An ideology is a collection of ideas. The word ideology was coined by Count Destutt de Tracy in the late 18th century to define a "science of ideas." An ideology can be thought of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of looking at things (compare Weltanschauung), as in common sense (see Ideology in everyday society) and several philosophical tendencies (see Political ideologies), or a set of ideas proposed by the dominant class of a society to all members of this society (for the Marxist definition of ideology see Ideology as an instrument of social reproduction). This is a list of politics articles available for every country. ... The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view. ... Political science is a social science discipline that deals with the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behavior. ... Political philosophy is the study of the fundamental questions about the state, government, politics, property, law and the enforcement of a legal code by authority: what they are, why they are needed, what makes a government legitimate, what rights and freedoms it should protect and why, what form it should... The history of democracy traces back from its origins in prehistoric times to its reemergance from the 17th century to the present day. ... Direct democracy comprises a form of democracy and theory of civics wherein sovereignty was lodged in the assembly of all citizens. ... Representative democracy is a form of democracy and theory of civics in which voters choose (in free, secret, multi-party elections) representatives to act in their interests, but not as their proxies—i. ... Participatory democracy is a broadly inclusive term for many kinds of consultative decision making in a democracy. ... Soviet Democracy is a form of democracy in which workers elect representatives in the organs of power called Soviets (councils). ... Liberal democracy is a form of representative democracy where the ability of elected representatives to exercise decision-making power is subject to the rule of law and moderated by a constitution which emphasizes the protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals and minorities (also called constitutional democracy and constitutional... A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ... The Elections and Parties Series Democracy Liberal democracy History of democracy Representative democracy Representation Voting Voting systems Elections Elections by country Elections by calender Electoral systems Politics Politics by country Political campaigns Political science Political philosophy Related topics Political parties Parties by country Parties by name Parties by ideology Representative... Voting is a method of decision making wherein a group such as a meeting or an electorate attempts to gauge its opinion—usually as a final step following discussions or debates. ... Announcement of elections in Brunate (near Como), Italy A voting system is a process that allows a group of individuals to choose between a number of options, and determines the preferred or winning option based on the number of votes each option receives. ... An election is a decision making process whereby people vote for preferred political candidates or parties to act as representatives in government. ... Elections by country gives information on elections. ... This electoral calendar lists the national/federal direct elections in the countries listed in the list of countries. ... A political party is an organization that seeks to attain political power within a government, usually by participating in electoral campaigns. ... This article is 200KB or more in size. ... Welcome to the index of political parties, an alphabetical list of (mainly) present-day political parties listed in the list of political parties. ... This is a list of political parties around the world by ideology. ... This is an overview of the ideologies of parties. ... Antoine Destutt de Tracy (1754-1836) French aristocrat and Enlightenment thinker who coined the term ideology. He concieved of it as the science of ideas. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Science For the scientific journal named Science, see Science (journal). ... An idea (Greek: ιδέα) is a specific concept which arises in the mind of a person as a result of thought. ... A world view, also spelled as worldview is a term calqued from the German word Weltanschauung (look onto the world). The German word is also in wide use in English, as well as the translated form world outlook. ... An ideology is a collection of ideas. ... Philosophy (from the Greek words philos and sophia meaning love of wisdom) is understood in different ways historically and by different philosophers. ... An ideology is a collection of ideas. ... Marxism is the political practice and social theory based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. ... An ideology is a collection of ideas. ...

Ideology in everyday society

In public discussions, some ideas seem to arise more commonly than others. Indeed, often completely separate people may be found to think alike in startling ways. For social scientists, one way of explaining such instances of common opinion is the presence of an ideology.

Every society has an ideology that forms the basis of the "public opinion" or common sense, a basis that usually remains invisible to most people within the society. This dominant ideology appears as "neutral", holding to assumptions that are largely unchallenged. Meanwhile, all other ideologies that differ from the dominant ideology are seen as radical, no matter what the content of their actual vision may be. The philosopher Michel Foucault wrote about the concept of apparent ideological neutrality. ... Look up Common sense in Wiktionary, the free dictionary For the American independence advocacy pamphlet by Thomas Paine, see Common Sense (pamphlet) For the American hip-hop artist, see Common One meaning of the term common sense (or as an adjective, commonsense) on a strict construction of the term, is... The dominant ideology in Marxist or marxian theory is the set of common values and beliefs shared by most people in a given society, framing how the majority think about a range of topics, from art and science to politics. ... Michel Foucault Michel Foucault (October 15, 1926 – June 26, 1984) was a French philosopher who held a chair at the Collège de France, which he gave the title The History of Systems of Thought. ...

Organisations that strive for power will try to influence the ideology of a society to become closer to what they want it to be. Political organisations (governments included) and other groups (e.g. lobbyists) try to influence people by broadcasting their opinions. It has been suggested that Bases of power be merged into this article or section. ...

