This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. (April 2007)

Iran

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Iran Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Iran. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Constitution Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Vice President of Iran Parviz Davoodi Assembly of Experts Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Majlis of Iran (Parliament) Gholam Ali Haddad-Adel Guardian Council Ahmad Jannati Expediency Council Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Judicial system of Iran Mahmoud Shahroudi Supreme National Security Council Ali Larijani City and Village Councils Military of Iran Mostafa Mohammad-Najjar Ministry of Intelligence and Security Gholam Hossein Mohseni-Ejehei Ministry of Petroleum of Iran Gholam Hossein Nozari National Iranian Oil Company Agriculture of Iran Mohammad Reza Eskandari Central Bank of Iran Tahmasb Mazaheri Elections Recent: Experts (2006), Local (2006) Provinces (ostānhā) Counties (shahrestānhā) Political parties Foreign relations

Other countries · Atlas  Politics Portal view • talk • edit

Political parties in Iran gives informations on the political parties in Iran. The post of Supreme Leader (Persian: رهبر انقلاب, Rahbare Enqelab,[1] lit. ... Grand Âyatollâh   (Persian: آیت‌الله سید علی حسینی کس ننه ای Ä€yatollāh Seyyed `AlÄ« ḤoseynÄ« KhāmeneÄ«) (born 17 July 1939), also known as Seyyed Ali Khamenei,[1] is the current Supreme Leader of Iran and was the president of Iran from 1981 to 1989. ... The President of Iran is the head of government. ... Mahmoud Ahmadinejad[1] (born October 28, 1956)[2] is the sixth and current President of the Islamic Republic of Iran. ... Vice President of Iran is defined by article 124 of the Iranian constitution, as anyone appointed by the President to lead an organization related to the Presidential affairs. ... Parviz Davoodi (born 1952 in Tehran) is the current First Vice President of Iran (since September 11, 2005). ... The Assembly of Experts (also Assembly of Experts for the Leadership) of Iran (Persian: مجلس خبرگان رهبری, Majles-e-Khobregan), is a congressional body for selecting the Supreme Leader and supervising his activities. ... Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (Persian: اکبر هاشمی رفسنجانی Akbar HāshemÄ« RafanjānÄ«), Hashemi Bahramani (هاشمی بهرمانی) born on August 25, 1934, is an influential Iranian politician, and is currently serving as the Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council of Iran. ... Image:DSC--Majlis5323. ... Haddad-Adel Gholam Ali Haddad-Adel (غلامعلی حداد عادل in Persian) born in 1945 in Tehran, Iran, is the chairman of the Iranian Parliament. ... The Guardian Council of the Constitution[1] (Persian: شورای نگهبان قانون اساسی) is a high chamber within the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. ... Ayatollah Ahmad Jannati Massah (Persian: , born 1926 in Esfahan) is an Iranian ayatollah and political figure. ... The Expediency Discernment Council of the System [1](Persian: مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام), is an unelected[2] establishment in the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran created on 6 February 1988[3]. Its purpose is to resolve differences or conflicts between the Majlis and the Council of Guardians, and also to serve as a... Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (Persian: اکبر هاشمی رفسنجانی Akbar HāshemÄ« RafanjānÄ«), Hashemi Bahramani (هاشمی بهرمانی) born on August 25, 1934, is an influential Iranian politician, and is currently serving as the Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council of Iran. ... The current judicial system of Iran was implemented and established by Ali Akbar Davar and some of his contemporaries. ... Ayatollah Seyyed Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi (آیت‌الله سید محمود هاشمی شاهرودی) (Born 1948 in Najaf, Iraq) is an Iranian politician and Shia cleric. ... Supreme National Security Council is a body within the Islamic Republic of Iran the secretary whereof is Ali Larijani. ... Ali Larijani while lecturing for his presidential campaign at Sharif University of Technology in March, 2005. ... City and Village Councils (full title is: Provincial, City, District and Village Councils) are local councils which are elected by public vote in all cities and villages throughout Iran. ... The Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: ) include the IRIA (Persian: ) , the IRGC (Persian: ) , and the Police Force[1] (Persian: ). These forces total about 545,000 active personnel. ... The new Defence Minister, Mostafa Mohammad Najjar, 49, is a veteran of the Revolutionary Guards since the establishment of the body in 1980, where he served as in charge of the Middle East Department, with Palestine, Lebanon and the Persian Gulf as places of particular attention. ... The Ministry of Intelligence and National Security (Persian: وزارت اطلاعات Ùˆ امنیت کشور) is the primary intelligence agency of the Islamic Republic of Iran. ... Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Ejeie is the current head of the Ministry of Intelligence in Iran, also known as SVAMA and was appointed by the current president of Iran, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, on August 24, 2005. ... The Iranian constitution prohibits the granting of petroleum rights on a concessionary basis or direct equity stake. ... The National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), under the direction of the Ministry of Petroleum of Iran, is an oil and natural gas producer and distributor headquartered in Tehran. ... Map of Irans major crops, circa 1978. ... Mohammad Reza Eskandari is the Minister of Agriculture of the Islamic Republic of Iran. ... Bank Markazi, Tehran, Iran Bank Markazi Iran or Bank Markazi Jomhouri Islami Iran (Persian: بانک مرکزی جمهوری اسلامی ايران) is the Central bank of Iran. ... Politics of Iran Categories: Election related stubs | Elections in Iran ... The Iranian Assembly of Experts election of 2006 is planned to take place on December 15, 2006. ... The Iranian City and Village Councils election of 2006 is planned to take place on December 15, 2006. ... Iran consists of 30 provinces: Provinces are governed from a local center, mostly the largest local city. ... The provinces of Iran are divided into counties or shahrestānhā (Persian: شهرستان, singular shahrestān), and each shahrestan is subdivided into districts or bakhshānhā (Persian: بخش, singular bakhsh). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... “Political Parties” redirects here. ...

