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Encyclopedia > Polish prisoners of war in Soviet Union (after 1939)

In the aftermath of the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, hundreds of thousands of Polish soldiers became prisoners in Soviet Union. Thousands of them would be executed; over 20,000 Polish military personnel and civilians perished in the most infamous Katyn massacre.[1][2] Red Army invades Poland: 17th September 1939. ... This article is about the 1940 massacre of Polish officers. ...

Contents

Soviet invasion of Poland

For more details on this topic, see Soviet invasion of Poland (1939).
Soviet WWII propaganda poster urging the civilians to beware of the spies. The villain seen in the shadow wearing a Polish parade uniform.
Soviet WWII propaganda poster urging the civilians to beware of the spies. The villain seen in the shadow wearing a Polish parade uniform.

On September 17, 1939 the Red Army invaded the territory of Poland from the east. This invasion took place while Poland had already sustained serious defeats in the wake of the German attack on the country that started on September 1, 1939; thus Soviets moved to safeguard their claims in accordance with the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.[3] Red Army invades Poland: 17th September 1939. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (501x705, 182 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Soviet invasion of Poland (1939) ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (501x705, 182 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Soviet invasion of Poland (1939) ... September 17 is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years). ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ... Red Army invades Poland: 17th September 1939. ... Combatants Poland Germany, Soviet Union, Slovakia Commanders Edward Rydz-Śmigły Fedor von Bock (Army Group North), Gerd von Rundstedt (Army Group South), Mikhail Kovalov (Belorussian Front), Semyon Timoshenko (Ukrainian Front), Ferdinand Čatloš (Field Army Bernolak) Strength 39 divisions, 16 brigades, 4,300 guns, 880 tanks, 400 aircraft Total: 950... September 1 is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ... Under the terms of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, adjusted by agreement on 28 September 1939, the Soviet Union annexed all Polish territory east of the line of the rivers Pisa, Narew, Western Bug, and San, except for Wilno Voivodship with its capital Wilno (Vilnius), which was given to Lithuania, and... Molotov signs the German-Soviet non-aggression pact. ...


In the wake of the Red Army's quick advance that met little resistance, about 6,000–7,000 Polish soldiers died fighting the Red Army,[4] and 230,000–450,000 were taken prisoner—230,000 immediately after the campaign and 70,000 more when the Soviets annexed the Baltic States and assumed custody of Polish troops interned there.[5][4] [6][7][4] Red Army flag The Workers and Peasants Red Army (Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия, Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya; RKKA or usually simply the Red Army) were the armed forces first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918 and that in 1922 became the army of the Soviet Union. ...


The Soviets often failed to honour terms of surrender. In some cases, they promised Polish soldiers freedom after surrender and then arrested them when they lay down their arms.[2] Some Polish soldiers were murdered shortly after capture and surrender, like General Józef Olszyna-Wilczyński, who was captured, interrogated and shot on 22 September, during the invasion itself.[2][8][9] On 24 September, the Soviets murdered forty-two staff and patients of a Polish military hospital in the village of Grabowiec near Zamość.[10] After a tactical Polish victory at the battle of Szack on 28 September, where the combined KOP forces under general Wilhelm Orlik-Rueckemann routed the Soviet 52nd Rifle Division, the Soviets executed all the Polish officers they captured.[11] Józef Konstanty Olszyna-WilczyÅ„ski (1890-1939) was a Polish general and one of the high-ranking commanders of the Polish Army. ... September 22 is the 265th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (266th in leap years). ... September 24 is the 267th day of the year (268th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Grabowiec is the name of two villages in Poland: Grabowiec, ToruÅ„ County Grabowiec, Zamość County This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Zamość is a town in southeastern Poland with 66,633 inhabitants (2004), situated in the Lublin Voivodship (since 1999). ... Combatants Soviet Union Poland Commanders Wilhelm Orlik-Rueckemann Strength 52 Rifle Division 4000 strong KOP group including artillery Casualties about 500 KIA 1600 WIA several guns a few AFVs 7 tanks (Soviet counts) up to 40 tanks (Polish counts) about 350 KIA more than 900 WIA a few trucks Battle... September 28 is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Wilhelm Orlik-Rueckemann (sometimes referred to as Wilhelm Rückemann; 1894-1986) was a Polish general, military commander and one of the pioneers of armoured warfare in Poland. ...


