Little is known of the early dwellers in the Alps, save from the scanty accounts preserved by Roman and Greek historians and geographers. A few details have come down to us of the conquest of many of the Alpine tribes by Augustus. The Alps is the collective name for one of the great mountain range systems of Europe, stretching from Austria in the east, Slovenia, Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Germany, through to France in the west. ... Ancient Rome was a civilization that existed in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East between 753 BC and its downfall in AD 476. ... A historian is a person who studies history. ... A geographer is a scientist whose area of study is geography, the study of the physical environment and human habitat. ... Augustus (plural Augusti) is Latin for majestic or venerable. The greek equivalent is sebastos, or a mere grecization (by changing of the ending) augustos. ...

The successive emigration and occupation of the Alpine region by various Teutonic tribes from the 5th to the 6th centuries are, too, known only in outline, because to them, as to the Frankish kings and emperors, the Alps offered a route from one place to another rather than a permanent residence. Germanic peoples are ethnic groups of Germanic origin, the linguistic, cultural, and racial descendants of the old Germanic tribes. ... (4th century - 5th century - 6th century - other centuries) Events Rome sacked by Visigoths in 410. ... (5th century — 6th century — 7th century — other centuries) Events The first academy of the east the Academy of Gundeshapur founded in Persia by the Persian Shah Khosrau I. Irish colonists and invaders, the Scots, began migrating to Caledonia (later known as Scotland) Glendalough monastery, Wicklow Ireland founded by St. ... Statue of Charlemagne (also called Karl der Große, Charles the Great) in Frankfurt, Germany. ...

It is not until the final breakup of the Carolingian Empire in the 10th and 11th centuries that it becomes possible to trace out the local history of different parts of the Alps. The term Carolingian Empire is sometimes used to refer to the realm of the Franks under the dynasty of the Carolingians. ... ( 9th century - 10th century - 11th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 10th century was that century which lasted from 901 to 1000. ... (10th century - 11th century - 12th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ...

The Western Alps

In the case of the Western Alps (minus the bit from the chain of Mont Blanc to the Simplon, which followed the fortunes of the Valais), a prolonged struggle for control took place between the feudal lords of Savoy, the Dauphine and Provence. In 1349 the Dauphiné fell to France, while in 1388 the county of Nice passed from Provence to the house of Savoy, which also then held Piedmont as well as other lands on the Italian side of the Alps. The struggle henceforth was limited to France and the house of Savoy, but little by little France succeeded in pushing back the house of Savoy across the Alps, forcing it to become a purely Italian power. This article is about the Alpine mountain. ... Simplon Pass is a mountain pass at 6,589 ft (2,008 m) in the Lepontine Alps between Switzerland and Italy in Valais and Piedmont. ... The Valais (also known in German as Wallis) is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland in the south-western part of the country, in the Pennine Alps around the valley of the Rhone River from its springs to Lake Geneva. ... This article is about the historical region of Savoy. ... DAUPHINE is the female form of the particular French feudal (comital or princely) title of Dauphin (also anglicized as Dolphin), applied to the wife of a Dauphin (usually in the sense of heir to the French royal throne). ... Provence is a former Roman province and is now a region of southeastern France, located on the Mediterranean Sea adjacent to Frances border with Italy. ... -1... Dauphiné is a former province in southeastern France, roughly corresponding to the present départements of the Isère, Drôme, and Hautes-Alpes. ... Events Beginning of prosecution of Lollards in England The Battle of Otterburn between England and Scotland Births Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury. ... City motto: Nicæa civitas. ... Piedmont is a region of northwestern Italy. ...

One turning-point in the rivalry was the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), by which France ceded to Savoy the Alpine districts of Exilles, Bardonneche (Bardonecchia), Oulx, U.enestrelles, and Châtean Dauphin, while Savoy handed over to France the valley of Barcelonnette, situated on the western slope of the Alps and forming part of the county of Nice. The final act in this long-continued struggle took place in 1860, when France obtained by cession the rest of the county of Nice and also Savoy, thus remaining sole ruler on the western slope of the Alps. The Treaties of Utrecht (April 11, 1713) were signed in Utrecht, a city of the United Provinces. ... Barcelonnette is a small town in the Southern French Alps, in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence département, of which it is a sous-préfecture. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ...

