Afghanistan

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Afghanistan Image File history File links Coat_of_arms_of_Afghanistan. ...

Constitution (loya jirga) President Hamid Karzai Vice President Cabinet of Ministers National Assembly House of Elders House of the People Elections Political Parties Provinces (Velayat) Governors Supreme Court Chief Justice Human rights Foreign relations

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In recent years the politics of Afghanistan have been dominated by the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan by the United States and the subsequent efforts to stabilise and democratise the country. As of 2006 the system of government in Afghanistan is in transition. A new constitution has been adopted, and an executive president democratically elected, and parliamentary elections took place in September 2005. The current president Hamid Karzai became the first ever democratically elected head of state in Afghanistan in late 2004. He now has begun the process of reconstruction. Still, the country lacks a legislature. Elections for this branch of government were supposed to have finished by mid 2005. The members of the Supreme Court were appointed recently by the president to form the judiciary. Together, this new system will provide a new set of checks and balances that was unheard of in the country. Also, the system is quite new, implementation of which began only 2004, just after decades of war between different factions and warlords. The remnants of the warlords are almost non-existent. Afghanistan political development may be, arguably, the fastest in recent history. The United Nations and other governments and organizations play a vital role rebuilding this new democracy's political environment. Loya Jirga (June 13, 2002) Loya jirga, occasionally loya jirgah, is a large meeting held in Afghanistan, originally attended by Pashtun groups but later including other ethnic groups. ... The President of Afghanistan is Afghanistans head of state, head of government, and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. ... Hamid Karzai (Pashto: حامد کرزي, Persian: حامد کرزی) (b. ... The Cabinet of Ministers of Afghanistan is made of the heads of all the government ministries. ... The National Assembly is Afghanistans national legislature. ... The House of Elders, also natively known as the Meshrano Jirga is the upper house of the bicameral National Assembly of Afghanistan, alongside the Wolesi Jirga (peoples assembly or lower house, the main legislature). ... The House of the People, also known natively as the Wolesi Jirga (from Pashto ulus = tribe and jirga = tent) is the lower house of the bicameral National Assembly of Afghanistan, alongside the House of Elders. ... This article gives information on election and election results in Afghanistan. ... This article lists political parties in Afghanistan. ... Afghanistan consists of 34 provinces, or velayat: Badakhshan Badghis Baghlan Balkh Bamiyan Daikondi - established March 28, 2004 Farah Faryab Ghazni Ghowr Helmand Herat Jowzjan Kabul Kandahar Kapisa Khost Konar Kondoz Laghman Lowgar Nangarhar Nimruz Nurestan Oruzgan Paktia Paktika Panjshir - established April 13, 2004 Parvan Samangan Sar-e Pol Takhar Vardak... This is a table of the current governors of Afghanistan. ... The Afghan Supreme Court (Stera Mahkama) is the court of last resort in Afghanistan. ... Chief Justice of Afghanistan is the head of the Afghan Supreme Court. ... Human Rights in Afghanistan The Bonn Agreement of 2001 established the Independent Afghan Human Rights Commission to investigate human rights abuses and war crimes. ... The foreign relations of Afghanistan, like those of any country, have changed along with the political, sociological, and economic state of the various parts of Afghanistan. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... (Redirected from 2001 invasion of Afghanistan) The United States, with support from the United Kingdom, Australia and the Northern Alliance, Afghanistan in October 2001 as part of its War on Terrorism campaign. ... Democracy (literally rule by the people, from the Greek δημοκρατία-demokratia demos, people, and kratos, rule) is a form of government in which all the citizens contribute to the decision making process. ... 2006 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... States currently utilizing parliamentary systems are denoted in red and orange—the former being constitutional monarchies where authority is vested in a parliament, and the latter being parliamentary republics whose parliaments are effectively supreme over a separate head of state. ... An election is a decision making process where people choose people to hold official offices. ... Hamid Karzai (Pashto: حامد کرزي, Persian: حامد کرزی) (b. ... Queen Elizabeth II, is the Head of State of 16 countries including: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Jamaica, New Zealand and the Bahamas, as well as crown colonies and overseas territories of the United Kingdom. ... A legislature is a type of representative deliberative assembly with the power to adopt laws. ... The Afghan Supreme Court (Stera Mahkama) is the court of last resort in Afghanistan. ... The President of Afghanistan is Afghanistans head of state, head of government, and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. ... In law, the judiciary or judicature is the system of courts which administer justice in the name of the sovereign or state, and provide a mechanism for the resolution of disputes. ... The doctrine and practice of dispersing political power and creating mutual accountability between political entities such as the courts, the president or prime minister, the legislature, and the citizens. ... The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity. ...

