Republic of Macedonia

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of the Republic of Macedonia Anthem: Transliteration: English: Capital (and largest city) Skopje Macedonian, Albanian1 Government Parliamentary republic  - President Branko Crvenkovski  - Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski Independence from Yugoslavia   - Declared September 8, 1991  Area  - Total 25,333 km² (148th) 9,779 sq mi   - Water (%) 1. ... Image File history File links Grb. ... Politics of the Republic of Macedonia: From the CIA World Factbook 2000/2001, partially updated Country name: conventional long form: The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia conventional short form: none local long form: Republika Makedonija local short form: Makedonija abbreviation: F.Y.R.O.M. Data code: MK Government type...

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The existence and distinctiveness of the Macedonian language is disputed among the politicians, linguists and common people from Macedonia and neighboring countries. Macedonian dialects are indeed a part of dialectal continuum which stretches from Croatian, Bosnian and Serbian Shtokavian dialect through Torlakian on the northwest, to western and eastern Bulgarian dialects on the East, and the Macedonian language, like Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian, is a standardized form of (some of) these dialects. The Macedonian Presidency began after the Macedonian declaration of independence on September 18, 1991, and its first president was Kiro Gligorov, the oldest president in the world up until his resignation as president in 1999. ... Missing image Image:.jpg Branko Crvenkovski in Macedonian Бранко Црвенковски is the President of the Republic of Macedonia. ... List of Prime Ministers of the Republic of Macedonia See also President of the Republic of Macedonia Categories: | ... Nikola Gruevski was the Minister of Finance in the VMRO-DPMNE government led by Ljubco Georgievski until September 2002. ... The Parliament of the Macedonia, the Assembly (Sobranie), has 120 members, elected for a four year term, by proportional representation. ... Political parties in the Republic of Macedonia¤ lists political parties in the Republic of Macedonia. ... Elections in the Republic of Macedonia gives information on election and election results in the Republic of Macedonia. ... Presidential elections were held in the Republic of Macedonia in two phases during April 2004. ... The parliamentary election, 2006 in the Republic of Macedonia was held on 5 July 2006. ... The municipalities of the Republic of Macedonia are first-order administrative divisions. ... The Republic of Macedonia is a signatory to the European Convention on Human Rights and the U.N. Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and Convention against Torture, and the Macedonian Constitution guarantees basic human rights to all Macedonian citizens. ... // The Republic of Macedonia became a member state of the United Nations on April 8, 1993, eighteen months after its independence from the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. ... Official logo of the process for European integration of Republic of Macedonia The membership of the Republic of Macedonia in the European Union is the highest strategic interest and priority for the Republic of Macedonia (officially and unofficially referred to by the European Union as the former Yugoslav Republic of... // The Republic of Macedonia became a member state of the United Nations on April 8, 1993, eighteen months after its independence from the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... The Macedonian language (Македонски, Makedonski), or Slav-Macedonian , , , , , is a language in the Eastern group of South Slavic languages and is the official language of the Republic of Macedonia. ... This article is about alternative names for the Macedonian language, for information on the language of antiquity, please see Ancient Macedonian language. ... The Macedonian standard language can be said to have been born in August 1944, when a provisional government run by the Anti-Fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia (ASNOM) declared the Macedonian republic. ... The Macedonian alphabet, as any Slavic Cyrillic alphabet, is ultimately based on the Cyrillic alphabet of Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius; it is an adaptation of Vuk Karadžićs phonetic alphabet, which is the official alphabet of Serbian language. ... The Macedonian language (Македонски, Makedonski), or Slav-Macedonian , , , , , is a language in the Eastern group of South Slavic languages and is the official language of the Republic of Macedonia. ... A dialect continuum is a range of dialects spoken across a large geographical area, differing only slightly between areas that are geographically close, and gradually decreasing in mutual intelligibility as the distances become greater. ... Motto: none Anthem: Bože pravde (English: God of Justice) Capital (and largest city) Belgrade Serbian, cyrillic script1 Government Republic  - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica  - President Boris Tadić Establishment    - Formation 814   - First Serbian Uprising 1804   - Internationally recognized July 13, 1878   - Kingdom of SCS created December 1, 1918   - SCG dissolved June... Shtokavian (Å tokavian, Å¡tokavski/штокавски) is the primary dialect of the Central South Slavic languages system, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian language. ... Geographical distribution of Torlakian dialect (exception of Bulgaria) Torlakian is the name used for the dialects spoken in Southern and Eastern Serbia (Serbia and Montenegro), Northwest Republic of Macedonia (Kratovo-Kumanovo) and Northwest Bulgaria (Vidin-Bregovo). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ...