see also List of Persian political parties. List of Persian political parties lists the main political parties in Iran. ...

Iran has regular presidential and parliamentary elections. Only few picked candidates and parties (selected by the regime) can be elected. The system as a whole is presented as a "republic" based on Islamist ideology. Politics of Iran Categories: Election related stubs | Elections in Iran ... For the religion of Islam, see Islam. ...

Currently, there are 223 ^[1] registered political parties, associations and organizations that have been given legitimacy to operate, but not as an opposition to the religious system of the governance. They usually operate in loose alignments within two main coalitions, the conservative and the reformist. Wikisource has original text related to this article: Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran Politics and Government of Iran takes place in the framework of an Islamic theocratic republic. ...

Parties inside Iran

Conservative Alliance

See also: Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran

The Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran (ائتلاف آبادگران ایران اسلامی; Etelāf-e Ābādgarān-e Īrān-e Esl...

Main Parties

• Islamic Society of Engineers: secretary-general Mohammad Reza Bahonar

• Combatant Clergy Association: secretary-general Mohammad Reza Mahdavi-Kani

• Islamic Coalition Party : secretary-general Habibollah Asgaroladi

• Association of Islamic Revolution Loyalists : secretary-general Hassan Ghafurifard

• Moderation and Development Party : secretary-general Mohammad Baqer Nobakht

• Coalition of Iran's Independent Volunteers : spokesman Emad Afruq

• Iranian Nation's Welfare Party : secretary-general Khalil Ali Mohammadzadeh

The Islamic Society of Engineers (جامعهٔ اسلامی مهندسین), ISE, is a political organization in Iran, a member of the conservative alliance. ... Mohammad Reza Bahonar (محمدرضا باهنر in Persian) is the conservative First Vice Speaker of the Parliament of Iran. ... The Combatant Clergy Association (Jamee-ye Rowhaniyat-e Mobarez) or (جامعه روحانیت مبارز in Persian), is a political party in Iran. ... Ayatollah Mohammad Reza Mahdavi Kani (محمدرضا مهدوی Ú©Ù†ÛŒ) is an Iranian cleric and politician. ... Habibollah Asgaroladi (Persian: ) is an Iranian businessman and secretary-general of Islamic Coalition Party, an influential conservative political party in Iran. ... The Etelaf-e Khedmatgozaran-e Mostaqel-e Iran is a political party in Iran. ... Emad Afroogh (born 1956) is a right-wing Iranian politician and sociologist. ...

Ultra-conservatives

• Fundamentalist groups: lead by Mohammad Taghi Mesbah Yazdi

Ayatollah Mohammad Taghi Mesbah Yazdi (Persian: محمد تقی مصباح یزدی) (born 1934) is an Iranian Shia cleric and politician. ... Ayatollah Mohammad Taghi Mesbah Yazdi (Persian: محمد تقی مصباح یزدی) (born 1934) is an Iranian Shia cleric and politician. ...

Reformist Coalition

Main article: 2nd of Khordad Movement

Second of Khordad Movement refers to a movement started by 6th presidental election in Iran. ...

