answer questions or obtain advance warnings needed to plan for the future. ... Counter Intelligence A uk label started and owned by John Machielsen. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... This page is about negotiations; for the board game, see Diplomacy (game). ... Bribery is a crime defined by Blacks Law Dictionary as the offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting of any item of value to influence the actions as an official or other person in discharge of a public or legal duty. ... Jan Andrzej Morsztyn Jan Andrzej Morsztyn (1621-1693) was a noble (szlachcic), poet and official in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... Poland was ruled by dukes (c. ... Hetman (from Czech: hejtman, German: Hauptmann, Old Slavonic vatamman, Turkish: Ataman) was the title of the second highest military commander (after the monarch) used in 15th to 18th century Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, known from 1569 to 1795 as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Noble Family Koniecpolski Coat of Arms Pobóg Parents Aleksander Koniecpolski Anna Sroczycka Consorts Katarzyna Żółkiewska (1615) Krystyna Lubomirska (1619) Zofia OpaliÅ„ska (1656) Children Aleksander Koniecpolski Date of Birth 1590/1594 Place of Birth Koniecpol Date of Death March 11, 1646 Place of Death Brody StanisÅ‚aw Koniecpolski, (1590... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Ä°stanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanl... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Muscovy (Moscow principality (княжество Московское) to Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое Княжество Московское) to Russian Tsardom (Царство Русское)) is a traditional Western name for the Russian state that existed from the 14th century to the late 17th century. ... This article needs cleanup. ...

1918-1921

Immediately after becoming an independent nation in 1918, Poland formed its Armed Forces. Under the influence of the French Military Mission to Poland, the office of the Polish General Staff was divided into several departments, each entrusted with different tasks: 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Polish Army (Polish Wojsko Polskie) is the name applied to the military forces of Poland. ... The French Military Mission to Poland was an effort by France to aid the nascent Second Polish Republic after it achieved its independence in November, 1918, at the end of the First World War. ...

1. Oddział I [Section I] - Organisation and mobilization
2. Oddział II - Intelligence and Counter-intelligence
3. Oddziału III - Training and Operations
4. Oddział IV - Quartermaster

The Second Department, often called Dwójka (Polish for Number Two), was formed in October of 1918, even before Poland declared its independence. Initially called Information Department of the General Staff, it was divided into several offices, called sections: Quartermaster is a term usually referring to a military unit which specializes in supplying and provisioning troops, or to an individual who does the same. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...

• Sekcja I - reconnaissance and close intelligence
• Sekcja II
  • IIa (East) - offensive intelligence in Bolshevist Russia, Lithuania, Belarusian People's Republic, Ukraine and Galicia
  • IIb (West) - offensive intelligence in Austria, Germany, France and United Kingdom
• Sekcja III - general intelligence and surveillance abroad (both in the east and in the west)
• Sekcja IV - preparation of a frontline bulletin
• Sekcja V - contacts with both military and civilian authorities.
• Sekcja VI - contacts with attaches in Berlin, Vienna, Budapest, Moscow and Kyiv
• Sekcja VII - Ciphers

The net of informers, both in Poland and abroad, was developing very rapidly. Although Poland, after suffering more than a century under foreign occupation, was in a tragic economic situation, this proved to be a vital factor in the creation of an extensive intelligence net. In the 19th century and early 20th century, the economic and political situation forced hundreds of thousands of Poles to emigrate to almost all countries of the world. With the advent of Polish liberty, many of them reported for duty in Polish intelligence agencies. Others, most notably Poles living in the former Russian Empire, were trying to return home through war-torn Russia, providing the Polish Army with priceless information on Russian logistics, order of battle and the situation of all sides fighting in the Russian Civil War. Bolshevist Russia is a common term that refers to the Red side in the Russian government between the Bolsheviks October Revolution (November 7, 1917) and the constitution of the Soviet Union (December 30, 1922). ... National motto: None Official language Belarusian Capital Minsk, Currently in Exile in Canada National anthem Vajacki marÅ¡ Chairperson of the Rada Ivonka Survilla Independence  - Declared  - Forced into Exile Treaty of Brest-Litovsk March 25, 1918 January 5, 1919 The Belarusian Peoples Republic (Belarusian: Белару́ская Наро́дная Рэспу́бліка, eng. ... Coat-of-arms of Galicia Galicia is an historical region currently split between Poland and Ukraine. ... ... For other uses, see Berlin (disambiguation). ... Vienna (German: Wien ; Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian: Beč, Czech: Vídeň, Hungarian: Bécs, Romanian: Viena, Romani: Bech or Vidnya, Russian: Вена, Slovak: Viedeň, Slovenian: Dunaj) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... Nickname: Paris of the East, Pearl of the Danubeor Queen of the Danube Official website: www. ... Moscow (Russian: Москва́, Moskva, IPA: ) is the capital of Russia and the countrys principal political, economic, financial, educational and transportation center, located on the river Moskva. ... Kiev (Київ, Kyiv, in Ukrainian; Киев, Kiev, in Russian) is the capital and largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper river. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of Russian history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... An order of battle (often abbreviated as ORBAT, OOB, or OB) is an organizational tool used by military intelligence to list and analyze enemy military units. ... The Russian Civil War was fought from 1918 to 1922. ...

