The marka (Marka polska, abbreviated mp, plural marek) was the currency of the [[Regency Kingdom of Poland (1916-1918)|Regency Kingdom of Poland]] and of the Second Polish Republic between 1917 and 1924. It was subdivided into 100 fenigow (singular fenig). 1916 (MCMXVI) is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January-February January 1 -The first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Second Polish Republic 1921-1939 The Second Polish Republic is an unofficial name applied to the Republic of Poland between World War I and World War II. When the borders of the state were fixed in 1921, it had an area of 388. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

History

1915: After besieging the Russians, the Central Powers occupied the whole territory of the former Congress Kingdom of Poland and appointed two Governors General: a German (Hans Hartwig von Beseler) in Warsaw and an Austro-Hungarian (Karl Kuk) in Lublin. The civil administration of the country was laid into the hands of imported German (mostly Prussian) and Austrian (mostly Polish) officials. Four currencies circulated: the Russian ruble, the German mark, the German Occupation mark and the Austro-Hungarian krone. 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The Congress Poland is an unofficial term for the Kingdom of Poland (1815-1831), a political entity that was created out of the Duchy of Warsaw at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, when European powers reorganised Europe following the Napoleonic wars. ... Hans Hartwig von Beseler (April 27, 1850-December 20, 1921) was born in 1850 in Greifswald in a university professors family, entered the Prussian army in 1868, fought in the Franco-German war of 1870 - 1871 and had a successful military career until his retirement in 1910. ... Motto: Contemnit procellas (It defies the storms) Semper invicta (Always invincible) Voivodship Masovian Municipal government Mayor MirosÅ‚aw Kochalski (acting) Area 516,9 km² Population  - city  - urban  - density 1,692,900 (2004) 2,400,000 3258/km² Founded City rights 13th century turn of the 13th century Latitude Longitude 52... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... Lublin (pronounce: [lublin]) is the biggest city in eastern Poland and the capital of Lublin Voivodship with a population of 355,954 (2004). ... The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 The word Prussia (German: Preußen, Polish: Prusy, Lithuanian: PrÅ«sai, Latin: Borussia) has had various (often contradictory) meanings: The land of the Baltic Prussians (in what is now parts of southern Lithuania, the Kaliningrad exclave of Russia and... 1998 Russian Federation one rouble coin. ... The name Papiermark (German: Paper mark) can be applied to the German currency from the point in 1914 when the link between the mark and gold was abandoned, due to the outbreak of the First World War. ... The Austro-Hungarian Empire adopted the gold standard in 1892 when the new currency of the Krone (Crown, also known in Hungarian and other imperial languages as the Koruna) of 100 hellers was introduced. ...

1916, December 9th: After consultations with the Austrians, the chief of the German Administration, Wolfgang von Kries proclaimed the foundation of a new bank, called the Loan Bank of the Polish Country (Polska Krajowa Kasa Pożyczkowa) and the creation of a new currency unit, the marka, equivalent to the German mark. The stability of the new currency was guaranteed by the German Reichsbank up to 1 billion marks. 1916 (MCMXVI) is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January-February January 1 -The first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ... December 9 is the 343rd day (344th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... A 100 Mark banknote issued by the German Reichsbank in 1908 (http://www. ...

10 Polish Marks (Regency Kingdom, 1917)

1917: New coins (1, 5, 10 and 20 fenigow) and banknotes (½, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 marek) were introduced. All the banknotes were white with the white eagle of Poland on a red field. Image File history File links 10 Polish Marks (Regency Kingdom, 1917) from wiki. ... Image File history File links 10 Polish Marks (Regency Kingdom, 1917) from wiki. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ...

1918: At the time of the Armistice of 11th November, there were already 880 million marek in circulation. The new Polish government decided to retain the marka as currency and to allow the Loan Bank to continue in existence. 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... A white flag is traditionally used to represent a truce. ... (Redirected from 11th November) November 11 is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 50 days remaining. ...

10 and 20 Marks from 1919

1919: New banknotes with Polish historical motifs came into circulation. The notes of 10, 20 and 500 marks displayed a picture of Queen Hedwig (Jadwiga), the notes of 5, 10, 100 and 1000 marks showed Tadeusz Kosciuszko. A silver coin of 50 marks was planned but never issued due to the galopping inflation. Only one such coin is known to be in existence today. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (602x734, 198 KB)10 and 20 Polish Marks from 1919 from wiki. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (602x734, 198 KB)10 and 20 Polish Marks from 1919 from wiki. ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Hedwig is a German female given name. ... Tadeusz Kościuszko. ...

1920: New banknotes of ½ marka with Kosciuszko and 5000 marek with both the Queen and Kosciuszko came into use. There were now 5 billion marek in circulation. 1920 (MCMXX) is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ...

1922: A truly ruinous inflation began. There were now 207 billion marek in circulation. It was necessary to print notes of 10,000 and 50,000 marek. 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

1923: The inflation gained speed. At the beginning of that year, notes of 100,000, 250,000, 500,000 and 1 million marek were introduced. At the end of the year, it was necessary to issue notes of 5 and 10 million marek. 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

1924, April 14th: After the founding of a new national bank (Bank Polski), the marka was exchanged for a new, gold based currency, the złoty, at the rate of 1,800,000 markek to 1 złoty. One American dollar was then worth 5.18 złotych. 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... April 14 is the 104th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (105th in leap years). ... ZÅ‚oty (literally meaning golden, plural: zÅ‚ote or zÅ‚otych, depending on the number) is the Polish currency unit. ...

Exchange Rates

Exchange rate of US$ to Polish marka:
1919 - 90
1921 - 6000
May 1923 - 52,000
July 1923 - 140,000
Beginning of November 1923 - 2,000,000
End of November 1923 - 5,000,000
January 1924 - 9,300,000 The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ...

Bibliography

• Tadeusz Kałkowski, Tysiąc lat monety polskiej, Cracow 1981
• Paweł Zaremba, Historia dwudziestolecia 1918-1939 (1 - 2), Paris 1981