When most people in a society think alike about certain matters, or even forget that there are alternatives to the current state of affairs, we arrive at the concept of Hegemony, about which the philosopher Antonio Gramsci wrote. The much smaller scale concept of groupthink also owes something to his work. Modern linguists study the mechanism of conceptual metaphor, by which this 'thinking alike' is thought to be transmitted. Hegemony is the dominance of one group over other groups, with or without the threat of force, to the extent that, for instance, the dominant party can dictate the terms of trade to its advantage; more broadly, cultural perspectives become skewed to favor the dominant group. ... Antonio Gramsci Antonio Gramsci (January 22, 1891 – April 27, 1937) was an Italian writer, politician, leader and theorist of Socialism, Communism and Anti-Fascism. ... Groupthink is a term coined by psychologist Irving Janis in 1972 to describe a process by which a group can make bad or irrational decisions. ... Conceptual metaphor: In cognitive linguistics metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain, e. ...

History of the concept of ideology

Perhaps the most accessible source for the original meaning of "ideology" is Hippolyte Taine's work on the Ancien Regime (first volume of "Origins of Contemporary France"). He describes ideology as rather like teaching philosophy by the Socratic method, but without extending the vocabulary beyond what the general reader already possessed, and without the examples from observation which practical science would require. Taine identifies it not just with Destutt de Tracy, but with his milieu, and includes Condillac as one of its precursors. Portrait of Hippolyte Taine on French postage stamp of 1966 Hippolyte Adolphe Taine (April 21, 1828 - March 5, 1893) was a French critic and historian. ... Ancien R gime means Old Regime or Old Order in French; in English, the term refers primarily to the social and political system established in France under the Valois and Bourbon dynasties, and secondarily to any regime which shares the formers defining features: a feudal system under the control... A dialogical method of inquiry, known as the Socratic method or method of elenchos, largely applied to the examination of key moral concepts and first described by Plato in the Socratic Dialogues. ... Etienne Bonnot de Condillac. ...

The word "ideology" was coined long before the Russians coined "intelligentsia", or before the adjective "intellectual" referred to a sort of person (a substantive). Thus these words were not around when the hard-headed, driven Napoleon Bonaparte took the word "ideologues" to ridicule his intellectual opponents. Gradually, however, the word has dropped its critical sting, and has become a neutral term in the analysis of differing political opinions. In grammar, a substantive is either: a noun substantive, now also called simply noun; or a verb substantive, which is a verb like English be when expressing existence (in contrast to use as a copula). ... Bonaparte as general Napoleon Bonaparte ( 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution and was the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from November 11, 1799 to May 18, 1804, then as Emperor of the French (Empereur des Français...

The analysis of ideology

Meta-ideology is the study of the structure, form, and manifestation of ideologies. Meta-ideology posits that ideology is a coherant system of ideas, relying upon a few basic assumptions about reality that may or may not have any factual basis, but are subjective choices that serve as the seed around which further thought grows. According to this perspective, ideologies are neither right nor wrong, but only a relativistic intellectual strategy for categorizing the world.

The works of George Walford and Harold Walsby, done under the heading of systematic ideology, are attempts to explore the relationships between ideology and social systems. Systematic ideology is a study of ideologies founded in the late 1930s in and around London, England by Harold Walsby, George Walford and others. ...

David W. Minar describes six different ways in which the word "ideology" has been used:

1. As a collection of certain ideas with certain kinds of content, usually normative;
2. As the form or internal logical structure that ideas have within a set;
3. By the role in which ideas play in human-social interaction;
4. By the role that ideas play in the structure of an organization;
5. As meaning, whose purpose is persuasion; and
6. As the locus of social interaction, possibly.

For Willard A. Mullins, an ideology is composed of four basic characteristics: it must have power over cognitions; it must be capable of guiding one's evaluations; it must provide guidance towards action; and, as stated above, must be logically coherant. Mullins emphasizes that an ideology should be contrasted with the related (but different) issues of utopia and historical myth.

The German philosopher Christian Duncker called for a "critical reflection of the ideology concept" (2005). In his work, he strove to bring the concept of ideology into the foreground, as well as the closely connected concerns of epistemology and history. In this work, the term ideology is defined in terms of a system of presentations that explicitly or implicitly claim to absolute truth.

Though the word "ideology" is most often found in political discourse, there are many different kinds of ideology: political, social, epistemological, ethical, and so on. Politics is the process and method of decision-making for groups of human beings. ... // Latin root meaning The term social is derived from the Latin word socius, which as a noun means an associate, ally, companion, business partner or comrade and in the adjectival form socialis refers to a bond between people (such as marriage) or to their collective or connected existence. ... Epistemology, from the Greek words episteme (knowledge) and logos (word/speech) is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature, origin and scope of knowledge. ... Ethics (from Greek ethikos) is the branch of axiology – one of the four major branches of philosophy, alongside metaphysics, epistemology, and logic – which attempts to understand the nature of morality; to define that which is right from that which is wrong. ...