Macedonian view

According to the Macedonian view, now prevalent and official in the books in Republic of Macedonia, Macedonian was the first official language of the Slavs, thanks to the St. Cyril and St. Methodius's introduction of Slavic literacy language through the Glagolitic script, that was based on Southern Macedonian dialect from the neighbourhood of Thessaloniki, the home of the two saints.^[1] Later on, Macedonia fell under the rule of Bulgarians, and the Byzantines regarded all Slavic Macedonians as Bulgarians. Samuil's realm in the early Middle Ages was the first Macedonian Slavic state.^{[citation needed]} See Saint Cyril (disambiguation) for other persons with this name. ... Saint Methodius was a bishop of Great Moravia (Moravia) (born Thessaloniki, Greece, 826; he died in the (unknown) capital of Great Moravia, April 6, 885). ... Church Slavonic may refer to: Old Church Slavonic language Church Slavonic language This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Tablet inscribed with the Glagolitic alphabet The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavonic alphabet. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... What Up. ... Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria (c. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ...

During the Serbian Empire, the Macedonians embraced the Slavic rule and did not oppose the fact that they were called Serbs, and even started using the name "Serb" among themselves. The Serbian aristocracy was given land in Macedonia, so even the greatest Serbian epic hero, Prince Marko (in Serbian: Kraljević Marko, in Macedonian: Krale Marko), became king of an independent Macedonia, known as Krale Marko, the greatest epic hero of Macedonians, too. The Turkish rule led to the ban and later dropping of the Serbian name, so the Macedonians once again started to call themselves "Christians" ("Risjani") or "Macedonian Slavs". The Ohrid Archbishops, controlled by the Phanariotic Greek movement, put much efforts to hellenize all the Macedonian Slavs, which almost completely succeeded in Aegean Macedonia, where the assimilated Slavs after 1912 became fierce Greek nationalists. The assimilation of Macedonians was almost finished in Bulgaria, and the Greek government expelled hundreds of thousands of Slavs from Macedonia, who settled finally in Vardar Macedonia under Yugoslav control, where in 1945, the local language became official, according to the decision made in 1944. Approximately 1/3 of the present inhabitants of Macedonia are the descendents of the Aegean Macedonian refugees. ^[2] The formation of the Bulgarian Exarchate in 1870 spread the Bulgarian propaganda in Eastern Serbia and the whole of Macedonia, and the Bulgarian schools and libraries ("chitalishtes") were open all across Macedonia, forcing the idea of Bulgarian ethnicity of Macedonians and Eastern Serbians. Before the Balkan wars, the situation changed, and Serbian, Greek and Bulgarian propaganda started to prepare the Macedonians to the Partition of Macedonia in 1912-13. After that, thousands of Macedonians fled from Greece to Serbia and Bulgaria, in an attempt not to be hellenized. The assimilation of Macedonians was almost finished in Bulgaria, and the Greek government expelled hundreds of thousands of Slavs from Macedonia, who settled finally in Vardar Macedonia under Yugoslav control, where in 1945, the local language became official, according to the decision made in 1944. Approximately 1/3 of the present inhabitants of Macedonia are the descendents of the Aegean Macedonian refugees. ^[3] Contemporary frescoe of Marko, Markos monastery, Skopje, Macedonia, 14th century Coin minted by Marko, Belgrade museum of applied arts This article is about the epic Serbian prince. ... City motto : Coordinates Municipality : Ohrid municipality Elevation 695 m Population 55 749 Time zone  - Standard  - Summer (DST) CET (UTC+1) CEST (UTC+2) Founded Area code +389 046 Postal code 6000 Car plates OH Official Website www. ... Phanariotes or Phanariot Greeks (Greek: Φαναριώτες, Romanian: FanarioÅ£i) - were the members of those principal Greek families who resided in Phanar (Fener in Turkish, from the Greek word Φανάρι, Phanari - Lighthouse), the chief Greek quarter of Istanbul - where the ecumenical patriarchate is situated. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Bulgarian Exarchate was an independent Bulgarian ecclesiastical organisation established on February 28, 1870 by decree of Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz of the Ottoman Empire. ... The outcome as of April 1913 Boundaries on the Balkans after the First and the Second Balkan War (1912-1913) Distribution of races in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor in 1923, Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, New York (The map does not reflect the results of the 1923... Macedonia is a geographical and historical region of the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe whose area was re-defined in the early 20th century. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ...