Also, in Western Europe (most notably in Germany, France and Belgium), Polish diaspora often formed the backbone of heavy industry. In the Ruhr Valley alone lived approximately 1 million people of Polish descent. Many of them could provide the Polish state with information on industrial production and the economic situation in the surrounding countries. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Geography Map of the Ruhr Area The Ruhr Area (German Ruhrgebiet or, colloquially, Ruhrpott) is a metropolitan area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, consisting of a number of large industrial cities bordered by the rivers Ruhr to the south, Rhine to the west, and Lippe to the north. ...

After the outbreak of the Polish-Bolshevik War in early 1919, the intelligence in the East proved vital to Poland's survival in the war against a far superior enemy. A separate cell within the Polish intelligence was formed and took over most intelligence duties during the war. The organization was named Biuro Wywiadowcze (Intelligence Bureau), and was composed of seven departments: Polish-Bolshevik War Conflict Polish-Bolshevik War Date 1919–1921 Place Central and Eastern Europe Result Polish victory The Polish-Soviet War (also known as the Polish-Bolshevik War or the Polish-Russian War) was the war (February 1919 – March 1921) that determined the borders between the Russian Soviet Federated... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

1. - Organisation
2. - Offensive "A"
3. - Offensive "B"
4. - Offensive "C"
5. - Defensive
6. - Internal propaganda
7. - Counter-intelligence

The fourth department (Offensive intelligence "C") became the most developed as it carried out all duties connected to front-line reconnaissance and intelligence, as well as "long-distance" intelligence and surveillance in countries surrounding Bolshevist Russia, including Siberia (still in hands of the White Russians), Turkey, Persia, China, Mongolia and Japan. Third department (Offensive intelligence "B") controlled the intelligence net in the European part of Russia. Bolshevist Russia is a common term that refers to the Red side in the Russian government between the Bolsheviks October Revolution (November 7, 1917) and the constitution of the Soviet Union (December 30, 1922). ... Siberia is also an album by Echo & The Bunnymen. ... The White movement, whose military arm is known as the White Army (Белая Армия) or White Guard (Белая Гвардия, белогвардейцы) and whose members are known as Whites (Белые, Беляки) or White Russians (a term which has other meanings) comprised some of the Russian forces, both political and military, which opposed... The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau. ...

Additional information was obtained from Russian deserters and POWs, who crossed the Polish lines in thousands, especially after the Battle of Warsaw of 1920. Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... The Battle of Warsaw (sometimes referred to as the Miracle at the Vistula, Polish Cud nad Wisłą) was the decisive battle of the Polish-Soviet War, the war that began soon after the end of World War I in 1918 and lasted until the Treaty of Riga in 1921. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 3 - Babe Ruth is traded by the Boston Red Sox to the New York Yankees for $125,000, the largest sum ever paid for a player at that time. ...

1921-1939

After the end of the Polish-Bolshevik War and the Treaty of Riga, the structure and tasks of the Polish intelligence agency had to be modified in order to cope with new tasks. Although Poland had won most of border conflicts with surrounding powers (most notably the war with Russia and the Greater Poland Uprising against Germany), the international situation of the country was far from being perfect. By mid-1921 a new structure of the Dwójka was introduced. It was composed of three main departments, each commanding different offices: The Peace of Riga (also known as the Treaty of Riga, Polish: Traktat Ryski) signed on 18th March 1921 between Poland and Soviet Russia ended the Polish-Bolshevik War. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

• Organisation Department

1. Organisation
2. Training
3. People
4. Finances
5. Own Ciphers and codes, communication and foreign press

• Records Department

1. East
2. West
3. North
4. South
5. Statistical Office
6. Nationalities and minorities

• Intelligence Department

1. Technology of intelligence
2. Central agents' bureau
3. Counter-intelligence
4. Foreign Ciphers (Biuro Szyfrów)
5. Radio surveillance and wire-tapping techniques

Until late 1930's, the Soviet Union was seen as a probable aggressor and the main enemy of the Polish state. Because of that, the 2nd Department developed an extensive net of agents both within the borders of Polish eastern neighbour and in other neighbouring countries. Apart from the so-called passive intelligence, that is radio surveillance, press reports and other similar activities, in early 1920's Polish intelligence started to develop a net of offensive intelligence. The Eastern Office (Referat "Wschód" in Polish) had several dozen of bureaus, mostly attached to Polish consulates in, among other towns, Moscow, Kiev, Leningrad, Kharkov and Tbilisi. The Biuro Szyfrów ( (?), Polish for Cipher Bureau) was the Polish agency concerned with cryptology between World Wars I and II. The Bureau enjoyed notable successes against Soviet cryptography during the Polish-Soviet War, helping to preserve Polands independence. ... Moscow (Russian: Москва́, Moskva, IPA: ) is the capital of Russia and the countrys principal political, economic, financial, educational and transportation center, located on the river Moskva. ... Motto: Oblast Municipality Municipal government City council (Київська Міська рада) Mayor Oleksandr Omelchenko Mayor-elect Leonid Chernovetsky Area 800 km² Population  - city  - urban  - density 2,660,401 100% 3,299/km² Founded City rights around 5th century 1487 Latitude Longitude Area code +380 44 Car plates AA (before 2004: КА,КВ,КЕ,КН,КІ) Sister cities Athens, Brussels... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of Finland... Kharkov (rus: Ха́рьков) or Kharkiv (ukr: Ха́рків) is the second largest city in Ukraine, a center of Kharkivska oblast. It is situated in the northeast of the country and has a population of two million. ... Tbilisi (Georgian თბილისი ) is the capital city of the country of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura (Mtkvari) river, at . ...