First period (1939-1941)

Poland and the Soviet Union never officially declared war on each other; the Soviets effectively broke off diplomatic relations when they withdrew recognition of the Polish government at the start of the invasion.[12] The Soviets chose therefore to regard Polish military prisoners not as prisoners of war but as counter-revolutionaries illegitimately resisting the legal Soviet reclamation of West Ukraine and West Belarus.[13] The USSR refused to allow Red Cross supervision of prisoners on the grounds that it had not signed the 1929 Geneva Convention on the Treatment of PoWs and did not recognise the Hague Convention. Prisoners were handed over by the military to the NKVD and sentenced under clauses in the Soviet Penal Code, including treason and counter-revolution, and were not considered subject to the "Regulations for the Treatment of Prisoners of War" approved by the Soviet Council of Ministers.[14] This page is about negotiations; for the board game, see Diplomacy (game). ... The Anarchist Black Cross was originally called the Anarchist Red Cross. The band Redd Kross was originally called Red Cross. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Geneva Convention (1929) was signed at Geneva, July 27, 1929. ... The longtime status of Netherlands as a largely neutral nation in international conflicts and the corresponding ascendance of The Hague as a primary location for diplomatic and international conferences has led to several negotiated conventions over the years being termed the Hague Convention: The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...


As early as September 19, 1939, the People's Commissar for Internal Affairs and First Rank Commissar of State Security, Lavrenty Beria, ordered the NKVD to create a Directorate for Prisoners of War[1] (or USSR NKVD Board for Prisoners of War and Internees, headed by State Security Captain Pyotr Soprunenko[15]) to manage Polish prisoners. The NKVD took custody of Polish prisoners from the Red Army, and proceeded to organize a network of reception centers and transit camps and arrange rail transport to prisoner-of-war camps in the western USSR. The camps were located at Jukhnovo (Babynino rail station), Yuzhe (Talitsy), Kozelsk, Kozelshchyna, Oranki, Ostashkov (Stolbnyi Island on Seliger Lake near Ostashkov), Tyotkino rail station (56 mi/90 km from Putyvl), Starobielsk, Vologda (Zaenikevo rail station) and Gryazovets.[15] September 19 is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years). ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ... Lavrenty Beria Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria (Georgian: ლავრენტი ბერია; Russian: Лаврентий Павлович Берия; (29 March 1899 – 23 December 1953), was a Soviet politician and chief of the Soviet security and police apparatus. ... A Prisoner-of-war camp is a site for the containment of persons captured by the enemy in time of war. ... Kozelsks Coat of Arms Kozelsk (Козельск in Russian, also spelt Kozielsk in English) is a town in the Kaluga Oblast in Russia, located on the Zhizdra River (Okas tributary) 72 km southwest of Kaluga. ... Ostashkov (Russian: ) is a town in Tver Oblast, Russia, 199 km west of Tver. ... Nilov Monastery is situated on Stolbnyi Island in Lake Seliger. ... View of Nilov Monastery on Stolbnyi Island, Lake Seliger, c. ... Putyvl or Putivl (Russian: ; Ukrainian: ) is an ancient town in north-east Ukraine, in Sumy Oblast. ... Starobielsk is a village near Kharkov in Ukraine. ... St. ... Gryazovets (Russian: ) is a town in Vologda Oblast, Russia, located 47 km south of Vologda. ...


Kozelsk and Starobielsk were used mainly for military officers, while Ostashkov was used mainly for Boy Scouts, gendarmes, police officers and prison officers. Prisoners at these camps were not exclusively military officers or members of the other groups mentioned, but also included Polish intelligentsia. The approximate distribution of men throughout the camps was as follows: Kozelsk, 5,000; Ostashkov, 6,570; and Starobelsk, 4,000. They totalled 15,570 men.[16] In military organizations, a commissioned officer is a member of the service who derives authority directly from a sovereign power, and as such holds a commission from that power. ... Związek Harcerstwa Polskiego (Polish Scouting and Guiding Association, ZHP) is the Polish Scouting organization recognized by the World Organization of the Scout Movement. ... A gendarmerie (pronounced ) is a military body charged with police duties among civilian populations. ... A police officer is a warranted employee of a police service. ... Dorchester Penitentiary in New Brunswick, Canada is an institution that is part of Corrections Canada. ... The notion of an intellectual elite as a distinguished social stratum can be traced far back in history. ...