The Macedonian point of view also emphasises that assimilated Macedonians live in Pirin Macedonia (Bulgaria) and Aegean Macedonia (Greece) where they have no rights to use their own language. Also, some of the Macedonian nationalists think that the inhabitants of Gora and Kačanik (Serbian province of Kosovo and Metohija) and Vranje (Central Serbia) should be called Macedonians too. The everyday Macedonian life is full of reminiscences to the painful partition of Macedonia in 1912, and a big portion of the population frequently keeps repeating that "Macedonians are Slavs, and Bulgarians are Tataro-Asiatic by origin, so that they have no ethnic connections", which is not entirely correct, having in mind that the relatively small number of Proto-Bulgarians had been assimilated by more numerous Slavs. Gora Rabindranath Tagores best acclaimed novel. ... Kaçanik is known as an administrative town by the end of XVI century, and up to year 1891 it was a part of Sanxhak of Shkupi known as Nahije, which again belonged to the Vilajet of Kosova. ... For other uses of the name Kosovo, see Kosovo (disambiguation). ... Vranje (Врање) is a city located in Serbia and Montenegro at 42. ...

Bulgarian view

Main article: Bulgarian views on the Macedonian language

Although Bulgaria was the first country to recognize the independence of the Republic of Macedonia, it has refused to recognize the existence of a separate Macedonian nation and a separate Macedonian language. This view is shared by most Bulgarian academics and by the majority of the Bulgarian public ^[4]. More particularly, official Bulgaria holds the view that Macedonian is one of three “norms” of the language, the other two being standard Bulgarian and the language of the Banat Bulgarians. // Official Bulgaria holds the view that Macedonian is one of three “norms” of the Bulgarian language, the other two being standard Bulgarian and the language of the Banat Bulgarians. ... The Banat Bulgarians (Bulgarian: банатски българи, banatski balgari, calling themselves palkene or palchene) are a Bulgarian minority group living mostly in the Romanian part of the historical region of the Banat. ...

According to the Bulgarian view, the dialects spoken in Macedonia (along with those in northern Greece and parts of Albania and Serbia) are Bulgarian. The shared features of these dialects are cited as proof of that.^[5] Bulgarian scholars also claim that the overwhelming majority of the Macedonian population had no conscience of a Macedonian language separate from Bulgarian before 1945. They cite the early references to the language as "bugarski" or "bogarski" as proof of that claim.^[6] (Please see the main article for facsimiles of those early texts.) From that, the conclusion is drawn that modern standard Macedonian is not a language separate from Bulgarian either but just another written "norm" based on a set of Bulgarian dialects. See dialect and dialect continuum to assess the validity of these arguments. Bulgarian linguists, as well as Otto Kronsteiner, an Austrian linguist and reportedly "the last supporter of the idea that the Macedonian language is Bulgarian" (see here), claim that the Macedonian linguists who codified the new language did everything possible to create differences from literary Bulgarian and bring it closer to Serbian. ^[7][8]. They are also said to have resorted to falsifications and deliberate misinterpretations of history and documents in order to further the opinion that there was a consciousness of a separate Macedonian ethnicity before 1934.^[9] // Official Bulgaria holds the view that Macedonian is one of three “norms” of the Bulgarian language, the other two being standard Bulgarian and the language of the Banat Bulgarians. ... A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος, dialektos) is a variety of a language used by people from a particular geographic area. ... A dialect continuum is a range of dialects spoken across a large geographical area, differing only slightly between areas that are geographically close, and gradually decreasing in mutual intelligibility as the distances become greater. ...

Serbian view

A map of Balkan dialects published in 1914 by Serbian philologist, Aleksandar Belić.