The short-range surveillance was carried out by the forces of the Border Defence Corps created in 1924. On several occasions the soldiers crossed the border disguised as smugglers, partisans or ordinary bandits and gathered information on dislocation of Soviet troops and morale of the society. At the same time the Soviet forces carried out similar missions on Polish territory. It was not until 1925 that the situation near the border became more stable and even then such missions occurred from time to time. Border Defence Corps (Polish Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza, KOP) was a Polish military unit created in 1924 for defence of the eastern border against armed Soviet raids and local bandits. ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Overall, the efforts of Polish Intelligence in the interwar years supplied a very good picture of the capabilities of the main potential adversaries of Poland, Germany and the USSR. However, when war came in September, 1939, this was largely irrelevant. Good intelligence simply could not offset the overwhelming superiority of the German and Soviet armed forces. The conquest of Poland lasted only a few weeks, too short a time for intelligence services to make a significant contribution. With Poland conquered, Polish Intelligence Services had to move its command outside of Poland, to the territory of its allies France and Britain.

1939-1945

Main article: Polish contribution to World War II

Until 1939 the Polish intelligence services generally did not collaborate with the intelligence services of other countries. The only partial exception was France, Poland's closest ally, and even in this case the cooperation was mostly lukewarm, with neither side as a rule sharing its most precious secrets. (An important exception was the long-term collaboration between France's Gustave Bertrand and Poland's Cipher Bureau, headed by Gwido Langer.) The situation only began to change in 1939, when war appeared certain and Britain and France entered into formal military alliance with Poland. Poland: First to Fight (poster, 1939). ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Gustave Bertrand (died 1976) was a French military intelligence officer who made a vital contribution to the decryption, by Polands Cipher Bureau, of German Enigma ciphers beginning in December 1932. ... The Biuro Szyfrów ( (?), Polish for Cipher Bureau) was the Polish agency concerned with cryptology between World Wars I and II. The Bureau enjoyed notable successes against Soviet cryptography during the Polish-Soviet War, helping to preserve Polands independence. ... Gwido Langer (died March 30, 1948) was chief of the Polish General Staffs Cipher Bureau from at least mid-1931. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...

The most important result of the subsequent sharing of information was the transfer to France and Britain of Polish techniques for breaking German Enigma machine ciphers. The initial break into these had been made in late 1932 by mathematician Marian Rejewski, working for the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau. His work had been substantially facilitated by intelligence provided by Bertrand. Subsequently, together with fellow mathematicians Henryk Zygalski and Jerzy Różycki, Rejewski developed techniques to decrypt German Enigma-enciphered messages on a regular and timely basis. A three-rotor German military Enigma machine showing, from bottom to top, the plugboard, the keyboard, the lamps and the finger-wheels of the rotors emerging from the inner lid (version with labels). ... This article is about algorithms for encryption and decryption. ... Marian Rejewski (probably 1932, the year he first solved the Enigma machine). ... The Biuro Szyfrów ( (?), Polish for Cipher Bureau) was the Polish agency concerned with cryptology between World Wars I and II. The Bureau enjoyed notable successes against Soviet cryptography during the Polish-Soviet War, helping to preserve Polands independence. ... Henryk Zygalski, about 1930. ... Jerzy Różycki, about 1928. ... This article is about algorithms for encryption and decryption. ...

Over six and a half years after the initial Polish break into the Enigma cipher, French and British intelligence representatives were initiated into the Polish achievements at a trilateral conference held at Cipher Bureau facilities in the Kabaty Woods, just south of Warsaw, on July 25, 1939, a bare five weeks before the outbreak of World War II. This formed the basis for early Enigma decryption by the British at Bletchley Park, northwest of London; without the head start provided by Poland, British reading of Enigma might have been delayed several years, or the British effort might even have remained completely unsuccessful. The Biuro Szyfrów ( (?), Polish for Cipher Bureau) was the Polish agency concerned with cryptology between World Wars I and II. The Bureau enjoyed notable successes against Soviet cryptography during the Polish-Soviet War, helping to preserve Polands independence. ... Kabaty is the southernmost neighbourhood of the city of Warsaw, located in the borough of Ursynów. ... Warsaw (Polish: , (?), in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: Miasto Stołeczne Warszawa) is the capital of Poland and its largest city. ... July 25 is the 206th day (207th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 159 days remaining. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Combatants Allies: Poland, British Commonwealth, France/Free France, Soviet Union, United States, China, and others Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan, and others Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total dead: 50 million Military dead: 8 million Civilian dead: 4 million Total dead: 12 million World War II... During World War II, British and American cryptographers at Bletchley Park broke a large number of Axis codes and ciphers, including the German Enigma machine. ...