Once at the camps, from October 1939 to February 1940, the Poles were subjected to lengthy interrogations and constant political agitation by NKVD officers such as Vasily Zarubin. The Poles were encouraged to believe they would be released,[17] but the interviews were in effect a selection process to determine who would live and who would die.[1] According to NKVD reports, the prisoners could not be induced to adopt a pro-Soviet attitude.[16] They were declared "hardened and uncompromising enemies of Soviet authority."[1] Vasily Mikhailovich Zarubin (1894–1972). ...

Aerial photo (October 13, 1943). Center (circled): mass graves. Top: Smolensk-Vitebsk highway. Bottom: NKVD dacha (circled); below it, Dnieper River.
Aerial photo (October 13, 1943). Center (circled): mass graves. Top: Smolensk-Vitebsk highway. Bottom: NKVD dacha (circled); below it, Dnieper River.

On March 5, 1940, pursuant to a note to Joseph Stalin from Lavrenty Beria, the members of the Soviet Politburo — Stalin, Vyacheslav Molotov, Lazar Kaganovich, Mikhail Kalinin, Kliment Voroshilov, Anastas Mikoyan and Beria — signed an order to execute 25,700 Polish "nationalists and counterrevolutionaries" kept at camps and prisons in occupied western Ukraine and Belarus.[18] This became known as the Katyn massacre.[1][2] Image File history File linksMetadata Katyn-ZdjLotn1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Katyn-ZdjLotn1. ... October 13 is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ... A view of Smolensk in 1912. ... Coat of arms of Vitebsk. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Dacha of Boris Pasternak in Peredelkino. ... The Dnieper River (also known as: Dnepr, Dniapro, or Dnipro) is a river which flows from Russia, through Belarus and Ukraine, ending its flow in the Black Sea. ... March 5 is the 64th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (65th in leap years). ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... “Stalin” redirects here. ... Lavrenty Beria Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria (Georgian: ლავრენტი ბერია; Russian: Лаврентий Павлович Берия; (29 March 1899 – 23 December 1953), was a Soviet politician and chief of the Soviet security and police apparatus. ... Politburo is short for Political Bureau. ... For other uses, see Molotov (disambiguation). ... Lazar Kaganovich Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich (Russian: ) (November 22, 1893–July 25, 1991) was a Soviet politician and a close associate of Joseph Stalin. ... Mikhail Kalinin A 1919 image showing Joseph Stalin, Vladimir Lenin, and Mikhail Kalinin (right) Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin (Russian: ) (November 19 [O.S. November 7] 1875 – June 3, 1946) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Soviet politician. ... Marshal of the Soviet Union Kliment Voroshilov Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov () (January 23, 1881 - December 2, 1969) was a Soviet military commander and politician. ... Anastas Hovhannesi Mikoyan (Armenian Ô±Õ¶Õ¡Õ½Õ¿Õ¡Õ½ Õ€Õ¸Õ¾Õ°Õ¡Õ¶Õ¶Õ¥Õ½Õ« Õ„Õ«Õ¯Õ¸ÕµÕ¡Õ¶; (November 25, 1895 [O.S. November 13] - October 21, 1978) was an Armenian Old Bolshevik and Soviet statesman during the Stalin and Khrushchev years. ... Lavrenty Beria Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria (Georgian: ლავრენტი ბერია; Russian: Лаврентий Павлович Берия; (29 March 1899 – 23 December 1953), was a Soviet politician and chief of the Soviet security and police apparatus. ... This article is about the 1940 massacre of Polish officers. ...


Second period (1941-1944)

For more details on this topic, see Polish Armed Forces in the East.