Background

Politics in Afghanistan has historically consisted of power struggles, bloody coups and unstable transfers of power. With the exception of a military junta, the country has been governed by nearly every system of government over the past century, including a monarchy, republic, theocracy and communist state. The constitution ratified by the 2003 Loya jirga restructured the government as an Islamic republic consisting of three branches of power (executive, legislative, and judiciary) overseen by checks and balances. A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ... Augusto Pinochet (sitting) was an army general who led a military coup in Chile in 1973. ... Places where monarchies maintain rule appear in blue. ... In a broad definition, a republic is a state or country that is led by people whose political power is based on principles that are not beyond the control of the people of that state or country. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article is about a form of government in which the state operates under the control of a Communist Party. ... A 502-delegate loya jirga convened in Kabul, Afghanistan, on December 14, 2003, to consider the proposed Afghan Constitution. ... An Islamic republic in its modern context has come to mean several different things, some contradictory to others. ... A legislature is a governmental deliberative body with the power to adopt laws. ... In law, the judiciary or judicature is the system of courts which administer justice in the name of the sovereign or state, and provide a mechanism for the resolution of disputes. ...

Afghanistan is currently led by President Hamid Karzai, who was elected in October 2004. Before the election, Karzai led the country after being chosen by delegates of the Bonn Conference in 2001 to head an interim government after the fall of the Taliban. While supporters have praised Karzai's efforts to promote national reconciliation and a growing economy, critics charge him with failing to reign in the country's warlords, inability to stem corruption and the growing drug trade, and the slow pace of reconstruction. Hamid Karzai (Pashto: حامد کرزي, Persian: حامد کرزی) (b. ...

The current parliament was elected in 2005. Among the elected officials were former mujahadeen, Taliban fighters, communists, reformists, and Islamic fundamentalists. Surprisingly, 28% of the delegates elected were women, 3% more than the 25% minimum guaranteed under the constitution. Ironically, this made Afghanistan, long known under the Taliban for its oppression of women, one of the leading countries in terms of female representation. The National Assembly is Afghanistans national legislature. ... Reformism (also called revisionism or revisionist theory) is the belief that gradual changes in a society can ultimately change its fundamental structures. ... The phrase Islamic fundamentalism is primarily used in the West to describe Islamist groups. ...

The Supreme Court of Afghanistan is currently led by Chief Justice Faisal Ahmad Shinwari. Dominated by fundamentalist religious figures, the court has issued numerous questionable rulings, such as banning cable television, seeking to ban a candidate in the 2004 presidential election for questioning polygamy laws, and limiting the rights of women, as well as overstepping its constitutional authority by issuing rulings on subjects not yet brought before the court. Though many believed that Karzai would make reforming the Supreme Court a priority of his administration, as of 2006 he has yet to do so. The Afghan Supreme Court (Stera Mahkama) is the court of last resort in Afghanistan. ... Faisal Ahmad Shinwari is the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Afghanistan. ... Coaxial cable is often used to transmit cable television into the house. ... The term polygamy (literally many marriages in late Greek) is used in related ways in social anthropology and sociobiology and sociology. ...

See also: Constitution of Afghanistan

The Constitution of afghanistan became the official law of Afghanistan when the 2003 Loya jirga approved it by the consensus on January 4, 2004. ...

The Former Taliban Regime

On September 27, 1996, the ruling members of the Afghan Government were displaced by members of the Islamic Taliban movement. The Taliban declared themselves the legitimate government of Afghanistan; however, the UN continued to recognize the government of Burhanuddin Rabbani. September 27 is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... Flag flown by the Taliban. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

The Organization of the Islamic Conference left the Afghan seat vacant until the question of legitimacy could be resolved through negotiations among the warring factions.

By the time of the U.S.-led invasion of Afghanistan after the September 11 terrorist attacks only Pakistan recognized the Taliban government, though Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates had in the past. The World Trade Center on fire The September 11, 2001 attacks were a series of coordinated terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001. ...