Key Polish Cipher Bureau personnel escaped from Poland on September 17, 1939, upon the Soviet Union's entry into eastern Poland, and eventually reached France. There, at "PC Bruno" outside Paris, they resumed breaking Enigma ciphers through the "Phony War" (October 1939—May 1940). Following the fall of northern France to the Germans, the Polish-French-Spanish cryptologic organization sponsored by French Major Gustave Bertrand continued its work at "Cadix" in the southern, Vichy "Free Zone" until that, too, was occupied by the Germans in November 1942. September 17 is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years). ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... PC Bruno was the code name for the intelligence station operated at a farmhouse in the west of France to which French cryptanalysts retired after Paris was captured by the Germans in 1940. ... The Eiffel Tower, the international symbol of the city For other uses, see Paris (disambiguation). ... British Ministry of Home Security Poster The Phony War, or in Winston Churchills words the Twilight War, was a phase in early World War II marked by few military operations in Continental Europe, in the months following the German invasion of Poland. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... Gustave Bertrand (died 1976) was a French military intelligence officer who made a vital contribution to the decryption, by Polands Cipher Bureau, of German Enigma ciphers beginning in December 1932. ... Polish-French Cadix radio-intelligence team, southern France, 1940-1942. ... Presidential flag of Vichy France For other uses of Vichy, see Vichy (disambiguation). ... This article is about the year. ...

After the September Campaign of 1939 practically the entire command apparatus of the Second Department managed to escape Poland through Romania and soon reached France and Britain. There it reactivated its networks of agents all over Europe, and immediately began cooperation with British and French intelligence. After the Fall of France the entire Second Department staff ended up in Britain, which at that time was in a difficult situation and badly in need of intelligence from occupied Europe, after rapid German advances disrupted its networks and put German forces in areas where Britain had few agents. After the personal intervention of Churchill and Sikorski in September 1940, the cooperation between British and Polish intelligence organisations entered a new era. The Polish Second Department and its network was put under partial British control and worked for the rest of the war under direct orders and direction of the SIS (Secret Intelligence Service). Polish Defence War of 1939 Conflict World War II Date 1 September - 6 October 1939 Place Poland Result Decisive German and Soviet victory The Polish September Campaign (alternatively refered to as the German plan Fall Weiss) refers to the conquest of Poland by the armies of Nazi Germany and the... In World War II, Battle of France or Case Yellow (Fall Gelb in German) was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries, executed 10 May 1940 which ended the Phony War. ... Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British politician and author, best known as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. ... Władysław Eugeniusz Sikorski (May 20, 1881 – July 4, 1943; pronounce ) was a Polish military and political leader. ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ...

Already in the first half of 1941 Polish agents in France supplied Britain with intelligence on U-boat sailings from French Atlantic ports. The network in France grew to 1500 members and supplied vital information about the German military in France before and in the course of Operation Overlord. Agents working in Poland in the spring of 1941 supplied extensive intelligence about German preparations for their invasion of the Soviet Union. Polish spies also supplied extensive information on Auschwitz atrocities (Report of Witold Pilecki) and the German extermination operations in Poland during the Holocaust. Polish Intelligence gave the British key information about the Germans' secret weapons, including the V-1 and V-2 rockets, which allowed Britain to set back the German efforts by bombing the main development facility at Peenemunde in 1943. Overall, the Polish networks all over Europe and most importantly within Germany itself supplied the Allies with information on just about all aspects of the German war effort. During the war, their agents supplied 22,047 agent reports, out of 45,770 received by British Intelligence (about half). For the movie, see 1941 (film) 1941 (MCMXLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1941 calendar). ... The Battle of Normandy was fought in 1944 between the German forces occupying Western Europe and the invading Allies. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film) 1941 (MCMXLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1941 calendar). ... Combatants Axis Powers Soviet Union Commanders Supreme commander: Adolf Hitler Supreme commander: Josef Stalin Strength ~ 3. ... Auschwitz, in English, commonly refers to the Auschwitz concentration camp complex built near the town of Oświęcim, by Nazi Germany during World War II. Rarely, it may refer to the Polish town of Oświęcim (called by the Germans Auschwitz) itself. ... Witold Pilecki (May 13, 1901 – May 25, 1948; pronounced [vitɔld pileʦki]; codenames Roman Jezierski, Tomasz Serafiński, Druh, Witold) was a soldier of the Second Polish Republic, founder of the resistance movement Secret Polish Army (Tajna Armia Polska) and member of the Home Army (Armia Krajowa). ... Concentration camp inmates during the Holocaust The Holocaust was Nazi Germanys systematic genocide (ethnic cleansing) of various ethnic, religious, national, and secular groups during World War II. Early elements include the Kristallnacht pogrom and the T-4 Euthanasia Program established by Hitler that killed some 200,000 people. ... The Vergeltungswaffe 1 Fi 103 / FZG-76 (V-1), known as the Flying bomb, Buzz bomb or Doodlebug, was the first modern guided missile used in wartime and the first cruise missile. ... The V-2 rocket or Vergeltungswaffe 2 (Reprisal weapon 2) was an early ballistic missile used by the German Army during the later stages of World War II against mostly British and Belgian targets. ... Peenemündes position in Germany Peenemünde is a village in the northeast of the German island of Usedom on the Peene river, on the easternmost part of the German Baltic coast. ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ...

The Second Department was officially shut down on March 15, 1946, and its archives were taken over by the British. At the time of its dissolution it employed 170 officers and 3500 agents, without counting its headquarters staff. It is quite likely that at least some of these agents continued to work, now directly for Britain, in the years of the Cold War. March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (75th in Leap years). ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ...