Main Parties

• Association of Combatant Clerics : secretary-general Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha

• Islamic Iran Participation Front : secretary-general Mohsen Mirdamadi

• National Confidence Party : secretary-general Mehdi Karrubi

• Executives of Construction Party : secretary-general Gholamhossein Karbaschi

• Society of Forces Following the Line of the Imam : secretary-general Hadi Khamenei

• Organisation of the Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution : secretary-general Mohammad Salamati

• Islamic Labour Party : secretary-general Abolqasem Sarhadizadeh

• Workers' House : secretary-general Alireza Mahjub

• Iran Solidarity Party : secretary-general Ebrahim Asgharzadeh

• Youth Party of Iran : secretary-general Mahdi Agha-Alikhani

• Freedom Party of Iran : secretary-general Majid Mohtashami

Not to be confused with Combatant Clergy Association. ... Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha is an Iranian cleric and secretary general of Militant Clerics Society. ... The Islamic Iran Participation Front (Jebheye Mosharekate Iran-e Eslaami, جبهه مشارکت ایران اسلامی in Persian) is a reformist political party in Iran. ... Mohsen Mirdamadi is the secretary general of IIPF, since September of 2006. ... Mehdi Karroubi (in Persian: مهدی کروبی) (born 1939?) is an Iranian politician, the chairman and a founding member of the Militant Clerics Society party. ... The Executives of Construction Party (حزب کارگزاران سازندگی) is a political party in Iran, founded by several members of the cabinet of the then-President Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani. ... Gholamhossein Karbaschi was the mayor of Tehran between 1988 and 1998. ... He is the brother of Irans Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. ... Not to be confused with Peoples Mujahedin of Iran. ... Ebrahim Asgharzadeh Ebrahim Asgharzadeh (Persian:ابراهیم اصغرزاده) has served as a member of the 3th Majlis (Irans legislature) during 1989-1993 and as member of the first City Council of Tehran during 1999-2003. ...

Dissident Groups

There are a many groups close to the reformists, but are not allowed to participate in the elections.^{[citation needed]} These include the Freedom Movement Party of Ebrahim Yazdi and the National Religious Forces of Ezzatollah Sahabi. Ebrahim Yazdi (ابراهیم یزدی; born 1931 in Qazvin) is a Persian politician, the Secretary General of Freedom Movement Party, a party which is considered illegal by some Iranian officials. ... Ezzatollah Sahabi (Born 1930 in Tehran, Iran) is a Persian politician, former minister and former Parliament member. ...

Opposition parties active in exile

Generality

Ideologies

There are roughly 60 political parties outside Iran (they fled the Islamist Regime) which can be divided into 6 ideological branches from left to right :

- the Communists (18 parties)

- the Socialists and Social-Democrats (8 parties)

- the Conservatives (4 parties)

- the Nationalists (5 parties)

- the Liberal-Democrats (9 parties)

- the Ethnicalists (22 parties)

Notoriety of these parties

In fact a lot of Iranians do not know the majority of these 60 exiled political parties. The parties known by all Iranians are the Mojahedin, the Monarchists (falsely believed to be one party), the National Front (known in Iran as the Mossadeghists), the Fadayan-e Khalq and the Tudeh Party (today an agonizing party but falsely believed by many to be the only Communist Party). For example, few Iranians are aware of the existence of the Hekmatist Party although the latter is more dynamic than the Tudeh. Only 4 parties out of the 60 could be considered powerful, in order :

- the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran of Maryam Rajavi, (Conservative)

- the Constitutionalist Party of Iran of of Darius Homayoun, (Democrat-Liberal)

- the Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian-Majority without a clear leader (Socialist)

- the National Front of Iran with Adib Boroumand as its spokesman, (Center-Left Nationalist)

The rest of the Opposition is insignificant : for example the "Labor Party", or the "Green Party", or the "Liberal Democratic Party", etc, are rather tiny clubs of individuals than political parties and do not influence the political arena of Iran. But 11 of them are of some importance :

- The Tudeh Party and the Communist Party of Iran (of Ebrahim Alizadeh), which were important parties in the past, exist today in a very anemic state.

- The Worker Communist Party of Iran formerly powerful and led by the charismatic Mansoor Hekmat split into three weak parties [1] when the latter died in 2002.

- The Pan-Iranist Party and the Iran Nation Party, both based in Iran, have always been dynamic but very small parties. The Iran Nation Party has suffered a great loss when two of its leaders, Dariush and Parvaneh Forouhar, were murdered in Tehran in 1998 by the Islamic Republic.

- The National Movement of Iranian Resistance (NAMIR) of Shahpour Bakhtiar [2] and the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (DPIK) of Abdul Rahman Qasimlo, although prominent parties in the past, have almost been destroyed with the killings of their charismatic leaders by the Islamic Republic. The NAMIR has ceased its activities, whereas the DPIK struggles to expand its activities. In December 2006, this party split another time into two groups : the DPIK and the DPIK (Ararat).

- The Organization of Revolutionary Workers of Iran (Rahe Kargar) has isolated itself by rejecting joint actions or even dialogue with non-communist parties (they do not have a good relation even with some communist parties deemed not too radical like the Tudeh Party). The Rahe Kargar is seen by many right and left parties as a sectarian and inflexible party. [3]

- The Komala (not to be confused with the Komalah with an h), although an important party, can't be classified among the four powerful party of the Opposition cited above since its modest activities are only concentrated in the kurdish-inhabited provinces of Iran. Furthermore Komala split into two parties in August 2007[4].