The Serbian view on the Macedonian language changed over time, according to political climate. In the past, it was essentially the same as the Bulgarian view, just with the terms "Bulgarian" and "Serbian" interchanged. However, with the recognition of Macedonian nation and the breakup of Yugoslavia, the majority of Serbs accepted Macedonian language and national identity as separate from Serbian, and two peoples maintain generally good relations (with the exception of church conflict). There's a region in northern Banat called Banatska Crna Gora, that was inhabited exclusively by the Macedonians from Skopska Crna Gora. Austrian Emperor Leopold even proclaimed Jovan Monastirlija from Bitola (then Monastir) a vojvoda (duke) of the Serbian nation in Austria in 1691: "1667 Emperor Leopold gave some privileges to the Greeks (Graeci) and Serbs (Rasciani) who emigrated toward Northern Hungary and most of them arrived from Macedonia (Praesertim autem ex Macedonia adventum)."^[10] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1037x1449, 248 KB) Summary Courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1037x1449, 248 KB) Summary Courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin. ... ... 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Philology is the study of ancient texts and languages. ... Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in South Slavic languages, Југославија (Serbian, Macedonian Cyrillic): Land of the South Slavs) describes three separate political entities that existed on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe during most of the 20th century. ... 1The MOC claims continuity with historical Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid, an autonomous Eastern Orthodox Church under the tutelage of the Patriarch of Constantinople, which existed between 1019 and 1767, but the claims are not recognized by other Orthodox churches. ... Banat (Romanian: Banat; Serbian: Банат or Banat; German: Banat; Hungarian: Bánát or Bánság; Slovak: Banát) is a geographical and historical region in Southeastern Europe divided among three countries: the eastern part belongs to Romania (the counties of TimiÅŸ, CaraÅŸ-Severin, Arad, and MehedinÅ£i), the western... City motto : Битола, бабам Битола (Bitola, babam Bitola) Coordinates Municipality : Bitola municipality Elevation 576 m Population 95 385 Time zone  - Standard  - Summer (DST) CET (UTC+1) CEST (UTC+2) Founded Area code +389 047 Postal code 7000 Car plates BT Official Website www. ...

A considerable number of linguists see the Macedonian language as a continuation of Timok-Prizren Serbian dialects (Torlakian dialect) which stretch from the Romanian-Serbian border to the Albanian-Serbian border. By a nationalist extension to this point of view, Macedonian is the southernmost dialect of Serbian. It is indeed very similar to the Serbian dialects of Kosovo and Metohija, Niš, Vranje or Leskovac, and those dialects share the basic features with Macedonian – the lack of cases, the same vocal system, and are mutually comprehensible. The general point of view in Serbia found among the common people is that "Macedonian is merely Serbian with no cases used" (although the majority recognizes the Macedonian separate identity, which is an apparent paradox), and the expression is used sometimes as a joke (as a "quick model" for learning Macedonian"), and sometimes as a factoid. Again, the validity of this argument is crucially dependent on the very definition of dialect as opposed to standard language. Geographical distribution of Torlakian dialect (exception of Bulgaria) Torlakian is the name used for the dialects spoken in Southern and Eastern Serbia (Serbia and Montenegro), Northwest Republic of Macedonia (Kratovo-Kumanovo) and Northwest Bulgaria (Vidin-Bregovo). ... For other uses of the name Kosovo, see Kosovo (disambiguation). ... NiÅ¡ or Nish (Serbian: Ниш / NiÅ¡, Latin: Naissus, Greek: Naissos) is a city in Serbia situated at 43. ... Vranje (Врање) is a city located in Serbia and Montenegro at 42. ... Leskovac (Лесковац) is a city located in Serbia and Montenegro at 43. ... In linguistics, declension is a feature of inflected languages: generally, the alteration of a noun to indicate its grammatical role. ... Factoid can refer to a spurious (unverified, incorrect or invented) fact intended to create or prolong public exposure or to manipulate public opinion. ... A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος, dialektos) is a variety of a language used by people from a particular geographic area. ...

To the Bulgarian argument of half a million refugees from Macedonia easily incorporated into Bulgaria, the Serbs usually say that the Great Migration of Serbs from 1690 (led by Patriarch Arsenije Čarnojević) from Kosovo and Macedonia to present-day Vojvodina was in fact the migration of (mostly) Macedonians, who with no effort have been incorporated into the Serbian nation. The number of Serbs in Vojvodina and Northern Serbia (Belgrade, Smederevo, Šabac and Šumadija regions) with Macedonian lineage is, according to the Serbian Orthodox Church birth notes from the 17th century, about 50%. For other uses of the name Kosovo, see Kosovo (disambiguation). ... Republic of Serbia   â€“Vojvodina   â€“Kosovo (UN admin. ... Belgrade (Serbian: Београд or Beograd  ) is the capital and largest city of Serbia. ... Location in Serbia-Montenegro [[Image:|150px|center|Map of Serbia-Montenegro highlighting the settlement location]] General Information Mayor SaÅ¡a Radosavljević Land area  ? Population (2002 census) 77,808 (109,809 municipality) Population density (2002)  ? Coordinates [1] Area code +381 26 Subdivisions 27 settlements in the municipality License plate code SD... See also: Sabac (disambiguation) Å abac (Шабац) is a city located in Serbia at 44. ... Å umadija District in Central Serbia proposed Å umadija Region Kalenić village in Å umadija Å umadija is a geographical region in Central Serbia, Serbia and Montenegro. ...