After the war, the contribution of Polish Intelligence to the British war effort was kept a complete secret. Immediately after the war this was understandable, as the need for secrecy persisted due to the start of the Cold War. However, in later years, as the British official histories started to come out, the role of Polish Intelligence was barely mentioned. Only when the knowledge of the British breaking of the Enigma was revealed to the general public in the late 1970s, the key Polish contribution to that effort could not be passed over. Even then, the first versions of the story, based on partial knowledge, claimed that Polish Intelligence was only able to steal a German Enigma machine. Only gradually was it revealed that the Polish effort was much more sophisticated, relying primarily on methods of mathematical analysis. However, the efforts of historians to gain access to documents describing the rest of the Polish Intelligence efforts were met with stonewalling and claims that all relevant archives have been destroyed. The Cold War was the protracted geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle that emerged after World War II between the global superpowers of the Soviet Union and the United States, supported by their alliance partners. ...

In recent years British and Polish governments started efforts to jointly produce an accurate and adequate account of the Polish Intelligence contribution to the British war effort. The key Anglo-Polish Historical Committee Report on the subject, written by leading historians and experts granted unprecedented access to British intelligence archives, was published in July 2005 (for additional information see: [1], [2], [3]). 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also: Home Army and V1 and V2

Aside from military operations, the Home Army was also heavily involved in intelligence work. ...

1945-1989

Main articles: Główny Zarząd Informacji Wojska Polskiego, Służba Bezpieczeństwa, and Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego

Główny Zarząd Informacji Wojska Polskiego (GZI WP) - Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army, was a name of a first military Police and counterespionage organ in communist Poland after the World War 2. ... Służba Bezpieczeństwa (or SB) Ministerstwa Spraw Wewnętrznych, of the Ministry of Internal Affairs - was the name of communist internal intelligence agency and secret police, established in the Peoples Republic of Poland in 1956, SB was the main organ in Poland responsible for political repression, until its... Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego - MBP (Ministry of Public Security) - was the name of Polish secret police Intelligence and Counter-espionage organ from 1945 to 1954. ...

Civilian branches

Following the occupation of Poland by the Soviet Union and formation of the new, puppet government, the Soviets formed new intelligence and internal security formations and agencies. But officer staff was trained by Soviet special services already from 1943 on. The same year a group of poles in number of 120 begin special training in a special NKVD school in the town of Kuybyshev, now Samara. At the same time, in special NKVD-NKGB schools all over USSR, hundreds of German, Romanian, Czechoslovakian and Bulgarian people proceeded through the same special training in order to prepare them for work in future special services in their countries. 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ... The NKVD (Narodnyi Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del )(Russian: НКВД, Народный комиссариат внутренних дел) or Peoples Commisariat for Internal Affairs was a government department which handled a number of the Soviet Unions affairs of state. ... This article is not about Samarra, which is in Iraq. ... Samara (fruit) — a type of winged tree fruit Samara, Russia — a large city to the east of the Volga River. ... The NKVD (Narodnyi Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del )(Russian: НКВД, Народный комиссариат внутренних дел) or Peoples Commisariat for Internal Affairs was a government department which handled a number of the Soviet Unions affairs of state. ... The Peoples Commissariat for State Security (Народный комиссариат государственной безопасности) was the name of the Soviet secret police force existed during February 3, 1941 — July 20, 1941, from 1943 to 1946, and then renamed into the Ministry for State Security. ... Czechoslovakia (Czech: Československo, Slovak: Česko-Slovensko/before 1990 Československo) was a country in Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1992 (except for the World War II period). ...

In July 1944 in Moscow a temporary Polish puppet government was established by the name of Polish Committee of National Liberation (Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego), or PKWN. In the PKWN structure organization, there were thirteen departments called resorty. One of them was Department of Public Security (Resort Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego) or RBP, headed by long time polish communist Stanisław Radkiewicz. The biggest and the most important department in RBP was Department 1, responsible for Counter-espionage and headed by Roman Romkowski. Department 1 was so big and so expanded that in September 1945 from this existing structure there additional departments were created and two separate Sections. In the end of 1944, in whole Department of Public Security there were 3000 people working. On December 31, 1944, the PKWN was joined by several members of the Polish government in exile, among them Stanisław Mikołajczyk. It was then transformed into Provisional Government of Republic of Poland (Polish: Rząd Tymczasowy Republiki Polskiej, or RTRP, also all departments were renamed to ministries, Department of Public Security became Ministry of Public Security (Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego) or MBP, well known as UB (Urząd Bezpieczeństwa) or bezpieka, which was a part of MBP in field as - Wojewódzki Urząd Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego (Provincial Office of Public Security) or WUBP, Miejski Urząd Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego (City Office of Public Security) or MUBP, Powiatowy Urząd Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego (District Office of Public Security) or PUBP, and Gminny Urząd Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego (Communal Office of Public Security) or GUBP. Ministry of Public Security was responsible for both Intelligence and Counter-espionage, as well as surveillance of citizens and suppression of dissent of any kind. They generally did not employ former officers of the "Dwojka" and follow the traditions of pre-war Polish intelligence services. Personnel were recruited for their "political reliability" or loyalty to the new regime. New formations were trained by soviet NKVD experts. Additionally, especially in the early years (45-49) Soviet officers in Polish uniforms overlooked their operations. After Stalin's death in 1953 and a couple of months later defection of Col. Józef Światło, a high-ranking MBP officer to the West, one year later Ministry of Public Security was cancelled and replaced by two separate administrations - Committee for Public Security (Komitet do Spraw Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego) or Kds.BP and Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych) or MSW.
1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... Moscow (Russian: Москва́, Moskva, IPA: ) is the capital of Russia and the countrys principal political, economic, financial, educational and transportation center, located on the river Moskva. ... The PKWN Manifesto, issued on July 22, 1944 The Polish Committee of National Liberation (Polish Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego, PKWN) also known as Lublin committee was a provisional Polish communist government that was created by the Soviet Union. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... December 31 is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... StanisÅ‚aw MikoÅ‚ajczyk StanisÅ‚aw MikoÅ‚ajczyk (1901 - 1966), Polish politician, was Prime Minister of the Polish government in exile during World War II, and later Deputy Prime Minister in postwar Poland. ... RzÄ…d Tymczasowy Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (RTRP, Provisional Government of Republic of Poland) has been created by Krajowa Rada Narodowa on the night of 31 December in place of the previous governmental body, the Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego. ... Ministerstwo BezpieczeÅ„stwa Publicznego - MBP (Ministry of Public Security) - was the name of Polish secret police Intelligence and Counter-espionage organ from 1945 to 1954. ... In any debate, sometimes the more powerful opponent will try to silence the other rather than trying to defeat their arguments. ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვილი; see Other names section) (December 21, 1879[1] – March 5, 1953) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and leader of the Soviet Union. ... 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1953 calendar). ...