The Taliban occupied 95% of the territory, called the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. The remaining 5% belonged to the rebel forces constituting the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, which the United Nations had recognized as the official government in exile. Flag flown by the Taliban. ... The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was the name given the nation of Afghanistan by the Taliban during their rule, from 1996 to 2001. ... Afghanistan (Pashtu/Dari-Persian: Afğānistān افغانستان) is a country in Central Asia. ... The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity. ...

U.S.-led Invasion

After the Taliban's refusal to hand over Osama bin Laden to the US for his suspected involvement in the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the US, a US-led international coalition was formed; after several weeks of aerial bombardment by coalition forces and military action on the ground, including Afghan opposition forces, the Taliban was officially ousted from power on 17 November 2001. Osama bin Muhammad bin Awad bin Laden (Arabic: ‎; born March 10, 1957 [1]), most commonly known as Osama bin Laden is a militant Islamist and one of the founders of al-Qaeda. ... September 11 is the 254th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (255th in leap years). ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... 17 November is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ...

Bonn Agreement

Main article: Bonn Agreement (Afghanistan)

In December 2001, a number of prominent Afghans met under UN auspices in Bonn, Germany, to decide on a plan for governing the country; as a result, the Afghan Interim Authority (AIA) - made up of 30 members, headed by a chairman - was inaugurated on 22 December 2001 with a six-month mandate to be followed by a two-year Transitional Authority (TA), after which elections are to be held. Some provisions in the agreement have expired, due to the creation of the constitution. Still, the agreement paved the way for the creation of a democratic Afghanistan. Officially the Agreement on Provisional Arrangements in Afghanistan Pending the Re-Establishment of Permanent Government Institutions, the Bonn Agreement was the initial series of agreements intended to re-create the State of Afghanistan following the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan in response to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, an... December 22 is the 356th day of the year (357th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ...

Approval by the Loya Jirga

The structure of the Transitional Authority was announced on 10 June 2002, when the Loya jirga (Grand Assembly) convened establishing the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (TISA), which has 18 months to hold a constitutional Loya jirga to adopt a constitution and 24 months to hold nationwide elections. The Loya jirga was replaced by the National Assembly. June 10 is the 161st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (162nd in leap years), with 204 days remaining. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... Loya Jirga (June 13, 2002) Loya jirga, occasionally loya jirgah, is a large meeting held in Afghanistan, originally attended by Pashtun groups but later including other ethnic groups. ... A 502-delegate loya jirga convened in Kabul, Afghanistan, on December 14, 2003, to consider the proposed Afghan Constitution. ...

Recent developments

Section of Afghan Legislative Election Ballot

Under the Bonn Agreement the Afghan Constitution Commission was established to consult with the public and formulate a draft constitution. The meeting of a constitutional loya jirga was held in December 2003, when a new constitution was adopted creating a presidential form of government with a bicameral legislature. Image File history File links Afgan_Ballot. ... Image File history File links Afgan_Ballot. ... Officially the Agreement on Provisional Arrangements in Afghanistan Pending the Re-Establishment of Permanent Government Institutions, the Bonn Agreement was the initial series of agreements intended to re-create the State of Afghanistan following the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan in response to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, an... The Afghan Constitution Commission (or Afghan Constitutional Commission) was established October 5, 2002 as required by the Bonn Agreement, which stipulated that a new Afghan constitution be adopted by a loya jirga. ...

Troops and intelligence agencies from the United States and a number of other countries are present, some to support the government, others assigned to hunt for remnants of the Taliban and al Qaeda. A United Nations military force called the International Security Assistance Force has been operating in Kabul since December 2001. NATO took control of this Force on August 11, 2003. Some of the country remains under the control of warlords. ^[1] An intelligence agency is a governmental organization devoted to gathering of information by means of espionage (spying), communication interception, cryptoanalysis, cooperation with other institutions, and evaluation of public sources. ... Flag flown by the Taliban. ... al-Qaeda or al-Qaida (, translit: ; the Law, the foundation, or the base) is an armed Sunni Islamist organization with the stated objective of eliminating foreign influence in Muslim countries, eradicating those they deem to be infidels, and reestablishing the caliphate. ... The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity. ... one of many ISAFs military bases in Afghanistan. ... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation[1] (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on 4 April 1949. ... August 11 is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