Ideology as an instrument of social reproduction

Karl Marx proposed a base/superstructure model of society. The base refers to the means of production of society. The superstructure is formed on top of the base, and comprises that society's ideology, as well as its legal system, political system, and religions. For Marx, the base determines the superstructure. Because the ruling class controls the society's means of production, the superstructure of society, including its ideology, will be determined according to what is in the ruling class's best interests. Critics of the Marxist approach feel that it attributes too much importance to economic factors in influencing society. Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818 Trier, Germany – March 14, 1883 London) was an influential philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary organizer of the International Workingmens Association. ... The means of production are physical, non-human, inputs used in production. ...

The ideologies of the dominant class of a society are proposed to all members of that society in order to make the ruling class' interests appear to be the interests of all. György Lukács describes this as a projection of the class consciousness of the ruling class, while Antonio Gramsci advances the theory of cultural hegemony to explain why people in the working-class can have a false conception of their own interests. Georg Lukács (April 13, 1885 - June 4, 1971) was a Hegelian and Marxist philosopher and literary critic. ... Class consciousness is a category of Marxist theory, referring to the self-awareness of a social class, its capacity to act in its own rational interests, or measuring the extent to which an individual is conscious of the historical tasks their class (or class allegiance) sets for them. ... Antonio Gramsci Antonio Gramsci (January 22, 1891 – April 27, 1937) was an Italian writer, politician, leader and theorist of Socialism, Communism and Anti-Fascism. ... Cultural hegemony is the concept that a diverse culture can be ruled or dominated by one group or class, that everyday practices and shared beliefs provide the foundation for complex systems of domination. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

Louis Althusser proposed that ideology makes use of a special type of discourse: the lacunar discourse. A number of propositions, which are never untrue, suggest a number of other propositions, which are. In this way, the essence of the lacunar discourse is what is not told (but is suggested). ...

For example, the statement 'All are equal before the law', which is a theory behind current legal systems, suggests that all people may be of equal worth or have equal 'opportunities'. This is not true, because the concept of private property over the means of production results in some people being able to own more (much more) than others, and their property brings power and influence (the rich can afford better lawyers, among other things, and this puts in question the principle of equality before the law). This page deals with property as ownership rights. ... The means of production are physical, non-human, inputs used in production. ...

The dominant forms of ideology in capitalism are (in chronological order):

1. classical liberalism
2. social democracy
3. neo-liberalism

and they correspond to the stages of development of capitalism: The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ... Social democracy is a political ideology emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from supporters of Marxism who believed that the transition to a socialist society could be achieved through democratic evolutionary rather than revolutionary means. ... The term neoliberalism is used to describe a political-economic philosophy that had major implications for government policies beginning in the 1970s – and increasingly prominent since 1980 – that de-emphasizes or rejects positive government intervention in the economy, focusing instead on achieving progress and even social justice by encouraging free...

1. extensive stage
2. intensive stage
3. contemporary capitalism (or late capitalism, or current crisis)

Other dominant forms of capitalist ideology such as social darwinism cannot be related to a specific phase. Extensive stage, or by its full name, predominantly extensive stage of accumulation is pertains at one of the periodizations of capitalism, as proposed by Aglietta (1976). ... Intensive stage, or by its full name, predominantly intensive stage of accumulation pertains to one of the periodizations of capitalism, as proposed by Aglietta (1976). ... Late capitalism is a term sometimes used to refer to capitalism of the late 20th century. ... Late capitalism is a term sometimes used to refer to capitalism of the late 20th century. ... Social Darwinism is a term used to describe a style or trend in social theory which holds that Darwins theory of evolution of biological traits in a population by natural selection can also be applied to human social institutions. ...

The Marxist view of ideology as an instrument of social reproduction has been an important touchstone for the sociology of knowledge and theorists such as Karl Mannheim, Daniel Bell and Jürgen Habermas amongst many others. The sociology of knowledge is the study of the social origins of ideas, and of the effects prevailing ideas have on societies. ... Karl Mannheim (March 27, 1893, Budapest - January 9, 1947, London) was a Hungarian-born sociologist, influential in the first half of the 20th century. ... Daniel Bell Daniel Bell (born 10 May 1919) is a sociologist and professor emeritus at Harvard University. ... Habermas speaking with Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, now Pope Benedict XVI, 2004 This article is about Jürgen Habermas. ...

Feminism as critique of ideology

Naturalizing socially constructed patterns of behavior has always been an important mechanism in the production and reproduction of ideologies. Feminist theorists have paid close attention to these mechanisms. Adrienne Rich e.g. has shown how to understand motherhood as a social institution. Feminism is a diverse collection of social theories, political movements, and moral philosophies, largely motivated by or concerning the experiences of women, especially in terms of their social, political, and economic situation. ... Adrienne Rich (born May 16, 1929 in Baltimore, Maryland) is an American feminist, poet, teacher, and writer. ... Mother with her child (Sculpture) A mother is typically the biological or social female parent of a child or offspring while the male parent is the father. ...