Kds.BP - was responsible for: Intelligence and Counter-espionage, government protection as well as political police. And from September 3, 1955 to 28 November 1956, Główny Zarząd Informacji Wojska Polskiego (Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army) which was the Military Police and Counter-espionage Agency, when under control of Kds.BP. September 3 is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years). ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 28 is the 332nd day (333rd on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Główny ZarzÄ…d Informacji Wojska Polskiego (GZI WP) - Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army, was a name of a first military Police and counterespionage organ in communist Poland after the World War 2. ...

MSW - was responsible for: supervision of the local governments, Militsiya, correctional facilities and fire rescue, as well as border and internal guards. A member of a Russian special purpose police team (OMSN), equipped with a 9A91 submachine gun. ...

Next big changes come already in 1956. Committee for Public Security was cancelled and Ministry of Internal Affairs (MSW) took over his responsibilities. Departments responsible for political police in Kds.BP, when under control to MSW as Służba Bezpieczeństwa or.(SB) From 1956 to the fall of communism in Poland, besides the Ministry of Defense, MSW was one of biggest and strongest administrations in Poland, responsible for - Intelligence, Counter-espionage, anti-state activity in country (SB), government protection, confidential communications, supervision of the local governments, militsiya, correctional facilities, and fire rescue. Ministry of Internal Affairs was divided on departments the most important departments were: 1st - foreign operations and intelligence-gathering, 2nd - Organizing and conduct battles with spy activities measured against People's Republic of Poland by capitalistic states, penetrate foreign intelligence centers by using secret agents, 3rd (Służba Bezpieczeństwa) - anti-state activities in country and protection of state secrets. Except departments and sections, MSW had control over - Main Command of Militsiya (Komenda Główna Milicji Obywatelskiej) or KG/MO, Main Command of fire rescue (Komenda Główna Straży Pożarnych) or KG/SP, Main Command of command of Territorial Anti-aircraft Defense (Komenda Główna Terenowej Obrony Przeciwlotniczej) KG/TOP, Main Management of Geodesy and Cartography (Główny Zarząd Geodezji i Kartografii), Central Office of Health Services (Centralny Zarząd Służby Zdrowia. Ministry of Internal Affairs also had control over command of Internal Troops, which was - Command of Internal Security Corp. (Dowództwo Korpusu Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego) or KBW, Command of Border Guard (Dowództwo Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza) or KOP, and Management of Information of Internal Troops (Zarząd Informacji Wojsk Wewnetrznych). Through 1980's MSW was in numbers - 24 390 in Security Service (Służba Bezpieczeństwa) or SB, 62 276 in Citizens Militsiya (Milicja Obywatelska) or MO, 12 566 in Motorized Reserves of the Citizens Militia (Zmotoryzowane Odwody Milicji Obywatelskiej) or ZOMO, 20 673 Administratively-Economic Units (Jednostki administracyjno-gospodarcze), 4 594 in Ministry schools plus students. 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... SÅ‚użba BezpieczeÅ„stwa (or SB) Ministerstwa Spraw WewnÄ™trznych, of the Ministry of Internal Affairs - was the name of communist internal intelligence agency and secret police, established in the Peoples Republic of Poland in 1956, SB was the main organ in Poland responsible for political repression, until its... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Peoples Republic of Poland or Polish Peoples Republic (Polish: Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL) was the official name of Poland from 1952 to 1989, during its period of rule by the Communist party, officially called the Polish United Workers Party (Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, or PZPR). ... SÅ‚użba BezpieczeÅ„stwa (or SB) Ministerstwa Spraw WewnÄ™trznych, of the Ministry of Internal Affairs - was the name of communist internal intelligence agency and secret police, established in the Peoples Republic of Poland in 1956, SB was the main organ in Poland responsible for political repression, until its...