The diplomatic relations relations were however re-established in 1941 after German invasion of the Soviet Union forced Stalin to look for allies. Thus the military agreement from August 14 and subsequent Sikorski-Mayski Agreement from August 17, 1941, resulted in Stalin agreeing to declare the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in relation to Poland null and void,[19] and release tens of thousands of Polish prisoners-of-war held in Soviet camps. Pursuant to an agreement between the Polish government-in-exile and Stalin, the Soviets granted "amnesty" to many Polish citizens, from whom a military force was formed. Stalin also agreed that this military force would be subordinate to the Polish government-in-exile. This force was known as the Anders Army. From 1943 Poles were recruited to the Berling Army. Polish volunteers to the Anders Army, released from Soviet POW camp. ... Combatants Germany, Romania, Finland, Italy, Hungary, Slovakia Soviet Union Commanders Adolf Hitler, Ion Antonescu, C.G.E. Mannerheim, Benito Mussolini, Miklós Horthy, Jozef Tiso Joseph Stalin Strength ~3. ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვი&#4314... The Sikorski-Mayski Agreement was a treaty between Soviet Union and Poland signed in London on August 17, 1941. ... Molotov signs the German-Soviet non-aggression pact. ... Null and Void was a comedy television show that ran on UUTV (later called HillTV), the student-run television station at Syracuse University in New York. ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... The Government of the Polish Republic in exile maintained a continuous existence in exile from the time of the German occupation of Poland in September 1939 until the end of the Communist rule in Poland in 1990. ... Look up Amnesty in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Government of the Polish Republic in exile maintained a continuous existence in exile from the time of the German occupation of Poland in September 1939 until the end of the Communist rule in Poland in 1990. ...


Third period (after 1944)

Third group of Polish prisoners were members of Polish resistance organizations (Armia Krajowa, cursed soldiers) loyal to the Polish government-in-exile and seen by Soviets as threat to their estabilishment of power base in 'liberated' Poland. Relativly few were sent to Soviet Union (although there were notable exceptions, see Trial of the Sixteen); most were transferred to the Polish communist security forces and prisons, or enlisted in the Berling Army. Armia Krajowa (the Home Army), abbreviated AK, was the dominant Polish resistance movement in World War II German-occupied Poland. ... This is a monument to the Armia Krajowa in Sopot, Poland. ... The Government of the Polish Republic in exile maintained a continuous existence in exile from the time of the German occupation of Poland in September 1939 until the end of the Communist rule in Poland in 1990. ... The term sometimes is also applied to First Moscow Trial during the Great Purges in USSR The Trial of the Sixteen (Polish: Proces szesnastu) was a staged trial of 16 leaders of the Polish Secret State held by the Soviet Union in Moscow in 1945. ...