- The Marze Por Gohar Party is still too small, too localized and unknown inside Iran.

- The Islamic Society of the Iranians has few members but has a prominent leader (Abolhassan Banisadr). Abolhassan Banisadr Abolhassan Banisadr (Persian: ابوالحسن بنی‌صدر;born March 22, 1933) was the first elected President of Iran after the 1979 Iranian Revolution. ...

- The Union of People's Fedaian of Iran is the Iranian Party with the most ties with other Opposition parties (it has warm relations even with the Rahe Kargar). It has been designated as the twin sister of the Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian-Majority but has far fewer members.

Important individuals without party

There are important exiled individuals with no party who are also important : Ali Afshari, Amir-Abbas Fakhravar, Ahmad Batebi or Manuchehr Mohammadi from the student segment, Mohsen Sazegara, a founder of Iran's Revolutionary Guards, Ramin Jahanbegloo, Abdolkarim Soroush or Dariush Shayegan, influential secular and religious intellectuals, Roya Toloui, a woman activist, Akbar Ganji, the well-known political activist and journalist, Abbas Amir-Entezam, the longest political prisoner of Iran (27 years), Simin Behbahani, one of the most prominent figures in modern Persian literature, Nasser Zarafshan, a famous attorney, Abolhassan Banisadr, the first president of Iran, etc… Even among the clerics based inside and outside Iran, there are numerous radical dissidents but some are more prominent, for example : Hossein Khomeini, grandson of the founder of the Islamic Republic, Ayatollah Hossein Kazemeyni Boroujerdi, Ayatollah Ganjei (exiled in Paris), Ayatollah Mehdi Haeri Khorshidi (exiled in Germany) or Hojjatoleslam Ezimi Qedimi, etc. Several mullah dissidents around the world created "the Free Muslims" : [5]. This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... Amir-Abbas Fakhravar [1] (Persian: , Amir-Abbās Fakhr-āvar, also known as Siavash (Persian: سیاوش), born 6 July 1975 in Tehran) is an Iranian writer, and former journalist[2] for the now banned pro-reform daily newspapers Mosharekat and Khordad. ... Ahmad Batebi, A symbol of Irans reformist movement appeard on the cover of The Economist magazine. ... Dr. Mohsen Sazegara during an interview in Washington Institute for Near East Policy. ... Dr. Ramin Jahanbegloo Dr. Ramin Jahanbegloo (Persian: رامین جهانبگلو , born 1961 in Tehran) is an Iranian political philosopher and a university professor. ... Image:Soroush. ... Dariush Shayegan is one of Irans prominent thinkers and one of the contemporary worlds most influential cultural theorists and comparative philosophers. ... Roya Toloui, (1966- ), is a prominent Kurdish journalist, human rights activist and feminist. ... Akbar Ganji (Persian: اکبر گنجی , born 31 January 1960 in Qazvin) is an Iranian journalist and writer. ... Abbas Amir-Entezam(in Persian: عباس امیر انتظام) was the spokesman and the secretary of the Interim Cabinet of Mehdi Bazargan in 1979. ... Simin Behbahani (in Persian: سیمین بهبهانی; born in 1927, Tehran, Iran) is an Iranian poetess. ... Nasser Zarafshan (born 1946) is an Iranian novelist, translator, and attorney. ... Abolhassan Banisadr Abolhassan Banisadr (Persian: ابوالحسن بنی‌صدر;born March 22, 1933) was the first elected President of Iran after the 1979 Iranian Revolution. ... Son of deceased terrorist Ayatollah Khomeini. ... Ayatollah Seyyed Hossein Kazemeyni Boroujerdi is an Iranian Muslim cleric who advocates the separation of religion and politics. ...

History

Past

Before the year 2003, a lot of parties tried to unite and failed. Only two unions succeeded; but even them - which are the National Council of Resistance of Iran and the Workers Left Unity - Iran - are just an alliance of two parties : the conservative People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran and the marxist Organization of Iranian People Fadaee Guerillas for the first one and the Iranian fedaian communist league and the Organization of Revolutionary Workers of Iran (Rahe Kargar) for the latter. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Workers Left Unity - Iran is an Iranian far left political party in exile. ...

Some Communists (the Tudeh Party for example), the Socialists (above all Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian-Majority), the Nationalists (for instance the National Front), the Monarchists (as the Constitutionalist Party) and the Ethnicalists (like the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan) several times discussed how to come together in the past, but without results, given that :

1) Almost all the Communists (for instance the Rahe Kargar [6]) are opposed to cooperating with non-communist parties.

2) The main challenge comes from the Monarchists, for leftist or some pro-republican parties are reticent to form an alliance with them.