Military branches

First military special services in Poland after WW2 were created in 1943 as part of the Polish Military in the USSR. First organ that dealt with military counterespionage was called Directorate of Information by the commander-in-chief of the Polish Army (Zarząd Informacji Naczelnego Dowódcy Wojska Polskiego - ZI NDWP) . November 30, 1944, commander-in-chief of Polish Army general Michał Rola-Żymierski in his #95 order transformed the ZI NDWP into the Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army (Główny Zarząd Informacji Wojska Polskiego) or. GZI WP. Then from 30 November 1950, GZI WP, became Main Directorate of Information of Ministry of Defense (Główny Zarząd Informacji Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej) or GZI MON. In September 1955, GZI MON became part of Committee for Public Security (Komitet do spraw Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego), with was the well known successor of Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego more known as Urząd Bezpieczeństwa or UB, and was called Main Directorate of Information of the Committee for Public Security or GZI KdsBP. In November 1956 GZI Kds.BP separated from Committee for Public Security, and returned to previous role becoming again Main Directorate of Information of Ministry of Defense. After the reform instituted by Władysław Gomułka in 1956, and the role GZI played in repressions and executions, one year later in 1957 Main Directorate of Information of Ministry of Defense was cancelled and replaced by Military Internal Service (Wojskowa Służba Wewnętrzna - or. WSW). The WSW continuously operated as the main military police and counterespionage service until the fall of communism in Poland. 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ... November 30 is the 334th day (335th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 31 days remaining. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... A General is an officer of high military rank. ... MichaÅ‚ Å»ymierski MichaÅ‚ Å»ymierski (true name MichaÅ‚ ŁyżwiÅ„ski, pseudonym Rola; 1890-1989) was a Polish military officer and Marshal of Poland since 1945. ... Główny ZarzÄ…d Informacji Wojska Polskiego (GZI WP) - Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army, was a name of a first military Police and counterespionage organ in communist Poland after the World War 2. ... November 30 is the 334th day (335th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 31 days remaining. ... 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ministerstwo BezpieczeÅ„stwa Publicznego - MBP (Ministry of Public Security) - was the name of Polish secret police Intelligence and Counter-espionage organ from 1945 to 1954. ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw GomuÅ‚ka on the cover of Time Magazine WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw GomuÅ‚ka (February 6, 1905, Krosno – September 1, 1982) was a Polish Communist leader. ...

First Polish Military Intelligence after WW2 was Oddział II Sztabu Generalnego Ludowego Wojska Polskiego (2nd Section of General Staff of the Polish People's Army) or Odział II Szt Gen LWP, so it bore the same name that his precursor from before world war 2. Odział II Szt Gen WP, was establish in July 18, 1945, but his origin reaches May 1943 when first reconnaissance company was created in Polish Army units in USSR. Between July 1947 and June 5, 1950, 2nd Section of General Staff of the Polish People's Army, operated in structure of the Ministry of Public Security together with civilian intelligence branch as a Department VII. In June 5, 1950, it has returned to the Ministry of Defense. The first head of Odział II Szt Gen WP, was Colonel Gieorgij Domeradzki, in November 1945 this position was occupy by general Wacław Komar, and between October 1950 and March 1951 by soviet officer Konstantin Kahnikov. The last in command of 2nd Section of General Staff of the Polish People's Army was Igor Suchacki.
November 15, 1951 Polish Defence Minister Konstantin Rokossovsky in his order (#.0088) transformed 2nd Section of General Staff of the Polish People's Army to 2nd Directorate of General Staff of the Polish Army (Zarząd II Sztabu Generalnego Wojska Polskiego). Inside organization was transformed from Section to Directorates and Intelligence work among United States, Great Britain, Federal Republic of Germany, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland and Austria, has been expanded among to countries like Norway, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Turkey and Israel. In 1990 2nd Directorate of General Staff of the Polish Army was join with military Counter-intelligence - Military Internal Service (Wojskowa Służba Wewnętrzna - or. WSW, that way Intelligence and Counter-intelligence was working under one structure which was Zarząd II Wywiadu i Kontrwywiadu - 2nd Directorate for Intelligence and Counter-intelligence. Then in 1991 2nd Directorate for Intelligence and Counter-intelligence was transformed on to Military information services - Wojskowe Służby Informacyjne (or. WSI). Military information services or WSI. Responsible for military Intelligence and Counter-intelligence, continues to function under this name to this day. Armia Ludowa (AL, pronounced ; English Polish Peoples Army) was a Polish World War II resistance organisation. ... July 18 is the 199th day (200th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 166 days remaining. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining. ... 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining. ... 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Colonel is a military rank of a commissioned officer, with the corresponding ranks existing in nearly every country in the world. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ... November 15 is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 46 days remaining. ... 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ... A defence minister (Commonwealth English) or defense minister (American English) is a cabinet portfolio (position) which regulates the armed forces in a sovereign nation. ... Marshal of the Soviet Union Konstantin Rokossovsky Konstantin Konstantinovich Rokossovsky (Russian: Константин Константинович Рокоссовский, Polish name Konstanty Rokossowski) (December 21, 1896 – August 3, 1968), Soviet military commander and Polish Defence Minister. ... This article is about the year. ... Boxing the compass is the action of naming all thirty-two principal points of the compass in clockwise order. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article covers the history of Polands intelligence services. ...