On March 27, 2003, Afghan deputy defense minister and powerful warlord General Abdul Rashid Dostum created an office for the North Zone of Afghanistan and appointed officials to it, defying then-interim president Hamid Karzai's orders that there be no zones in Afghanistan. March 27 is the 86th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (87th in leap years). ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... General Abdul Rashid Dostum (also Abdurrashid Dostum, born 1954) is the Deputy Defense Minister of Afghanistan and an ethnic Uzbek warlord. ... On March 27, 2003, Afghan deputy defense minister general Abdul Rashid Dostum created an office for the North Zone of Afghanistan and appointed officials to it, defying interim president Hamid Karzais orders that there be no zones in Afghanistan. ... Hamid Karzai (Pashto: حامد کرزي, Persian: حامد کرزی) (b. ...

Eurocorps took over the responsibility for the NATO-led ISAF in Kabul August 9, 2004. The badge of the Eurocorps Eurocorps is a force which consists of up to 60,000 soldiers drawn from the armies of Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg and Spain. ... one of many ISAFs military bases in Afghanistan. ... August 9 is the 221st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (222nd in leap years), with 144 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

National elections were held on October 9, 2004. Over 10 million Afghans were registered to vote. Most of the 17 candidates opposing Karzai boycotted the election, charging fraud;^[2] an independent commission found evidence of fraud, but ruled that it did not affect the outcome of the poll. Karzai won 55.4% of the vote.^[3] He was inaugurated as president on December 7. It was the country's first national election since 1969, when parliamentary elections were last held. An election to the office of President of Afghanistan was held on October 9, 2004. ... October 9 is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Look up Boycott in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... December 7 is the 341st day (342nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On September 18, 2005, parliamentary elections were held; the parliament opened on the following December 19. On December 20 Karzai's close ally and president of the first mujahideen government, Sibghatullah Mojadeddi, was picked to head the 102-seat upper house. On December 21, Yunus Qanuni, Afghan opposition leader and Karzai's main opponent was chosen to lead the 249-seat lower house of parliament with 122 votes against 117 for his closest challenger. September 18 is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Afghanistan held parliamentary and provincial council elections on 18 September 2005. ... The House of the People, also known natively as the The Wolesi Jirga is the lower house of the bicameral national assembly of Afghanistan. ... December 19 is the 353rd day of the year (354th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Mujahideen (Arabic: ‎, , strugglers) is an Islamic term for Muslim holy-warriors. ... Sibghatullah Al-Mojaddedi ( 1926 - ). He served as the first President of the Islamic State of Afghanistan after the fall of the communist regime in 1992. ... December 21 is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Yunus Qanuni (يونس قانوني, also transliterated Qanooni and Qanouni) (born 1957) is an Afghan politician. ...

See also: List of leaders of Afghanistan and List of Afghanistan Governors

Cultural Timeline 4000 to 1000 Prehistoric - Median Kingdom (First & second wave of Aryan Migration) 521 to 485 Reign and Conquest of Darius I divides the region into Gandhara and Bactria 500 to 250 Achaemenid Dynasty, Alexanderian, Seleuicid and Maurya dynasties. ... This is a table of the current governors of Afghanistan. ...

Constitution

The Bonn Agreement called for a loya jirga to be convened. This body ratified the Constitution of Afghanistan in early 2004. It creates a strong Presidency and a bicameral legislative branch. The Constitution of afghanistan became the official law of Afghanistan when the 2003 Loya jirga approved it by the consensus on January 4, 2004. ...

Executive branch

See also: The President of Afghanistan is Afghanistans head of state, head of government, and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. ... Hamid Karzai (Pashto: حامد کرزي, Persian: حامد کرزی) (b. ... Ahmad Zia Massoud is the current vice-president of Afghanistan in the administration of President Hamid Karzai. ... This biographical article needs to be wikified. ... Hedayat Amin Arsala is one of the four vice-presidents and considered a key member of the transitional administration of Afghanistan. ... Dr. Abdullah (born 1961), an Afghan politician, was the Foreign Minister of Afghanistan. ... General Abdurrahim Wardak is the current Defence Minister of Afghanistan. ... A U.S. citizen since 1987, Ali Ahmad Jalali left his job as a broadcaster for VOA in February 2002 to become the Interior Minister of Afghanistan. ... Leader of Hizb-e-Wahdat along with Abdul Karim Khalili, the largest Shiah group comprising the main part of the current government - ie they have government of the Central Government in North and Central area of Afghanistan. ... Faisal Ahmad Shinwari is the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Afghanistan. ...