Political ideologies

In social studies, a political ideology is a certain ethical, set of ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class, or large group that explain how society should work, and offer some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. It can be a construct of political thought, often defining political parties and their policy. Studies of the concept of ideology itself (rather than specific ideologies) have been carried out under the name of systematic ideology. Social studies is the study of history, geography, civics, sociology, economics, and other social science subjects in primary and secondary schools in North America. ... An ideology is a collection of ideas. ... Ethics (from Greek ethikos) is the branch of axiology – one of the four major branches of philosophy, alongside metaphysics, epistemology, and logic – which attempts to understand the nature of morality; to define that which is right from that which is wrong. ... An ideal is a principle or value that one actively pursues as a goal. ... Doctrine, from Latin doctrina, (compare doctor), means a body of teachings or instructions, taught principles or positions, as the body of teachings in a branch of knowledge or belief system. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Mythology. ... American Civil Rights Movement is one of the most famous social movements of the 20th century. ... This article is about institutions as social mechanisms. ... Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups in societies or cultures. ... It has been suggested that Bases of power be merged into this article or section. ... A political party is an organization that seeks to attain political power within a government, usually by participating in electoral campaigns. ... Systematic ideology is a study of ideologies founded in the late 1930s in and around London, England by Harold Walsby, George Walford and others. ...

Political ideologies regard policies of many different aspects of a society, the most central of which are: economy, education, criminal law, management of criminals, minors, animals, environment, immigration, eugenics, race, use of the military, forced nationalism, forced religion Criminal law (also known as penal law) is the body of common law that punishes criminals for committing offences against the state. ... The study of criminal justice traditionally revolves around three main components of the criminal justice system: police courts corrections Nowadays, it is sometimes argued that psychiatry is also a central part of the criminal justice system. ... Eugenics is the self-direction of human evolution: Logo from the Second International Congress of Eugenics, 1921, depicting it as a tree which unites a variety of different fields. ... It has been suggested that Validity of human races be merged into this article or section. ... // Nationalism is an ideology which holds that the nation, ethnicity or national identity is a fundamental unit of human social life, and makes certain cultural and political claims based upon that belief; in particular, the claim that the nation is the only legitimate basis for the state, and that each...

List of political ideologies

There are many proposed methods for the classification of political ideologies. See the political spectrum article for a more in-depth discussion of these different methods (each of whom generates a specific political spectrum). A political spectrum is a way of comparing or visualizing different political positions, by placing them upon one or more geometric axes. ...

The following list attempts to divide ideologies into a number of groups; each group contains ideologies that have a certain theme or idea in common. Note that one ideology can belong to several groups, and there is sometimes considerable overlap between related ideologies.

Ideologies emphasizing class struggle

• Anarchism
• Socialism
• Communism
• Marxism
  • Leninism
  • Stalinism
  • Maoism
  • Trotskyism
  • Left communism
  • Council communism
  • Eurocommunism
  • Western Marxism

Anarchism derives from the Greek αναρχία (without archons (rulers)). Thus anarchism, in its most general meaning, is the belief that rulers, hierarchal organization, and systems of coersion are unnecessary and should be abolished. ... Socialism is an ideology with the core belief that society should exist in which certain not-for-profit popular collectives control the means of power, and therefore the means of production. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... Marxism is the social theory and political practice based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century German philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. ... Vladimir Lenin in 1920 Leninism is a political and economic theory which builds upon Marxism (the forerunner of Communism) and is a branch in its own right (it has been the dominant branch of Marxism in the world since the 1920s). ...    Stalinism is a term used to describe a form of authoritarian communist state, much like the political regime of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. ... Maoism or Mao Tse-tung Thought (Chinese: 毛泽东思想, pinyin: Máo Zédōng SÄ«xiÇŽng), is a variant of Marxism-Leninism derived from the teachings of Mao Zedong (1893–1976). ... Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. ... Left Communism is a term describing a whole range of communist viewpoints which oppose the political ideas of the Bolsheviks from a position which is asserted to be more authentically Marxist and proletarian than the views held by the Communist International after its first two Congresses. ... Council communism was a radical Left movement originating in Germany and the Netherlands in the 1920s. ... Eurocommunism was an attempt in the 1970s by various European communist parties to widen their appeal by embracing public sector middle-class workers, new social movements such as feminism and gay liberation, rejecting support of the Soviet Union, and expressing more clearly their fidelity to democratic institutions. ... Western Marxism is a term coined by Maurice Merleau-Ponty and used to describe a wide variety of Marxist theoreticians based in the First World. ...