The Central Alps

In the Central Alps the chief event, on the northern side of the chain, is the gradual formation from 1291 to 1815 of the Swiss Confederation, at least so far as regards the mountain Cantons, and with especial reference to the independent confederations of the Grisons and the Valais, which only became full members of the Confederation in 1803 and 1815 respectively. The attraction of the south was too strong for both the Forest Cantons and the Grisons, so that both tried to secure, and actually did secure, various bits of the Milanese. Events May 10 - Scottish nobles recognize the authority of King Edward I of England. ... 1815 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The twenty-six cantons of Switzerland are the states of the federal state of Switzerland. ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Grisons or Graubünden (German: Graubünden; Italian: Grigioni; Romansh: Grischun) is the largest and easternmost canton of Switzerland. ... Location within Italy Piazza della Scala Milan (Italian: Milano; Milanese dialect: Milán) is the main city in northern Italy, and is located in the plains of Lombardy, the most populated and developed of Italian regions. ...

In the 15th century, the Forest Cantons won the Val Leventina as well as Bellinzona and the Val Blenio (though the Ossola Valley was held for a time only). Blenio was added to the Val Bregaglia (which had been given to the bishop of Coire in 960 by the emperor Otto I), along with the valleys of Mesocco and of Poschiavo. (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... Bellinzona is the capital city of canton Ticino in Switzerland. ... Events Edgar the Peaceable crowned King of England. ... Otto can mean: Otho, Roman Emperor Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor Otto of Bavaria Otto of Greece Otto of Bamberg Jan Otto publisher of Ottos encyclopedia Nikolaus Otto coinventor of the Otto cycle Otto...

In 1512, the Swiss Confederation as a whole won the valleys of Locarno with Lugano, which, combined with the 15th century conquests by the Forest Cantons, were formed in 1803 into the new Canton of Ticino or Tessin. Events April 11 - Battle of Ravenna. ... Locarno is a city located on Lake Maggiore (Lago Maggiore) in the southern Swiss canton of Ticino, close to Ascona. ... Lugano in the 1900s Lugano is a city in south-east Switzerland, in the Italian speaking canton of Ticino, which borders Italy. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Ticino is the southernmost canton of Switzerland, and almost entirely Italian-speaking (except the German-speaking municipality of Bosco/Gurin). ... Ticino is the southernmost canton of Switzerland, and almost entirely Italian-speaking (except the German-speaking municipality of Bosco/Gurin). ...

On the other hand, the Grisons won in 1512 the Valtellina, along with Bormio and Chiavenna, but in 1797 these regions were finally lost to it as well as to the Swiss Confederation, though the Grisons retained the valleys of Mesocco, Bregaglia and Poschiavo, while in 1762 it had bought the upper bit of the valley of Munster that lies on the southern slope of the Alps. Events April 11 - Battle of Ravenna. ... 1797 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1762 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Alternate uses: See Munster (disambiguation). ...

The Eastern Alps

The political history of the Eastern Alps can be considered almost totally in terms of the advance or retreat of the house of Habsburg. The Habsburgers' original home was in the lower valley of the Aar, where the ruins of their ancestral castle still stand. They lost that district to the Swiss in 1415, as they had previously lost various other sections of what is now Switzerland. But they built an impressive empire in the Eastern Alps, where they defeated numerous minor dynasties. They won the duchy of Austria with Styria in 1282, Carinthia and Carniola in 1335, Tirol in 1363, and the Vorarlberg in bits from 1375 to 1523, not to speak of minor "rectifications" of frontiers on the northern slope of the Alps. But on the other slope their progress was slower, and finally less successful. Habsburg (sometimes spelled Hapsburg, but never so in official use) was one of the major ruling houses of Europe. ... Events Friedrich I Hohenzollern (b. ... Styria (Steiermark in German, Štajerska in Slovenian) can refer to: Styria - a federal state of Austria Styria - an informal province in Slovenia Styria - a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire and crownland of Austria-Hungary This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise... Events English conquest of Wales begins under Edward I of England Sicilian Vespers - Sicilians rebel against Charles of Anjou and are aided by Peter III of Aragon Births Pope Innocent VI Deaths August 25 - Thomas Cantilupe, Bishop of Hereford October 13 - Nichiren December 11 - Llywelyn the Last, Prince of Wales... Events Abu Said dies and the Ilkhan khanate ends Slavery abolished in Sweden Charles I of Hungary allies with Poland against the Hapsburgs and Bohemians Carinthia and Carniola come under Habsburg rule. ... Tyrol (Tirol in German) is a federal state or Bundesland, located in the west of Austria. ... Centuries: 13th century - 14th century - 15th century Decades: 1310s 1320s 1330s 1340s 1350s - 1360s - 1370s 1380s 1390s 1400s 1410s Years: 1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 - 1363 - 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 See also: 1363 state leaders Events Magnus II, King of Sweden, is deposed by Albert of Mecklenburg. ... Vorarlberg is the westernmost federal state of Austria. ... Events October 24 - Valdemar IV of Denmark dies and is succeeded by his grandson Olaf III of Denmark. ... Events April - Battle of Villalors - Forces loyal to Emperor Charles V defeat the Comuneros, a league of urban bourgeois rebelling against Charles in Spain. ...