• Afghan Cabinet of Ministers

The Cabinet of Ministers of Afghanistan is made of the heads of all the government ministries. ...

Legislative branch

The 2005 Parliamentary Election for the Wolesi Jirga or House of the People were conducted on 18 September 2005. This was the first parliamentary election in Afghanistan since 1969. 2707 candidates, including 328 women, competed for 249 seats. The election was conducted with multiple seat electoral constituencies. Each province is a constituency and has a varying number of seats, depending on population. Voters have a single non-transferable vote. Provisional results are not expected until 10 October. Afghanistan held parliamentary and provincial council elections on 18 September 2005. ... The House of the People, also known natively as the The Wolesi Jirga is the lower house of the bicameral national assembly of Afghanistan. ... September 18 is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 10 is the 283rd day of the year (284th in Leap years). ...

The Meshrano Jirga or House of the Elders will consist of an undetermined amount of members. One-third of the members will be appointed by the president, while another third will be elected by the provincial councils. Elections for the provincial councils were held simultaneously with those for the Wolesi Jirga. The remaining third is supposed to be elected by district councils. However, elections for the district councils have been postponed, meaning that one-third of the seats in the Meshrano Jirga will be vacant when it assembles. The House of Elders, also natively known as the Meshrano Jirga is the upper house of the bicameral national assembly of Afghanistan. ... The House of the People, also known natively as the The Wolesi Jirga is the lower house of the bicameral national assembly of Afghanistan. ...

Despite Taliban and other anti-government forces stating they intended to disrupt the elections the polling day went by with minimal violence, although a number of candidates were murdered before the election. Early reports indicated that turnout was down on the Presidential Election, but still high.

Political parties and elections

The following election results include names of political parties. See for additional information about parties the List of political parties in Afghanistan. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in Afghanistan.

An election is a decision making process where people choose people to hold official offices. ... A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around very special issues. ... This article lists political parties in Afghanistan. ... An election is a decision making process whereby people vote for preferred political candidates or parties to act as representatives in government. ... This article gives information on election and election results in Afghanistan. ...

2005 Parliamentary election

Afghanistan held parliamentary elections on 18 September 2005. On 9 October. Since all candidates were not listed by party and elected as non-partisans, a breakdown by party is not possible. Turnout is estimated at about 50 percent. September 18 is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years). ... October 9 is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

For more info: Afghan parliamentary election, 2005. The House of the People, also known natively as the Wolesi Jirga (from Pashto ulus = tribe and jirga = tent) is the lower house of the bicameral National Assembly of Afghanistan, alongside the House of Elders. ... Afghanistan held parliamentary and provincial council elections on 18 September 2005. ...

2004 Presidential elections

Political parties in Afghanistan are in flux and many prominent players have plans to create new parties. The government of Hamid Karzai includes members of numerous factions and parties. As of the 2005 Parliamentary Election, political parties are not legally recognised and candidates must run as independents, although parties can support candidates who are members. Main parties seem to be: Hamid Karzai (Pashto: حامد کرزي, Persian: حامد کرزی) (b. ... The Pashtuns (also Pushtun, Pakhtun, ethnic Afghan, or Pathan) are an ethno-linguistic group consisting mainly of eastern Iranian stock living primarily in eastern and southern Afghanistan, and the North West Frontier Province, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Baluchistan provinces of Pakistan. ... Yunus Qanuni (يونس قانوني, also transliterated Qanooni and Qanouni) (born 1957) is an Afghan politician. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Hazara are an ethnic group who reside mainly in the central Afghanistan mountain region called Hazarajat or Hazaristan. ... General Abdul Rashid Dostum (also Abdurrashid Dostum, born 1954) is the Deputy Defense Minister of Afghanistan and an ethnic Uzbek warlord. ... Massouda Jalal (born 5th January 1962) was the only woman candidate in the Afghan presidential election of 2004. ... Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai (born 1944) is an Afghan politician who served as prime minister of Afghanistan from 1995 to 1996. ... Hamid Karzai (Pashto: حامد کرزي, Persian: حامد کرزی) (b. ...