Ideologies emphasizing the individual

• Anarchism
  • Anarcho-syndicalism
  • Anarcho-communism
  • Christian anarchism
  • Individualist anarchism
  • Libertarian socialism
• Liberalism
  • Social liberalism / New liberalism
    • Georgism
  • Ordoliberalism
  • Classical liberalism
  • American liberalism
• Libertarianism
  • Anarcho-capitalism
  • Neolibertarianism
  • Minarchism
  • Paleolibertarianism
  • Geolibertarianism

Anarchism derives from the Greek αναρχία (without archons (rulers)). Thus anarchism, in its most general meaning, is the belief that rulers, hierarchal organization, and systems of coersion are unnecessary and should be abolished. ... Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of anarchism which focuses on the labor movement, hence the syndicalism qualification. ... Anarchist communism, also known as Communist anarchism, Anarcho-communism, or Libertarian communism, is a political ideology related to Libertarian socialism. ... Christian anarchism (also known as Christian libertarianism) is the belief that the only source of authority to which Christians are ultimately answerable is God, embodied in the teachings of Jesus. ... Individualist anarchism is a philosophical tradition that opposes collectivism and has a particularly strong emphasis on the supremacy and autonomy of the individual. ... Libertarian socialism is any one of a group of political philosophies dedicated to opposing coercive forms of authority and social hierarchy, in particular the institutions of capitalism and the state. ... This article discusses liberalism as a major political ideology as it developed and stands currently. ... Social liberalism is either a synonym for new liberalism or a label used by progressive liberal parties in order to differentiate themselves from the more conservative liberal parties, especially when there are two or more liberal parties in a country. ... New liberalism (also called modern liberalism or American liberalism) is a political philosophy that argues for the idea that society has the responsibility of guaranteeing equal opportunities for each of its citizens. ... Georgism, named after Henry George (1839-1897), is a philosophy and economic ideology that follows from the belief that everyone owns what they create, but everything supplied by nature, most importantly land, belongs equally to all humanity. ... According to ordoliberalism, the state must create a proper legal environment for the economy and maintain a healthy level of competition through measures that adhere to market principles. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ... // Usage of the word Liberal In the United States, the common meaning of liberal has changed over time. ... Libertarianism is a political philosophy that favors individual rights, private property rights, and free markets. ... Anarcho-capitalism refers to an anti-statist philosophy that embraces capitalism as one of its foundational principles. ... Neolibertarianism is a subset of libertarian thought that embraces incrementalism and pragmatism domestically and a generally interventionist foreign policy. ... In civics, minarchism, sometimes called minimal statism, is the view that the size, role and influence of government in a free society should be minimal - only large enough to protect the liberty of each and every individual, without violating the liberty of any individuals itself. ... Paleolibertarianism is a school of thought within American libertarianism founded by Murray Rothbard and Lew Rockwell, and closely associated with the Ludwig von Mises Institute. ... Geolibertarianism (also geoanarchism) is a political philosophy that holds with other forms of libertarian individualism that each individual has an exclusive right to the fruits of his or her labor, as opposed to this product being owned collectively by society or the community. ...

Ideologies emphazing the collective

• Socialism
  • Guild socialism
  • Participatory economics
  • Marxism
    • Leninism
    • Stalinism
    • Maoism
    • Trotskyism
    • Left communism
    • Council communism
    • Eurocommunism
    • Neo-marxism
  • African socialism
  • Religious socialism
    • Christian socialism
  • Democratic socialism
  • Infosocialism
  • Libertarian socialism
  • Utopian socialism
• Social democracy
• Communitarianism
• Communism
  • Religious communism
    • Christian communism
• Populism