3) Few are also opposed to dialogue with the Mojahedin.

Because of that, western journalists and Iran experts have repeatedly said that the Opposition is ineffective, discredited and inflexible.

Present

However, since 2003 the leftist activists did what no others had done in the past : they created the United Republicans of Iran (URI), a federation of three pro-republican parties : [7],[8] . Over one thousand personnalities took part in the inauguration of the URI in Berlin.

At the same time, in Paris, other leftists created another alliance named the Democratic and Secular Republicans of Iran (DSRI).

The DSRI is considered more leftist than the URI and its members belong to three socialist parties : the Union of People's Fedaian of Iran, the Organization of Iranian Socialists and the Provisional Council of Iranian Left Socialists [9]. The URI is more prominent and is a federation of three parties, namely the Democratic People's Party of Iran of Babak Amirkhosravi (a separated fraction of the communist Tudeh party), the Iranian National Republicans of Hassan Shariatmadari, son of the late Grand Ayatollah Kazem Shariatmadari, and the Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian-Majority. The Democratic People's Party of Iran has ceased to exist and was absorbed by the URI, the Iranian National Republicans (http://www.iran-jommelli.com) exists by name but all its activities is done within the URI, but the OIPF-M continues its activities inside and also outside the URI.[10]. Ayatollah Kazem Shariatmadari (1904 - 1985) was among the most senior leading Shia clerics in Iran and Iraq. ...

Both the URI and the DSRI are still discussing how to forme a single union to form a strong "republican" (=leftist) force [11]. Both have also invited two ethnical parties (the DPIK and the Komala), a centrist party (the National Front of Iran), a far left party (the Provisional Council of Iranian Left Socialists) and even a conservative party (the Islamic Society of the Iranians) to these negociations which took place in Sptember, the 22nd [12]; [13].

Moreover, since September 2005 a greater spectrum of these exiled parties who used to be very divided (even among groups of similar philosophies) have begun to unite. Reza Pahlavi had dinner in Berlin with some of the leftists who had helped to overthrow his father, and it generated outrage on both the left and the right.

For the first time, a Republican (the spokesman of the National Front of Iran) Parviz Varjavand wrote in an article in August 2006 [14] that Democracy is compatible with both a Constitutional Monarchy and a Republic and that the issue should not between Constitutional Monarchy and Republic. The Green Party of Iran led by Kayvan Koboli said the same thing months before Parviz Varjavand : [15]. Heshmat Raeisi, ex-member of the Central Committee of both the Fedai and the Tudeh Party [16], participated in the sixth Congress of the (monarchist) Constitutionalist Party of Iran in November 2006 and gave a speech : [17]; in February 2007 Dariush Homayoun of the rightist Constitutionalist Party of Iran wrote a friendly letter to the major leftist party (the OIPFG (M)) [18]. Hossein Bagherzadeh of the latter party answered : [19].

In June 2006, a huge gathering of all important Iranian parties and activists (including the monarchists and rightist parties like the Pan-Iranist Party) called "Neshaste Landan" took place in London for the first time ever.[20]

The dialogue (and cooperation ?) between the right-wing and left-wing parties is now official for the first time although it has been criticized by several personnalities [21]. Furthermore, the Mojahedin didn't participate in this gathering : [22].

This London gathering of June 2006 managed to choose a nine-member council charged with organizing a large congress within the next year to discuss and try to put in place an Administration that will take over in the event the Islamic Republic vanish : Victoria Azad, Shahryar Ahi, Hossein Bagherzadeh, Ramin Parham, Abdolsattar Doshooki, Kambiz Roosta, Iman Forootan, Moshallah Salimi, Ali-Reza Nourizadeh [23].

In June 2007, the council organized another three-day gathering which took place in Paris and was called "Hamayesh-e Hambastegi-ye Iran" [24]. It has been considered "historical" in the history of the Iranian Opposition by all political tendencies and has a special and daily updated website : http://www.neshastelondon.info/joomla/

Three months before (in April 2007) the last taboo among the Opposition dropped : for the first time the Mojahedin were invited to form a united Front against the Islamic Regime. [25]

Links of the exiled political parties

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (832x560, 100 KB)Author : me (Wikipediairan) thanks to Bitmap software. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (832x560, 100 KB)Author : me (Wikipediairan) thanks to Bitmap software. ...

Names and websites of the Opposition

Here are the names and the programs of all known Iranian political parties based in exile (Europe, USA, Canada, Australia, and sometimes Turkey, Iraq, Dubai, Israel, Pakistan) :

The Communists

There are 18 Iranian communist parties. However only two out of them could be considered alive, namely the Hekmatist Party, and the Organization of Revolutionary Workers of Iran (Rahe Kargar).

Historical party

The well-known Communist Party which used to be very powerful. No longer very active. The oldest political party in Iran.