References

  1. ^ a b c d e Fischer, Benjamin B., "[The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field]", Studies in Intelligence, Winter 1999-2000.
  2. ^ a b c d Sanford, Google Books, p. 20-24.
  3. ^ Encyklopedia PWN 'KAMPANIA WRZEŚNIOWA 1939', last retrieved on 10 December 2005, Polish language
  4. ^ a b c (Polish) Edukacja Humanistyczna w wojsku. 1/2005. Dom wydawniczy Wojska Polskiego. ISNN 1734-6584. (Official publication of the Polish Army). Last accessed on 28 November 2006.
  5. ^ (Polish) obozy jenieckie żołnierzy polskich (Prison camps for Polish soldiers) Encyklopedia PWN. Last accessed on 28 November 2006.
  6. ^ (Russian) Молотов на V сессии Верховного Совета 31 октября цифра «примерно 250 тыс.» (Please provide translation of the reference title and publication data and means)
  7. ^ (Russian) Отчёт Украинского и Белорусского фронтов Красной Армии Мельтюхов, с. 367. [1] (Please provide translation of the reference title and publication data and means)
  8. ^ (Polish) Olszyna-Wilczyński Józef Konstanty, entry at Encyklopedia PWN. Last accessed on 14 November 2006.
  9. ^ (Polish) Śledztwo w sprawie zabójstwa w dniu 22 września 1939 r. w okolicach miejscowości Sopoćkinie generała brygady Wojska Polskiego Józefa Olszyny-Wilczyńskiego i jego adiutanta kapitana Mieczysława Strzemskiego przez żołnierzy b. Związku Radzieckiego. (S 6/02/Zk) Polish Institute of National Remembrance. 16.10.03. From Internet Archive.
  10. ^ (Polish) Tygodnik Zamojskim, [[15 September 2004 ]. Last accessed on 28 November 2006.
  11. ^ (Polish) Szack. Encyklopedia Interia. Last accessed on 28 November 2006.
  12. ^ See telegrams: No. 317 of September 10: Schulenburg, the German ambassador in the Soviet Union, to the German Foreign Office. Moscow, September 10, 1939-9:40 p.m.; No. 371 of September 16; No. 372 of September 17 Source: The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Last accessed on 14 November 2006; (Polish)1939 wrzesień 17, Moskwa Nota rządu sowieckiego nie przyjęta przez ambasadora Wacława Grzybowskiego (Note of the Soviet government to the Polish government on 17 September 1939 refused by Polish ambassador Wacław Grzybowski). Last accessed on 15 November 2006.
  13. ^ Sanford, pp 22-3; See also, Sanford, p 39: "The Soviet Union's invasion and occupation of Eastern Poland in September 1939 was a clear act of aggression in international law...But the Soviets did not declare war, nor did the Poles respond with a declaration of war. As a result there was confusion over the status of soldiers taken captive and whether they qualified for treatment as PoWs. Jurists consider that the absence of a formal declaration of war does not absolve a power from the obligations of civilised conduct towards PoWs. On the contrary, failure to do so makes those involved, both leaders and operational subordinates, liable to charges of War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity."
  14. ^ Sanford, p 25 and p 41.
  15. ^ a b "The grave unknown elsewhere or any time before ... Katyń – Kharkov – Mednoe", last retrieved on 10 December 2005. Article includes a note that it is based on a special edition of a "Historic Reference-Book for the Pilgrims to Katyń – Kharkow – Mednoe" by Jędrzej Tucholski
  16. ^ a b Zawodny, Janusz K., Death in the Forest: The Story of the Katyn Forest Massacre, University of Notre Dame Press, 1962, ISBN 0-268-00849-3 partial html online
  17. ^ "The Katyn Diary of Leon Gladun", last accessed on 19 December 2005, English translation of Polish document. See the entries on 25 Decembert, 1939 and 3 April 1940.
  18. ^ Excerpt from the minutes No. 13 of the Politburo of the Central Committee meeting, shooting order of March 5, 1940 online, last accessed on 19 December 2005, original in Russian with English translation
  19. ^ "In relation to Poland the effects of the pact have been abrogated on the basis of the Sikorski-Mayski agreement".
    René Lefeber, Malgosia Fitzmaurice, The Changing Political Structure of Europe: aspects of International law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, ISBN 0792313798, Google Print, p.101

Benjamin B. Fischer has worked for the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) for nearly 30 years, and has been headquartered at its Center for the Study of Intelligence, History Staff, in recent years. ... George Sanford is a British scholar. ... Volumes 1 thru 11 Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN (Great Universal Encyclopedia) is the largest Polish encyclopedia ever written. ... December 10 is the 344th day (345th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, 21 days before the next year. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 28 is the 332nd day (333rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Volumes 1 thru 11 Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN (Great Universal Encyclopedia) is the largest Polish encyclopedia ever written. ... November 28 is the 332nd day (333rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Volumes 1 thru 11 Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN (Great Universal Encyclopedia) is the largest Polish encyclopedia ever written. ... November 14 is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 47 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Institute of National Remembrance (Polish: ; IPN) is a Polish institution created by the IPN Act in 18 December 1998. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 28 is the 332nd day (333rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Encyklopedia Internautica is a Polish Internet encyclopedia based on the Popularna Encyklopedia Powszechna (Popular Common Encyclopedia) of Pinnex. ... November 28 is the 332nd day (333rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... September 10 is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years). ... September 10 is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years). ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ... September 16 is the 259th day of the year (260th in leap years). ... September 17 is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years). ... November 14 is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 47 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... September 17 is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years). ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ... November 15 is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 46 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... December 10 is the 344th day (345th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, 21 days before the next year. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Janusz Kazimierz Zawodny (1921-) is a Polish and American historian, political scientist and former soldier. ... December 19 is the 353rd day of the year (354th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 3 is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 272 days remaining. ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... March 5 is the 64th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (65th in leap years). ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... December 19 is the 353rd day of the year (354th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

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