Collectivism, in general, is a term used to describe any doctrine that stresses the importance of a collective, rather than the importance of the individual. ... Socialism is an ideology with the core belief that society should exist in which certain not-for-profit popular collectives control the means of power, and therefore the means of production. ... Guild socialism was a British political movement in the 1890s-1920s that wanted to give each local workplace sovereignity. ... Participatory economics, or parecon is a participatory economic system proposed as an alternative to contemporary capitalism and also an alternative to centrally planned socialism or coordinatorism, it emerged from the work of radical theorist Michael Albert and that of radical economist Robin Hahnel, beginning in the 1980s and 1990s. ... Marxism is the social theory and political practice based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century German philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. ... Vladimir Lenin in 1920 Leninism is a political and economic theory which builds upon Marxism (the forerunner of Communism) and is a branch in its own right (it has been the dominant branch of Marxism in the world since the 1920s). ...    Stalinism is a term used to describe a form of authoritarian communist state, much like the political regime of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. ... Maoism or Mao Tse-tung Thought (Chinese: 毛泽东思想, pinyin: Máo Zédōng SÄ«xiÇŽng), is a variant of Marxism-Leninism derived from the teachings of Mao Zedong (1893–1976). ... Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. ... Left Communism is a term describing a whole range of communist viewpoints which oppose the political ideas of the Bolsheviks from a position which is asserted to be more authentically Marxist and proletarian than the views held by the Communist International after its first two Congresses. ... Council communism was a radical Left movement originating in Germany and the Netherlands in the 1920s. ... Eurocommunism was an attempt in the 1970s by various European communist parties to widen their appeal by embracing public sector middle-class workers, new social movements such as feminism and gay liberation, rejecting support of the Soviet Union, and expressing more clearly their fidelity to democratic institutions. ... Neo-Marxism was a 20th century school that harked back to the early writings of Marx before the influence of Engels which focused on dialectical idealism rather than dialectical materialism, and thus rejected the economic determinism of early Marx, focusing instead on a non-physical, psychological revolution. ... African socialism is the belief in the doctrine of sharing economic resources in a traditional African way, as compared to classical socialism. ... Religious socialism describes socialism that is inspired by religious values, such as Christian socialism or Islamic socialism. ... Christian Socialism generally refers to those on the Christian left whose politics are both Christian and socialist and who see these two things as being interconnected, perhaps because one derives from the other. ... Democratic socialism is a broad political movement propagating the ideals of socialism within the context of a democratic system. ... Infosocialism is a fictional philosophy originally created by David Pulver, Jon F. Zeigler and Sean Punch for the Transhuman Space role-playing game. ... Libertarian socialism is any one of a group of political philosophies dedicated to opposing coercive forms of authority and social hierarchy, in particular the institutions of capitalism and the state. ... Utopian Socialism is a term used to define the first currents of modern Socialist thought. ... Social democracy is a political ideology emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from supporters of Marxism who believed that the transition to a socialist society could be achieved through democratic evolutionary rather than revolutionary means. ... Communitarianism as a group of related but distinct philosophies began in the late 20th century, opposing aspects of liberalism and capitalism while advocating phenomena such as civil society. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... Religious communism is a term used by some Communists that claim that before communism became associated with atheism, the word communism was mainly used by religious groups. ... Christian communism is a form of religious communism centered around Christianity. ...

Ideologies emphasizing ethnicity or nationality

• Nationalism
  • Zionism
• Regionalism
• Pan-Africanism
• Pan-Arabism
• Ethnic supremacy
• Fascism
  • Neo-fascism
  • Clerical fascism
• Nazism
  • Neo-nazism
• Racism, Racialism

// Nationalism is an ideology which holds that the nation, ethnicity or national identity is a fundamental unit of human social life, and makes certain cultural and political claims based upon that belief; in particular, the claim that the nation is the only legitimate basis for the state, and that each... For other meanings, please see Zionism (disambiguation) Poster promoting a film about Jewish settlement in Palestine, 1930s: Toward a New Life (in Romanian),The Promised Land (in Hungarian) 1844 Discourse on the Restoration of the Jews by Mordecai Noah, page one. ... Regionalism is a term in international relations that refers to the expression of a common sense of identity and purpose combined with the creation and implementation of institutions that express that particular identity and shape collection action within a geographical region. ... Pan-Africanism is a term which can have two separate, but related meanings. ... Arab nationalism refers to a common nationalist ideology in wider Arab world. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This page pertains to fascism after World War II. For a discussion of groups and movements that also include as core tenets racial nationalism, antisemitism, and praise for Hitler, see Neo-Nazism. ... Clerical fascism is an ideological construct that combines the political and economic doctrines of fascism with theology or religious tradition. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... The terms Neo-Nazism and Neo-Fascism refer to any social or political movement to revive Nazism or Fascism, respectively, and postdates the Second World War. ... An African-American man drinks out of the colored only water fountain at a racially segregated streetcar terminal in the United States in 1939. ... Racialism is the controversial belief in the existence and significance of racial categories, the existence of which are themselves often disputed. ...

Ideologies emphasizing tradition

• Christian democracy
• Conservatism
  • Liberal conservatism
  • Paleoconservatism
  • Neoconservatism
  • Social conservatism

Christian Democracy is a political ideology, born at the end of the 19th century, largely as a result of the papal encyclical Rerum Novarum of Pope Leo XIII, in which the Vatican recognizes workers misery and agrees that something should be done about it, in reaction to the rise of... Conservatism is any of a number of political philosophies supporting traditional values or an established social order. ... Liberal-conservatism is the variant of conservatism that combines traditional conservative values with liberal ideas, especially on economic issues (free market). ... Paleoconservatism (sometimes shortened to paleo or paleocon when the context is clear) refers to a branch of American conservative thought that is often called Old Right. ... Neoconservatism describes several distinct political ideologies which are considered new forms of conservatism. ... Social conservatism is a belief in traditional or natural law-based morality and social mores and the desire to preserve these in present day society, often through civil law or regulation. ...

