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Political culture can be defined as "The orientation of the citizens of a nation toward politics, and their perceptions of political legitimacy and the traditions of political practice," and the feelings expressed by individuals in the position of the elected offices that allow for the nurture of a political society^[1].

Definitions

• Kavanagh defines political culture as "A shorthand expression to denote the set of values within which the political system operates".

• Pye describes it as "the sum of the fundamental values, sentiments and knowledge that give form and substance to political process".

What is political culture?

It is a distinctive and patterned form of political philosophy that consists of beliefs on how governmental, political, and economic life should be carried out. Political cultures create a framework for political change and are unique to nations, states, and other groups. A political culture differs from political ideology in that people can disagree on an ideology (what government should do) but still share a common political culture. Some ideologies, however, are so critical of the status quo that they require a fundamental change in the way government is operated, and therefore embody a different political culture as well. The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Political philosophy is the study of fundamental questions about the state, government, politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law and the enforcement of a legal code by authority: what they are, why (or even if) they are needed, what makes a government legitimate, what... For the government in parliamentary systems, see Executive (government) A government is a body that has the power to make and the authority to enforce rules and laws within a civil, corporate, religious, academic, or other organization or group . ... For other uses, see Politics (disambiguation). ... This article is about the human activity. ... For other uses, see Nation (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see State (disambiguation). ... An ideology is an organized collection of ideas. ... This article is about the English rock band. ...

The term political culture was brought into political science to promote the American political system. The concept was used by Gabriel Almond in late 50s, and outlined in The Civic Culture (1963, Almond & Verba), but was soon opposed by two European political scientists - Gerhard Lehmbruch and Arend Lijphart. Lehmbruch analysed politics in Switzerland and Austria and Lijphart analysed politics in Netherlands. Both argued that there are political systems that are more stable than the one in the USA.^[2] Gabriel Almond was a prolific political scientist who was widely considered to the one of the most important political scientists of the 20th centure. ... Gabriel Almond was a prolific political scientist who was widely considered to the one of the most important political scientists of the 20th centure. ... Sidney Verba is a political scientist who specializes in American and comparative politics. ... Arend DEngremont Lijphart (b. ...

Types of political culture

Almond & Verba

Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba outlined three pure types of political culture: Gabriel Almond was a prolific political scientist who was widely considered to the one of the most important political scientists of the 20th centure. ... Sidney Verba is a political scientist who specializes in American and comparative politics. ...

• Parochial - Where citizens are only remotely aware of the presence of central government, and live their lives near enough regardless of the decisions taken by the state.
• Subject - Where citizens are aware of central government, and are heavily subjected to its decisions with little scope for dissent.
• Participant - Citizens are able to influence the government in various ways and they are affected by it.

These three 'pure' types of political culture can combine to create the 'civic culture', which mixes the best elements of each.^[3]

Lijphart

By Lijphart, there are different classifications of political culture: Arend DEngremont Lijphart (b. ...

1. classification:

• Political culture of masses
• Political culture of the elite(s)

2. classification (of political culture of the elites): For other uses, see Elite (disambiguation). ...

• coalitional
• contradictive

Lijphart also classified structure of the society:

• homogeneous
• heterogeneous

The most stable political system is consociative democracy which has the heterogeneous society in which all parts of the society work together and not contradict each other. Those kind of systems are common in Scandinavia (especially Sweden).

Further reading

• Almond, Gabriel A., Verba, Sidney The Civic Culture. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 1965.

• Aronoff, Myron J. “Political Culture,” in International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes, eds., (Oxford: Elsevier, 2002), 11640.

• Barzilai, Gad. Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003.

• Diamond, Larry (ed.) Political Culture and Democracy in Developing Countries.

• Kertzer, David I. Politics and Symbols. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996.

• Kertzer, David I. Ritual, Politics, and Power. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988.

• Kubik, Jan. The Power of Symbols Against The Symbols of Power. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994.

• Laitin, David D. Hegemony and Culture. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1986.

• Lukšič, Igor. Politična kultura. Ljubljana: The University of Ljubljana, 2006.

• Wilson, Richard W. "The Many Voices of Political Culture: Assessing Different Approaches," in World Politics 52 (January 2000), 246-73

Neil J. Smelser was a University of California Berkeley sociologist who studied collective behavior. ...

References

1. ^ www.photius.com/countries/brazil/glossary/
2. ^ Lukšič, Igor (2006). Politična kultura, p.40-42. FDV, Ljubljana. Retrieved on June 29, 2007.
3. ^ Almond, Gabriel & Verba, Sidney (1963), The Civic Culture, Boston: Little, Brown and Company 

Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The University of Ljubljana (in Slovenian, Univerza v Ljubljani; in Latin, Universitas Labacensis) is the first and the largest university in Slovenia; with 56,000 enrolled students. ... is the 180th day of the year (181st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Gabriel Almond was a prolific political scientist who was widely considered to the one of the most important political scientists of the 20th centure. ... Sidney Verba is a political scientist who specializes in American and comparative politics. ... Boston redirects here. ... Little, Brown and Company is a publishing house established by Charles Coffin Little and his partner, James Brown. ...

See also

• Political culture of the United States of America
• Political culture of Canada
• Political culture of Germany
• Political culture of the United Kingdom