• Tudeh Party of Iran (previously ?) led by Ali Khavari.

http://www.tudehpartyiran.org/ or http://www.rahetudeh.com/ The Tudeh Party of Iran (f. ...

Hekmatism

The three splits of the communists who follow the teachings of Mansour Hekmat :

• Worker-Communist Party of Iran led by Hamid Taqvaee.

http://www.wpiran.org The Worker-Communist Party of Iran (Persian: حزب کمونیست کارگران ایران) is a political party that seeks the overthrow of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the establishment of a Socialist Republic of Iran in its place. ...

• Hekmatist Party led by Koorosh Modaressi.

http://www.hekmatist.com The Worker-Communist Party of Iran - Hekmatist is an opposition Iranian political party in exile. ...

• Worker Communism Unity Party of Iran (led by Azar Majedi ?) .

http://www.for-abetterworld.com

Maoism

The two Maoist parties :

• Communist Party of Iran (Marxist-Leninist-Maoist) previously known as Sarbedaran.

http://www.sarbedaran.org/ The Communist Party of Iran (Marxist-Leninist-Maoist) is an Iranian communist party working in opposition to the govenment of the Islamic Republic of Iran. ...

• Toilers Party of Iran (Hezbe Ranjbarane Iran)

http://www.ranjbaran.org/

Fadaian

The original communist motherparty was called Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas. Since 1980, it has split 9 times and 7 of them are still communist. The other two have evolved into socialist parties.

• Organization of Revolutionary Workers of Iran (Rahe Kargar) led by Mohammad-Reza Shalgooni

http://www.rahekargar.net/

• Organization of Fedaian (Minority)

http://www.fadaian-minority.org/ To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ...

• Minority's Cell (dead party ?) led by Mastoureh Ahmadzadeh

http://www.hasteh.com/

• Iranian People's Fadaee Guerrillas led by Ashraf Dehghani.

http://www.siahkal.com/ Iranian Peoples Fadaee Guerrillas (Persian: چريك فدايان خلق ايران) [Charik hā-i fidāy-i khalq-i Īrān, IPFG] is an Iranian opposition organization which fought against the governments of...

• Organization of Iranian People's Fedayee Guerrillas led by Mehdi Same and allied with the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran in the National Council of Resistance of Iran.

http://www.fadaian.org/ or http://www.jonge-khabar.com/ or http://www.iran-nabard.com/ To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

• Organization of Iranian Peoples Fedaii Guerrillas led by Hossein Zahri.

http://www.iranian-fedaii.de/

• Iranian fedaian communist league

http://fedayi.org/

Others

• Komalah led by Ebrahim Alizadeh. It is, according to them, the "kurdish section" of the Communist Party of Iran. In fact the Komalah and the Communist Party of Iran are the same.

http://www.komalah.org (for Komalah) and http://www.cpiran.org/ (for the Communist Party of Iran) Komalah (Komele in Kurdish) is a Marxist Kurdish opposition group. ... The Communist Party of Iran was an Iranian communist party. ...

• Labor Party of Iran (or Toufan, supporting Enver Hoxha's communism).

http://www.toufan.org/

• Provisional Council of Iranian Left Socialists

http://www.tarhino.com/

• Socialist Party of Iran of Fereydoon Gilani.

http://www.jonbesh-iran.com/

• Workers Socialist Unity

http://www.wsu-iran.org/

The Socialists/Social-Democrats

Only the Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian-Majority is active. The United Republicans of Iran (URI) and the Democratic and Secular Republicans of Iran (DSRI) are not really parties but federations of parties and individuals and both are strong.

• United Republicans of Iran

http://www.jomhouri.com/

• Democratic and Secular Republicans of Iran

http://www.sedaye-ma.org/

• Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian (Majority) with Farrokh Negahdar as its prominent leader.

http://www.kar-online.com/ or in English/French/German: http://www.fadai.org/ OIPFG symbol The Organization of Iranian Peoples Fedai Guerrillas emerged as radical Marxist-Leninist movement in Iran in 1971, formed to overthrow the Pahlavi regime. ...

• Union of People's Fedaian of Iran with Pirouz Navidi/Ahmad Azad.

http://www.etehadefedaian.org/

• Democratic Union of Progressive Iranians

http://www.khavaran.ch/

• Organization of Iranian Socialists led by Mansour Bayatzadeh (their members are called Socialist Mossadeghists), close to the National Front of Iran

http://www.ois-iran.com/

• Green Party of Iran led by Kayvan Kaboli.

http://www.iran-e-sabz.org/ The Green Party of Iran (Hezb-e-sabz Hayeh Iran) is a political party in Iran. ...