Ideologies based on religion

• Christian-based ideologies
  • Christian anarchism
  • Christian communism
  • Christian socialism
  • Christian democracy
  • Clerical fascism
• Hindu-based ideologies
  • Hindu nationalism
• Islam-based ideologies
  • Islamism, Muslim fundamentalism
• Jewish-based ideologies
  • Religious zionism
• Theocracy
• Communalism (South Asia)
• Religious communism
• Religious socialism

The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... Christian anarchism (also known as Christian libertarianism) is the belief that the only source of authority to which Christians are ultimately answerable is God, embodied in the teachings of Jesus. ... Christian communism is a form of religious communism centered around Christianity. ... Christian Socialism generally refers to those on the Christian left whose politics are both Christian and socialist and who see these two things as being interconnected, perhaps because one derives from the other. ... Christian Democracy is a political ideology, born at the end of the 19th century, largely as a result of the papal encyclical Rerum Novarum of Pope Leo XIII, in which the Vatican recognizes workers misery and agrees that something should be done about it, in reaction to the rise of... Clerical fascism is an ideological construct that combines the political and economic doctrines of fascism with theology or religious tradition. ... This article is about the Hindu religion; for other meanings of the word, see Hindu (disambiguation). ... Hindutva (Hinduness, a word coined by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in his 1923 pamphlet entitled Hindutva: Who is a Hindu? ) is used to describe movements advocating Hindu nationalism. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( ▶ (help· info)), the submission to God) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions and the worlds second-largest religion. ... Islamism refers to a set of political ideologies derived from various religious views of Muslim fundamentalists, which hold that Islam is not only a religion, but also a political system that should govern the legal, economic and social imperatives of the state. ... Islam is a religion of peace and sinceriety to other muslims and non-muslims . ... Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people. ... The Religious Zionist Movement, or Religious Zionism is an ideology combining Zionism and Judaism, which offers Zionism based on the principles of Jewish religion and heritage. ... The term theocracy is used to describe a form of government in which a religion or faith plays a dominant role. ... This article deals with the use of the word communalism as a force separating different communities based on some form of racism. ... Religious communism is a term used by some Communists that claim that before communism became associated with atheism, the word communism was mainly used by religious groups. ... Religious socialism describes socialism that is inspired by religious values, such as Christian socialism or Islamic socialism. ...

Foreign policy ideologies

• Internationalism, Cosmopolitanism
• Pacifism
• Unilateralism
• Just war theory
• Neoconservatism

Internationalism is a political movement which advocates a greater economic and political cooperation between nations for the benefit of all. ... Cosmopolitanism pertains to wide international experience. ... Pacifism is opposition to war. ... Unilateralism, (one+side-ism) refers to a doctrine or agenda which supports one-sided action. ... Just War theory is the attempt to distinguish between justifiable and unjustifiable uses of organized armed forces. ... Neoconservatism describes several distinct political ideologies which are considered new forms of conservatism. ...

Other ideologies

• Centrism
• Republicanism
• Federalism
• Syndicalism
• Pragmatism
• New humanism
• Neoliberalism
• Economic liberalism

In politics, centrism usually refers to the political ideal of promoting moderate policies which land in the middle ground between different political extremes. ... Republicanism is the idea of a nation being governed as a republic. ... Federalism is the idea of a group or body of members that are bound together (latin: foedus, covenant) with a governing representative head. ... Syndicalism refers to a set of ideas, movements and tendencies which share the avowed aim of transforming capitalist society through action by the working class on the industrial front. ... Pragmatism is belief of the teaching of philosophy which originated in the United States in the late 1800s. ... The Humanist International is a consortium of humanist political parties, founded in Florence, Italy, on January 4, 1989 by the approval of foundational documents and statutes by over 40 Humanist Parties from around the world. ... For the related liberal individualist philosophy, see Libertarianism. ... The liberal theory of economics is the theory of economics described by classical liberal authors such as Anders Chydenius, Adam Smith and the French Physiocrats. ...

One-issue stances

• Agrarianism
• Green politics
• Animal welfarism
• Euro-scepticism
• Feminism
• Minorities defence, Minoritarianism
• Pensioners' defence
• Majoritarianism
• Egalitarianism

Agrarianism is a social and political philosophy. ... Green politics is a body of political ideas informed by environmentalism aimed at developing a sustainable society. ... Feminism is a diverse collection of social theories, political movements, and moral philosophies, largely motivated by or concerning the experiences of women, especially in terms of their social, political, and economic situation. ... Minoritarianism (often also called minority rule) is a political philosophy or agenda which asserts that a segment of a countrys population (sometimes categorized by religion, language or some other identifying factor) to which a minority of its citizens belong is entitled to obstruct political progress sought by a majority... Majoritarianism is a political philosophy or agenda which asserts that a majority (sometimes categorized by religion, language or some other identifying factor) of the population is entitled to a certain degree of primacy in society, and has the right to make decisions that affect the society. ... Egalitarianism is any moral or political theory that emphasizes the supposed equality of morally-significant beings. ...