Greek view

From the Greek point of view, there can be only one meaning for the term Macedonia, and that is in reference to Ancient Macedonia and the Macedonia in Greece.^[11] It follows that this denial extends to the use of Macedonian in talking about the Macedonian language. ^[12] Macedons regions and towns Macedon or Macedonia (from Greek ; see also List of traditional Greek place names) was the name of an ancient kingdom in the northern-most part of ancient Greece, bordering the kingdom of Epirus on the west and the region of Thrace to the east[1... The Macedonian language (Македонски, Makedonski), or Slav-Macedonian , , , , , is a language in the Eastern group of South Slavic languages and is the official language of the Republic of Macedonia. ...

Books have been published in Greece which purport to expose the "artificial character" ^[13] of the Macedonian language. Certain Greeks believe that the language which is sometimes referred to as Macedonian spoken in Northern Greece (see Slavic language (Greece)) is a mixture of Slavic and Greek [14]. Slavic (Greek: Σλάβικα Slávika, reported self-identifying names: makedonski, bugarski, balgarski [1]) is the term sometimes used to designate the dialects spoken by the Slavophone (i. ...

References

1. ↑  Encyclopædia Britannica - Old Church Slavonic language
2. ↑  Mahon, M. (1998) "The Macedonian question in Bulgaria" in Nations and Nationalism. Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 389-407.
3. ↑  "Единството на българския език в миналото и днес", Български език, XXVIII, 1978.
4. ↑  Струкова, К. П. Общественно-политическое развитие Македонии в 50-70-е гг XIX века, Российская Акедемия наук, Москва 2004, стр. 85-136. ISBN 5-7576-0163-9
5. ↑  Otto Kronsteiner, The Fathering of the Macedonian Literary Language
6. ↑  Ив. Кочев и Ив. Александров, ДОКУМЕНТИ ЗА СЪЧИНЯВАНЕТО НА МАКЕДОНСКИЯ КНИЖОВЕН ЕЗИК (Bulgarian)
7. ↑  Коста Църнушанов, Македонизмът и съпротивата на Македония срещу него, Унив. изд. "Св. Климент Охридски", София, 1992
8. ↑  Vitković,G. "Glasnik Srpskog učenog društva" (Serbian Academy Herald"),67,1887, pp.128; pp.131
9. ↑  Danforth, L. (1997) The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World (Princeton : Princeton University Press) ISBN 0-691-04356-6
10. ↑  Floudas, D. Pardon? A Conflict for a Name? FYROM'S Dispute With Greece Revisited (available online here)
11. ↑  Roudometof, V. (1996) "Nationalism and Identity Politics in the Balkans: Greece and the Macedonian Question" in Journal of Modern Greek Studies Vol. 14, pp. 253-302.

External links

• Otto Kronsteiner, The Fathering of the Macedonian Literary Language
• James F. Clarke, Macedonia from S. S. Cyril and Methodius to Horace Lunt and Blazhe Koneski: Language and Nationality
• Коста Църнушанов, "Сърбизиране на македонския казионен "литeратурен език"" (част I) (Bulgarian)
• Коста Църнушанов, "Сърбизиране на македонския казионен "литeратурен език"" (част II) (Bulgarian)
• Ив. Кочев и Ив. Александров, ДОКУМЕНТИ ЗА СЪЧИНЯВАНЕТО НА МАКЕДОНСКИЯ КНИЖОВЕН ЕЗИК (Bulgarian)
• И. И. Калиганов, "Размышления о македонском "срезе" палеоболгаристики" (Russian)
• А.М.Селищев, "Македонские говоры"(Russian)
• Любомир Андрейчин, Из историята на нашето езиково строителство (Bulgarian)
• Стојан Киселиновски "Кодификација на македонскиот литературен јазик", Дневник, 1339, сабота, 18 март 2006. (Macedonian)