1989-present

After the changes of 1989 the Służba Bezpieczeństwa was disbanded by the first free government under the prime minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki. A new agency, called Urząd Ochrony Państwa or UOP (State Protection Office) was formed and was staffed mainly by the former SB officers who successfully passed a verification procedure. Its mission was primarily general espionage and intelligence gathering as well as counterespionage and fight against high ranked organized crime. It was commanded by a career intelligence officer but was directly supervised by a civilian, government official Coordinator for the Special Services. SÅ‚użba BezpieczeÅ„stwa (or SB) Ministerstwa Spraw WewnÄ™trznych, of the Ministry of Internal Affairs - was the name of communist internal intelligence agency and secret police, established in the Peoples Republic of Poland in 1956, SB was the main organ in Poland responsible for political repression, until its... Tadeusz Mazowiecki (born April 18, 1927 in PÅ‚ock) is a Polish author, journalist, social worker and politician, formerly one of the leaders of the Solidarity movement, and the first non-communist prime minister in Central and Eastern Europe after World War II. Tadeusz Mazowiecki Tadeusz Mazowiecki as Prime Minister... UrzÄ…d Ochrony PaÅ„stwa (UOP) (Office for State Protection) was the Polish intelligence agency. ...

For most of the time agency evaded public attention although it was dragged into some political fighting over appointments of its chiefs, lustration and some perceived failures with organized crime cases. In 2002 the new, left-wing government reorganized the special services by dividing them into two agencies – Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego (Internal Security Agency) and Agencja Wywiadu (Intelligence Agency). The move was widely perceived as a way of cleansing the higher ranks of the intelligence from the officers appointed by previous right-wing governments. Lustration is, literally, a sacrifice, or ceremony, by which cities, fields, armies, or people, defiled by crimes, pestilence, or other cause of uncleanness, were purified. During the period after the fall of the various European Communist states in 1989–1991, the term came to refer to the policy of limiting... This article covers the history of Polands intelligence services. ... This article covers the history of Polands intelligence services. ...

It’s worth noting that the military intelligence continued to function under just slightly changed name (Wojskowe Służby Informacyjne) and without much organizational change – at least none that would be visible to the general public. New Polish conservative government declared dissolution of WSI and creating new services (October 2005) since the agency skipped serious external reforms after collapse of communism in 1989. Throughout the transformation WSI was involved in dubious operations, selling arms to the states embargoed by the UN and corruption scandals.

References

• Richard A. Woytak (1979). On the Border of War and Peace: Polish Intelligence and Diplomacy in 1937-1939, and the Origins of the Ultra Secret. Boulder, East European Quarterly, distributed by Columbia University Press, New York. ISBN 0-914710-42-7.
• Maj. Gen. Mieczysław Rygor-Słowikowski (1988). translated by George Slowikowski In the Secret Service: the Lighting of the Torch. London, The Windrush Press. ISBN 0-900075-40-6.
• Józef Kasparek (1992). Przepust karpacki: tajna akcja polskiego wywiadu (The Carpathian Back Door: a Covert Polish Intelligence Operation). Warsaw, Sigma NOT. ISBN 83-85001-96-4.
• Paweł Samuś (1998). Akcja Łom: Polskie działania dywersyjne na Rusi Zakarpackiej w świetle dokumenów Oddziału II Sztabu Głównego WP (Operation Crowbar: Polish diversion in Transcarpathian Ruthenia in light of the documents of the II Detachment of the Polish General Staff, Kazimierz Badziak, Giennadij Matwiejew, Warsaw, Adiutor. ISBN 83-86100-31-1.
• Władysław Kozaczuk (1999). Bitwa o tajemnice: służby wywiadowcze Polski i Niemiec, 1918-1939 (Secret Battle: the Intelligence Services of Poland and Germany, 1918-1939). Warsaw, Książka i Wiedza. ISBN 83-05-1383-5.
• Grzegorz Nowik (2004). Zanim złamano Enigmę: Polski radiowywiad podczas wojny z bolszewicką Rosją 1918 - 1920 (Before Enigma was Broken: Polish radio-intelligence during the war against Bolshevik Russia 1918 - 1920). Warsaw, RYTM Oficyna Wydawnicza. ISBN 83-7399-099-2.
• Tessa Stirling et al. (2005). “vol. I: the Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee”, Intelligence Co-operation between Poland and Great Britain during World War II. London, Vallentine Mitchell. ISBN 0-85303-656-X.
• Henryk Piecuch, Brudne gry: ostatnie akcje Służb Specjalnych (seria: "Tajna Historia Polski") [Dirty Games: the Last Special Services Operations ("Secret History of Poland" series)], Warsaw, Agencja Wydawnicza CB, 1998.

This page is a candidate for speedy deletion, because: If you disagree with its speedy deletion, please explain why on its talk page or at Wikipedia:Speedy deletions. ... Józef Kasparek (1915-2002) was a Polish lawyer, historian and political scientist. ... Władysław Kozaczuk (1923 — 2003, Warsaw, Poland) was a Polish historian who published a dozen books, several of them in multiple editions. ...

See also

• History of the Polish Army.
• Milicja.
• Policja.
• Cipher Bureau (Biuro Szyfrów).
• Prometheism
• Międzymorze.
• Edmund Charaszkiewicz.
• Jan Kowalewski.
• Jan Leśniak.
• Stefan Mayer.
• Wiktor Michałowski.
• Mieczysław Zygfryd Słowikowski.
• Oil Secrets of Polish Intelligence