Epistemological ideologies

Even when the challenging of existing beliefs is encouraged, as in science, the dominant paradigm or mindset can prevent certain challenges, theories or experiments from being advanced. The philosophy of science mostly concerns itself with reducing the impact of these prior ideologies so that science can proceed with its primary task, which is (according to science) to create knowledge. Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Science For the scientific journal named Science, see Science (journal). ... Since the late 1800s, the word paradigm (IPA: ) has referred to a thought pattern in any scientific discipline or other epistemological context. ... A mindset, in decision theory and general systems theory, refers to a set of assumptions, methods or notations held by one or more people or groups of people which is so established that it creates a powerful incentive within these people or groups to continue to adopt or accept prior... The philosophy of science is the branch of philosophy which studies the philosophical assumptions, foundations, and implications of the sciences, including the formal sciences such as mathematics and statistics, the natural sciences such as physics, chemistry, and biology, the social sciences, such as psychology, sociology, political science, and economics. ...

There are critics who view science as an ideology in itself, or being an effective ideology, called scientism. Some scientists respond that, while the scientific method is itself an ideology, as it is a collection of ideas, there is nothing particularly wrong or bad about it. Scientism is a relatively newly coined word that refers to certain epistemologies based on science. ... Scientific method as envisaged by one of its early exponents, Sir Isaac Newton, is fundamental to the investigation and acquisition of new knowledge based upon physical evidence. ...

Other critics point out that while science itself is not a misleading ideology, there are some fields of study within science that are misleading. Two examples discussed here are in the fields of ecology and economics.

A special case of science adopted as ideology is that of ecology, which studies the relationships between living things on Earth. Perceptual psychologist J. J. Gibson believed that human perception of ecological relationships was the basis of self-awareness and cognition itself. Linguist George Lakoff has proposed a cognitive science of mathematics wherein even the most fundamental ideas of arithmetic would be seen as consequences or products of human perception - which is itself necessarily evolved within an ecology. (Ecology is sometimes used incorrectly as a synonym for the natural environment or environmentalism. ... Perceptual psychology - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... J.J. Gibson (1904-1979) was an American psychologist, considered one of the most important 20th century psychologists in the field of visual perception. ... Self-awareness is the ability to perceive ones own existence, including ones own traits, feelings and behaviours. ... Look up Cognition in Wiktionary, the free dictionary The term cognition (Latin, cogito: to think) is used in several different loosely related ways. ... Linguistics is the scientific study of human language, and someone who engages in this study is called a linguist or linguistician. ... George P. Lakoff (, born 1941) is a professor of linguistics (in particular, cognitive linguistics) at the University of California, Berkeley where he has taught since 1972. ... The cognitive science of mathematics is the study of mathematical ideas using the techniques of cognitive science. ...

Deep ecology and the modern ecology movement (and, to a lesser degree, Green parties) appear to have adopted ecological sciences as a positive ideology. Deep ecology is a recent philosophy or ecosophy based on a shift away from the anthropocentric bias of established environmental and green movements. ... The global ecology movement is one of several new social movements that emerged at the end of the sixties; its growth has been stimulated by a widespread acknowledgement of an ecological crisis of our planet. ... This article is about the green parties around the world. ...

Some accuse ecological economics of likewise turning scientific theory into political economy, although theses in that science can often be tested. The modern practice of green economics fuses both approaches and seems to be part science, part ideology. Ecological economics is a branch of economic theory that addresses the interdependence and co-evolution between human economies and their natural ecosystems. ... Political economy was the original term for the study of production, the acts of buying and selling, and their relationships to laws, customs and government. ... Green economics loosely defines a theory of economics by which an economy is considered to be a component of the ecosystem in which it resides. ...

This is far from the only theory of economics to be raised to ideology status - some notable economically-based ideologies include mercantilism, social darwinism, communism, laissez-faire economics, and "free trade". There are also current theories of safe trade and fair trade which can be seen as ideologies. A painting of a French seaport from 1638, at the height of mercantilism. ... Social Darwinism is a term used to describe a style or trend in social theory which holds that Darwins theory of evolution of biological traits in a population by natural selection can also be applied to human social institutions. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... Laissez-faire is short for laissez faire, laissez passer, a French phrase meaning to let things alone, let them pass. First used by the eighteenth century Physiocrats as an injunction against government interference with trade, it is now used as a synonym for strict free market economics. ... Free trade is an economic concept referring to the selling of products between countries without tariffs or other trade barriers. ... Safe trade is a concept advocated by Greenpeace, some indigenous peoples (particularly those who feel threatened by the imposition of a monoculture) and by some elements of the anti-globalization movement. ... Fair trade products shown at XI Unctad. ...

External links

• The Strength of an Idea

References

• Mullins, Willard A. (1972) "On the Concept of Ideology in Political Science." The American Political Science Review. American Political Science Association.
• Minar, David M. (1961) "Ideology and Political Behavior", Midwest Journal of Political Science. Midwest Political Science Association.