• Islamic Social Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-i-Jamiat-i-Islami Afghanistan)
• Islamic Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-i-Islami Afghanistan)
• National Congress Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Congra-e-Mili Afghanistan)
• National Movement of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Nuhzhat-e-Mili Afghanistan)
• National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan (Jumbish-i-Milli Islami Afghanistan)

Other minor parties are: The Islamic Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-i-Islami Afghanistan) is a political party in Afghanistan. ... The National Congress Party of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Congra-e-Mili Afghanistan) is a political party in Afghanistan. ... Bold text The National Movement of Afghanistan (Hezb-e-Nuhzhat-e-Mili Afghanistan) is a political party in Afghanistan. ... The National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan (Jumbish-i-Milli Islami Afghanistan ) is a political party in Afghanistan. ...

• Afghan Social Democratic Party
• Communist Party of Afghanistan
• Democratic Watan Party of Afghanistan
• Liberal Democratic Party of Afghanistan
• Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan
• Social Nationalist Afghan Party

Some sources still list the following parties: The Afghan Social Democratic Party is a political party in Afghanistan. ... The Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan (Hizb Kommunist (Maoist) Afghanistan), previously known as Communist Party of Afghanistan is an underground political party in Afghanistan. ... The Democratic Watan Party is a political party in Afghanistan. ... The Liberal Democratic Party of Afghanistan is a political party in Afghanistan. ... Logo of the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan The Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA) (جمعیت انقلابی زنان افغانستان) is a womens organization in Afghanistan that promotes womens rights and secular democracy. ... The Social Nationalist Afghan Party is a political party in Afghanistan. ...

• Afghan Mellat Party (Afghan Social Democratic Party) (leader: Shams ul Huda Shams)
• Afghan Mellat Party (Shams Faction) Ajmal Shams
• Harakat-i-Islami (Islamic Movement) Mohammed Asif Mohseni
• Harakat-Inqilab-i-Islami (Islamic Revolutionary Movement) Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi
• Hezbi Islami-Gulbuddin (Islamic Party) Gulbuddin Hikmatyar
• Hezbi Islami-Khalis (Islamic Party) Yunis Khalis
• Hizb-e-Wahdat (Hizbi Wahdat)-Akbari faction (Islamic Unity Party) Mohammad Akbar Akbari
• Ittihad-i-Islami Barai Azadi Afghanistan (Islamic Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan) Abdul Rasul Sayyaf
• Jabha-i-Najat-i-Milli Afghanistan (Afghanistan National Liberation Front) Sibghatullah Mojaddedi
• Mehez-e-Milli (Afghan National Party) Yunus Qanuni
• Mahaz-i-Milli-Islami (National Islamic Front) Sayed Ahamad Gailani
• Taliban (Religious Students Movement) Mohammed Omar
• United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan, comprised of:
  • Jumbesh-i-Melli Islami (National Islamic Movement) Abdul Rashid Dostam
  • Jamiat-i-Islami (Islamic Society) Burhanuddin Rabbani and Ahmed Shah Massoud (died in Sep 2001)
  • Hizb-e-Wahdat (Hizbi Wahdat) -Khalili faction (Islamic Unity Party) Abd ul-Karim Khalili