• Social Democratic Party of Iran led by Jalal Madani/Khosro Shakeri.

http://www.spiran.com/

The Conservatives

Neither secular nor islamist. They are against the application of the Sharia but at the same time oppose everything opposed to what they call “the main principles of Islam”. They believe in the equality between men and women and at the same time their female supporters are mostly veiled. The People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran, which used to have an "army" in Iraq until 2003, is considered to be the best organized opposition group of Iran.

• People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran led by Maryam Rajavi.

http://www.mojahedin.org/ or http://www.hambastegimeli.com/ MKO Logo The Mujahideen-e-Khalq Organization (MKO), also known as Mojahedin-e-Khalq (MEK), sometimes transcribed as Mujahedin-e-Khalq, or The Peoples Mujahedin of Iran (PMOI). ...

• Islamic Society of the Iranians led by Abolhassan Banisadr

http://enghelabe-eslami.com/ or http://www.majameeslamiiranian.com/

• Tachye Alavi Movement (dead party ?) led by Mohammad Maleki

http://www.nehzatetashyealavi.com/

• The Freedom-seekers Combattants of Iran, a pro-Shariati party

http://www.samaa.org/

The Nationalists

Among them, the divided National Front is the most active. The Republican Nationalists have many contacts inside Iran. They are united in an organization called "Melliun" [26] (except the Pan-Iranist Party). They have the particularity of being the only opposition parties to be openly present in Iran :

• National Front of Iran led by Adib Boroumand (based in Iran)

http://www.jminews.com or http://www.jebhemelli.net/ The National Front of Iran (Jebhe Melli) is a Democratic political opposition group founded by Mohammad Mossadegh and other secular Iranian leaders of Nationalist, Liberal, and Social-Democratic political orientation who had been educated in France in the late 1940s. ...

• Iran Party led by Nezamoddin Movahed. (a social democratic party)

http://www.melliun.org/hezbeir02.htm

• Iran Nation Party led by Khosrow Seif.

http://www.melliun.org/hezbemel02.htm or https://hezbemellateiran.com/ Hezb-e Mellat-e Iran (Persian حزب ملت ایران, properly transliterated as Party of the Iranian Nation) also known as Nation Party of Iran or Iran Nation Party (INP) is a liberal nationalist political party seeking secular democracy and separation of church and state in Iran. ...

• National Movement of Iranian Resistance led by Ali Shahandeh. Used to be very active before the assassination of Shahpour Bakhtiar and his Secretary Soroush Katibeh.

http://www.melliun.org/nehzatm.htm or http://www.namir.info/ The National Movement of Iranian Resistance (NAMIR) was founded in the early 1980s by Dr. Shapour Bakhtiar, the last prime minister of Iran under the Monarchy, before it was destroyed in the Feb. ...

• Pan-Iranist Party led by Mohsen Pezeshkpour.

http://www.paniranist.org/ or http://www.paniranism.org/ or http://www.paniranist.com/ This article or section is incomplete and may require expansion and/or cleanup. ...

The Liberal-Democrats

Only the Constitutionalist Party of Iran is active. The majority of the Liberal-Democrats favor a constitutionnal monarchy in Iran.

• Constitutionalist Party of Iran (CPI) : the main Monarchist Party led by Daryoush Homayoun.

http://irancpi.net/ It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Constitutionalist Party of Iran. ... Daryoush Homayoun is an Iranian journalist, author, intellectual, and politician. ...

• Marze Por Gohar Party led by Roozbeh Farahanipoor.

http://www.marzeporgohar.org The Marze Por Gohar Party is an Iranian political party Their motto is Iranians for a secular republic The party was founded on July 8th, 1998 in Tehran, Iran. ...

• Liberal Democratic Party of Iran

http://www.iranliberal.com/

• Azadegan led by Assad Homayoun.

http://www.azadeganiran.com/ Azadegan is the largest onshore oil field in Iran. ...

• the Democratic Front of Iran led by Heshmatollah Tabarzadi.

http://www.idfravabet.blogfa.com/

• Democrat Party of Iran led by Kaveh Shirzad.

http://www.irandp.org

• Constitutional Movement of Iran-Front Line led by Mehrdad Khonsari.

http://www.cmi-fl.com/

• Flag of Freedom Organization of Iran led by Manouchehr Ganji. Known in his Persian name : Derafshe Kaviyani.

http://www.derafsh.org/ Manouchehr Ganji is head of the Iranian monarchist opposition group Derafshe Kaviani (flag of freedom). ...

• Iranian Motherland Party led by Amir Sepehr.

http://www.hezbemihan.org/

The Ethnicalists

The DPIK and Komala are considered alive. Some of these ethnical parties formed an union called "Congress of Iranian Nationalities" : http://www.iranfederal.org/

Kurds

• Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan led by Mustafa Hejri.

http://www.kurdistanmedia.com/ or http://www.pdki.org/ (english) The Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran is a Kurdish opposition group in Iranian Kurdistan which seeks the attainment of Kurdish national rights within a democratic federal republic of Iran. ...

• Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (Ararat), a separated fraction of the DPIK created in December 2006. Led by Abdollah Hassanzadeh

http://pdka.blogfa.com/

• Kurdistan Democratic Party-Iran

http://kurdistanukurd.com/

• Komala, a separated fraction of Komalah, is led by Abdollah Mohtadi.

http://www.komala.org

• Pejak, a group linked to the PKK.

http://www.pjak.com/ Flag of PJAK PJAK, or Partiya Jiyana Azad a Kurdistanê (meaning: Party of Free Life of Kurdistan) is an Iranian Kurdish nationalist militant organisation. ... The Congress for Freedom and Democracy in Kurdistan (Kadek), formerly known as the Kurdistan Workers Party (Kurdish: Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan, PKK ) was one of several militant groups fighting for the creation of an independent Kurdish state in southern Turkey, northern Iraq, Northern Syria and western Iran. ...

• Organization of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle

http://www.sazmanikhabat.com/

• The Revolutionary Khabat Organization of Iranian Kurdistan

http://www.khabat.org/

• Kurdistan Freedom Party

http://www.pazadik.com/

Baluchs

• Balochistan United Front of Iran led by Abdolsattar Doshooki.

http://www.balochfront.com/

• Balochistan United Front (Federal Republican)

http://www.balochunitedfront.org/

• Baluchistan National Movement-Iran

http://www.zrombesh.org/

• Balochistan People's Party

http://www.ostomaan.org/

Azeris

• Southern Azerbaijan National Awakening Movement (GAMOH) is led by Dr. Mahmut Ali Çöhreganlı

http://www.gamoh.org The Southern Azerbaijan National Awakening Movement (SANAM) (Azerbaijani: ) (GAMOH) is a Baku-based[1] nationalist political group that advocates the separation of Iranian Azerbaijan from Iran and claims to represent the interests of Irans estimated 12 to 23. ... Mahmudali Chehregani (also known as Mahmudali Chohraganli) is an Azeri born in Shabistar, Iran, in 1958 and is the founder (1995) and leader of the Southern Azerbaijan National Awakening Movement (SANAM or GAMOH), a nationalist political group that claims to represent the interests of Irans estimated 12 to 23. ...

• Federal-Democratic Movement of Azerbaijan

http://www.achiq.org/

• Democratic Party of Azerbaijan

http://www.adf-mk.org/

• Azerbaijan Cultural Society

http://www.tribun.com/

Arabs

For more informations about these parties : [27]

• Democratic Solidarity Party of Ahwaz

http://alahwaz.info

• Ahwazian Arab people’s Democratic, Popular Front

http://www.alahwaz.com

• Ahwazi Renaissance Party

http://www.al-mohamra.nu/

• Ahwaz Liberation Organisation

http://www.alahwaz-revolutionary-council.org/

Turkmens

• Organization for Defence of the Rights of Turkmen People

http://www.turkmensahra.org/

Lurs & Bakhtiaris

• Party of United Lurestan and Bakhtiari

http://www.bakhtiar.de/1628235.htm

Most visited political parties' websites

According to Alexa Internet, only 10 of these exiled parties are among the top 10,000 most visited Internet sites inside Iran. None of these parties are among the top 1000 which indicates the low level of their supporters and the difficulties in Iran to read them since all are censored inside Iran (but there are ways to circumvent the censorship). Alexa Internet, Inc. ...

Numbers from mid-April 2007 :

References

External links

• (Persian) Khane Ahzab Iran (House of Iran's political parties)

See also

• Index of political parties to browse parties by name
• List of political parties to browse parties by country
• List of political parties by ideology to browse parties by name
• Membership of internationals to browse parties by membership of internationals
• Politics of Iran
• Liberalism in Iran

v • d • e Political parties in Iran
Conservatives	Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran (Islamic Society of Engineers - Combatant Clergy Association - Islamic Coalition Party - Association of Islamic Revolution Loyalists - Moderation and Development Party - Coalition of Iran's Independent Volunteers - Iranian Nation's Welfare Party) - Fundamentalist groups
Reformists	Iranian Reform Movement/2nd of Khordad Movement (Association of Combatant Clerics - Islamic Iran Participation Front - National Confidence Party - Executives of Construction Party - Society of Forces Following the Line of the Imam - Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization - Islamic Labour Party - Workers' House - Iran Solidarity Party - Youth Party of Iran - Liberation Movement of Iran - National Religious Forces)
Major exile parties	People's Mujahedin of Iran - Constitutionalist Party of Iran - Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian (Majority) - National Front - Party of the Iranian Nation
Portal:Politics - List of political parties - Politics of Iran