It is true that they won Primiero quite early (1373), as well as (1517) the Ampezzo Valley and several towns to the south of Trent. In 1797 they obtained Venetia proper, in 1803 the secularized bishoprics of Trent and Brixen (as well as that of Salzburg, more to the north), besides the Valtellina region, and in 1815 the Bergamasque valleys, while the Milanese had belonged to them since 1535. But in 1859 they lost to the house of Savoy both the Milanese and the Bergamasca, and in 1866 Venetia proper also, so that the Trentino was then their chief possession on the southern slope of the Alps. The gain of the Milanese in 1859 by the future king of Italy (1861) meant that Italy then won the valley of Livigno (between the Upper Engadine and Bormio), which is the only important bit it holds on the non-Italian slope of the Alps, besides the county of Tenda (obtained in 1575, and not lost in 1860), with the heads of certain glens in the Maritime Alps, reserved in 1860 for reasons connected with hunting. Events Bristol is made an independent county. ... Events January 22 - Battle of Ridanieh. ... Trent is the name of several places: Trento in Italy Trent, Texas, USA Trent, South Dakota, USA Also: River Trent in the UK Trent jet engine family manufactured by Rolls-Royce plc Trent University, a liberal arts university located in Peterborough, Ontario. ... 1797 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Venetia is a name used mostly in a historical context for the area of north-eastern Italy formerly under the control of the Republic of Venice and corresponding approximately to the present-day Italian administrative regions of the Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia. ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Trent is the name of several places: Trento in Italy Trent, Texas, USA Trent, South Dakota, USA Also: River Trent in the UK Trent jet engine family manufactured by Rolls-Royce plc Trent University, a liberal arts university located in Peterborough, Ontario. ... Brixen is the name of two cities in the Alps: Brixen, Italy, with Brixen being the citys German name, and Bressanone its Italian name Brixen im Thale, Austria This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Flag of Salzburg Salzburg (population 145,000 in 2003) is a city in western Austria and the capital of the federal state of Salzburg (population 520,000 in 2003). ... 1815 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Milanese (milanes, milanées) is a Lombard language variety (often but ambiguously referred to as a dialect) spoken in the city of Milan and its surroundings. ... Events January 18 - Lima, Peru founded by Francisco Pizarro April - Jacques Cartier discovers the Iroquois city of Stadacona, Canada (now Quebec) and in May, the even greater Huron city of Hochelaga (now Montreal) June 24 - The Anabaptist state of Münster (see Münster Rebellion) is conquered and disbanded. ... 1859 is a common year starting on Saturday. ... 1866 is a common year starting on Monday. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Events February 13 - Henry III of France is crowned at Reims February 14 - Henry III of France marries Louise de Lorraine-Vaudémont August 5 - Henry Sidney is appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ...

Thus the Alpine states (Italy, Switzerland and Austria), other than France and Bavaria, each hold bits of territory on the slope of the Alps where one would not expect to find them. Roughly speaking, in each of these five lands the Alpine population speaks the tongue of the country, though in Italy there are a few French-speaking districts (the Waldensian valleys as well as the Aosta and Oulx valleys) as well as some German-speaking and Ladin-speaking settlements. In Switzerland, there are Italian-speaking regions, as well as some spots (in the Grisons) where the old Romance dialect of Romansch survives; while in Austria, besides German, Italian and Ladin, there is a Slovenian-speaking population in the South-Eastern Alps. The highest permanently inhabited village in the Alps is Trepalle, 7250 feet (With "Passo d'Eira" at 2210 metres, between Livigno and Bormio, in Italy). In Switzerland is Juf, 6998 feet (Grisons); while in the French Alps, L'Ecot, 6713 feet (Savoy), and St Veran, 6726 feet (Dauphine), are rivals; and the Tirolese Alps of Ober Gurgl, 6322 feet, and Fend, 6211 feet (both in the Oetzthal). With an area of 70,553 km² (27,241 square miles) and 12. ... Aosta Aosta (French: Aoste) is the principal city of the Valle dAosta in the Italian Alps. ... Romansh (also spelled Rumantsch, Romansch or Romanche) is any of the various Rhaetian languages spoken in Switzerland. ... Romansh (also spelled Rumantsch, Romansch or Romanche) is any of the various Rhaetian languages spoken in Switzerland. ... Although Ladin in Italian is referred as ladino, this language should not be confused with an other Romance language of Ladino, another name for Judaeo-Spanish Ladin (Ladino in Italian, Ladin in Ladin) is a Rhaetian language spoken in the Dolomite mountains in Italy, between the regions of Trentino-Alto...