Shams Ul Huda Shams, former president of Afghan Social Democratic Party (also known as Afghan Mellat- Shams faction), died on October 9th, 2005, in his hometown Noorgal in the Kunar Province of Afghanistan. ... ... Small Shiah, mostly Hazara group from Hazarajat in Kandahar. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi led Harkat i Inqilabi, which fought against Soviet forces during the 1980s. ... Hezbi Islami (also Hezb-i-Islami, Hezbi-Islami, Hezb-e-Islami) is a military force in Afghanistan led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, and established by him in Pakistan during 1975. ... Gulbuddin Hekmatyar (born 1947 in Imam Saheb, Kunduz province, Afghanistan) is an Afghan warlord. ... Hezbi Islami (also Hezb-i-Islami, Hezbi-Islami, Hezb-e-Islami) is a military force in Afghanistan led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, and established by him in Pakistan during 1975. ... Hizb-e-Wahdat is a political party in Afghanistan (also referred to as the Wahdat, Unity), informally representing the Hazara people of the region. ... Abdul Rasul Sayyaf is a political leader in Afghanistan. ... Sibghatullah Al-Mojaddedi (born 1926). ... Yunus Qanuni (يونس قانوني, also transliterated Qanooni and Qanouni) (born 1957) is an Afghan politician. ... Flag flown by the Taliban. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Afgan Northern Alliance. ... General Abdul Rashid Dostum (also Abdurrashid Dostum, born 1954) is the Deputy Defense Minister of Afghanistan and an Uzbek warlord. ... Jamiat Islami (Jamiat-e-Islami, Jamiat-i Islami - Islamic Society) Mainly Tajhik group opposed to the Taliban. ... Political Afghanistani group. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Ahmed Shah Massoud (احمد شاه مسعود) (c. ... Hizb-e-Wahdat is a political party in Afghanistan (also referred to as the Wahdat, Unity), informally representing the Hazara people of the region. ... This biographical article needs to be wikified. ...

Political pressure groups and leaders

NA; note - ministries formed under the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (TISA) include former influential Afghans, diaspora members, and former political leaders

• Afghan refugees in Pakistan, Australia, the United States, and elsewhere have organized politically
• Pakistan-based groups such as the Coordination Council for National

Unity and Understanding in Afghanistan or CUNUA (leader Ishaq Gailani

• Tribal leader represent traditional Pashtun leadership
• Writers Union of Free Afghanistan or WUFA [Rasul Amin]

Judicial branch

The Constitution of Afghanistan mandates a Supreme Court. Other minor courts were created too, such as high courts, appeals courts, and other district Courts. The Constitution of afghanistan became the official law of Afghanistan when the 2003 Loya jirga approved it by the consensus on January 4, 2004. ... The Afghan Supreme Court (Stera Mahkama) is the court of last resort in Afghanistan. ...

See also: Chief Justice of Afghanistan

Chief Justice of Afghanistan is the head of the Afghan Supreme Court. ...

International organization participation

AsDB, CP, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GUUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC (suspended), IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WToO The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a non-profit finance institution with many Asian governments as shareholder members who are also the recipients of funding where appropriate. ... The Colombo Plan began in 1951, and is a regional organisation focused on social development. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with ECO. (Discuss) Eco may refer to: Umberto Eco, an author Eco (currency), a proposed currency The natural substance of energy and power in the Jak and Daxter games Relating to ecology: Eco drive, a solar powered watch Ecolabel... The Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), located in Bangkok, Thailand, is the regional arm of the United Nations Secretariat for the Asian and Pacific region. ... Possible meanings: Faro Airport (Portugal) Federation of Astrobiology Organizations Financial Aid Office Food and Agriculture Organization This page expands a three-character combination which might be any or all of: an abbreviation, an acronym, an initialism, a word in English, or a word in another language. ... link titlelink titlelink titlelink titlelink title--210. ... : GUUAM grouping : The rest of the CIS. GU(U)AM (Cyrillic: ГУ(У)АМ) is a regional organization of five CIS states: Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, and Moldova. ... IAEA The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), established as an autonomous organization on July 29, 1957, seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for military purposes. ... The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, in Romance languages: BIRD), better known as the World Bank, is an international organization whose original mission was to finance the reconstruction of nations devastated by WWII. Now, its mission has expanded to fight poverty by means of financing states. ... The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), an agency of the United Nations, develops the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth. ... Official logo of the ICC. The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established in 2002 as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, crime of aggression, and war crimes, as defined by several international agreements, most prominently the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. ... The Red Cross and the Red Crescent emblems, the symbols from which the Movement derives its name The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an international humanitarian movement whose stated mission is to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for the human being and all other... The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), an institution of the World Bank group, was founded in 1966 pursuant to the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (the ICSID Convention or Washington Convention). ... The International Development Association (IDA) was created on September 24, 1960, is a UN specialized agency. ... Islamic Development Bank (also known as IDB), is a multilateral development financing institution. ... The International Fund for Agricultural Development is an agency of the United Nations. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS) is an international humanitarian organisation, often better known as the Red Cross or the Red Crescent. ... The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations to deal with labour issues. ... The flag of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the international organization entrusted with overseeing the global financial system by monitoring foreign exchange rates and balance of payments, as well as offering technical and financial assistance when asked. ... Interpol (or International Criminal Police Organization) was created in 1923 to assist international criminal police co-operation. ... Alternative meanings at IOC (disambiguation) The International Olympic Committee is an organization based in Lausanne, Switzerland, created by Pierre de Coubertin in 1894 to reinstate the Ancient Olympic Games held in Greece, and organize this sports event every four years. ... The International Organization for Migration is an intergovernmental organisation. ... Monument in Bern, Switzerland. ... NAM stands for: National Association of Manufacturers Non-Aligned Movement Number Assignment Module Network Analysis Module National Assembly Member, a member of the National Assembly of The Gambia. ... The flag of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) The Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC; Arabic: منظمة المؤتمر الإسلامي; Turkish: Ä°slam Konferansı Örgütü; Persian: سازمان کنفرانس اسلامی; French: Organisation de la Conférence Islamique) is an inter-governmental organization with a Permanent Delegation to the United Nations. ... The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is an agency of the United Nations. ... This article is about the United Nations, for other uses of UN see UN (disambiguation) Official languages English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Arabic Secretary-General Kofi Annan (since 1997) Established October 24, 1945 Member states 191 Headquarters New York City, NY, USA Official site http://www. ... The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body, UNCTAD is the principal organ of the United Nations General Assembly dealing with trade, investment and development issues. ... UNESCO logo UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ... United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) is an agency of the United Nations with the mission of helping countries pursue sustainable industrial development, it is a specialist in industrial affairs. ... The Universal Postal Union (UPU) is a international organization that coordinates postal policies between member nations, and hence the world-wide postal system. ... The World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) was established in the wake of the Second World War to bring together trade unions across the world in a single international organization, much like the United Nations. ... The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations, acting as a coordinating authority on international public health, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. ... The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is an intergovernmental organization with a membership of 187 Member States and Territories. ... The World Tourism Organization (WTO) is a UN agency dealing with questions relating to tourism. ...

See also

• Governors
• Taliban
• Golden Needle Sewing School

This is a table of the current governors of Afghanistan. ... Flag flown by the Taliban. ... Three women in Herat, Afghanistan. ...

External links

• Afghan Voice.com claims to be "an independent and neutral entity that represents the voice of all Afghans and is not associated with any particular group or political party." It seems to emphasize chat rooms and message boards, with links to headlines and Internet radio reports.
• Afghanistan News.net has good links to headlines and news sources, although it's not clear who's running the site, or why: "Afghanistan News.net does not operate in Afghanistan nor does it have any ties there. It is part of a Worldwide network of News.net online news services established to provide visitors with updating news and information about every country and key city throughout Asia," the site says.
• Afghanistan Online says it is "a privately owned, independent web site that provides updated news and information on Afghanistan," with a mailing address in Pleasanton, CA. Its Afghan Online Press compiles news articles from other sources.
• Afghanistan Reconstruction, featuring documents on development and technology, is part of the Development Gateway website. The DG Foundation, which runs the site, "is a not-for-profit organization currently based in Washington DC. Its mission is to reduce poverty and support sustainable development through the use of information and communication technologies (ICT)."
• The CIA's World Factbook entry on Afghanistan was the basis for most of earlier versions of this article.
• Islamic Transitional State of Afghanistan website appears to be run by the United Nations Development Programme (its "About Us" link doesn't work but a UNDP email address is mentioned). It includes budget documents and links to website sections for various Afghan government and UN agencies.
• Library of Congress Selected Internet Resources on Afghanistan provides links to various sites and documents, including a country study of Afghanistan, which covers events up to 1995.
• ReliefWeb's Afghanistan section includes news and NGO reports on the Afghan situation. "ReliefWeb is a project of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)," according to the site's homepage.
• United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan was established in March 2003 "in an effort to integrate all UN activities in Afghanistan. There are some 16 UN agencies in the country working together with their Afghan government counterparts and with national and international NGO partners," the site indicates. The links page is extensive, mainly listing sites of other UN agencies.
• U.S. State Department's Background Note on Afghanistan, besides the requisite statistics, includes detailed summaries of country's history, economics, government and foreign relations.
• Afghan travel guide giving a glimpse of current life in the country.