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Politics of Egypt takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential republic, whereby the President of Egypt is de facto both head of state and head of government, and of a party system dominated by the National Democratic Party. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the People’s Assembly and the Shura Council. The President of the Arab Republic of Egypt is the elected Head of State of Egypt. ...
Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak (Arabic : Ù…Øمد Øسنى سيد مبارك ), (born May 4, 1928) commonly known as Hosni Mubarak (Arabic: Øسنى مبارك ) has been the President of Egypt since 14 October 1981. ...
List of Heads of Government of Egypt List of Heads of Government of Southern Region of Egypt Affiliations:- See also:- Egypt Rulers and Heads of State of Egypt Colonial Heads of Egypt Lists of Incumbents Categories: Egypt ...
Dr. Ahmed Nazif (Arabic: Ø£Øمد نظي٠; born 8 July 1952 in Alexandria) has served as the Prime Minister of Egypt since 14 July 2004. ...
The Cabinet of Egypt (Arabic: Al-Hokouma Al-Misreya) is the chief executive body of the Arabic Republic of Egypt. ...
The Parliament of Egypt is a bicameral legislature. ...
The Shura Council (Arabic: Majilis Al-Shura مجلس الشورى) is the upper house of Egyptian bicameral parliament. ...
The Peoples Assembly (Arabic: Majilis Al-Sha’ab مجلس الشعب) is the lower house of Egypts bicameral parliament. ...
The Egyptian Judicial System (or judicial branch) in Egypt, is an independent branch of the government which includes both secular and religious courts. ...
The Supreme Constitutional Court is an independent judiciary body in the Arab Republic of Egypt, with its new seat in the Cairo suburban, Maadi. ...
Egypt elects on national level a head of state – a president – and a bicameral legislature. ...
The Egyptian presidential election of 2005, held on September 7, 2005, was the first contested presidential election in Egypts history. ...
The Egyptian parliamentary elections of 2005 was the scheduled three-stage elections for determining its lower house membership. ...
Political parties in Egypt lists political parties in this country. ...
Political Parties has existed in Egypt approximately during the late 19th century. ...
Egypt is divided into 26 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah): Ad Daqahliyah Al Bahr al Ahmar Al Buhayrah Al Fayyum Al Gharbiyah Al Iskandariyah Al Ismailiyah Al Jizah Al Minufiyah Al Minya Al Qahirah Al Qalyubiyah Al Wadi al Jadid Ash Sharqiyah As Suways Aswan Asyut Bani Suwayf Bur Sa...
Egypts foreign policy operates along a non-aligned level. ...
Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ...
States with semi-presidential systems are shown in yellow The semi-presidential system is a system of government in which a prime minister and a president are both active participants in the day-to-day functioning of the administration of a country. ...
Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: For other uses, see Republic (disambiguation). ...
The President of the Arab Republic of Egypt is the elected Head of State of Egypt. ...
Queen Elizabeth II, is the Head of State of 16 countries including: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Jamaica, New Zealand and the Bahamas, as well as crown colonies and overseas territories of the United Kingdom. ...
The Head of Government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. ...
The National Democratic Party (Al-Hizb Al-Watany Al-Demoqraty) was established in 1978 by late president Anwar Sadat who headed the party till 1981. ...
Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the executive is the branch of a government charged with implementing, or executing, the law. ...
A legislature is a governmental deliberative body with the power to adopt laws. ...
The Peoples Assembly (Arabic: Majilis Al-Sha’ab مجلس الشعب) is the lower house of Egypts bicameral parliament. ...
The Shura Council (Arabic: Majilis Al-Shura) is the upper house of Egyptian bicameral parliament. ...
Background Egypt has been a republic since 18 June 1953. President Mohamed Hosni Mubarak has been the President of the Republic since October 14, 1981, following the assassination of former-President Mohammed Anwar El-Sadat. Mubarak is currently serving his fifth term in office. He is the leader of the ruling National Democratic Party. Prime Minister Dr. Ahmed Nazif was sworn in as Prime Minister on 9 July 2004, following the resignation of Dr. Atef Ebeid from his office. Image File history File links Presoffice. ...
Image File history File links Presoffice. ...
The President of the Arab Republic of Egypt is the elected Head of State of Egypt. ...
The official residence of the President of India. ...
June 18 is the 169th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (170th in leap years), with 196 days remaining. ...
1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday. ...
Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak (Arabic : Ù…Øمد Øسنى سيد مبارك ), (born May 4, 1928) commonly known as Hosni Mubarak (Arabic: Øسنى مبارك ) has been the President of Egypt since 14 October 1981. ...
The President of the Arab Republic of Egypt is the elected Head of State of Egypt. ...
October 14 is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Muhammad Anwar Al-Sadat (Ù…Øمد أنورالسادات in Arabic) (December 25, 1918 – October 6, 1981) was an Egyptian politician and served as the third President of Egypt from September 28, 1970 until his assassination on October 6, 1981. ...
The National Democratic Party (Al-Hizb Al-Watany Al-Demoqraty) was established in 1978 by late president Anwar Sadat who headed the party till 1981. ...
List of Heads of Government of Egypt List of Heads of Government of Southern Region of Egypt Affiliations:- See also:- Egypt Rulers and Heads of State of Egypt Colonial Heads of Egypt Lists of Incumbents Categories: Egypt ...
Dr. Ahmed Nazif (Arabic: Ø£Øمد نظي٠; born 8 July 1952 in Alexandria) has served as the Prime Minister of Egypt since 14 July 2004. ...
July 9 is the 190th day of the year (191st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 175 days remaining. ...
2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Dr. Atef Muhammad Ebeid (born 14 April 1932) was the Prime Minister of Egypt from October 1999 to July 2004. ...
Egypt is regarded by many as being ruled by a military dictatorship. Although power is ostensibly organised under a multi-party semi-presidential system, whereby the executive power is theoretically divided between the President and the Prime Minister, in practice it rests almost solely with the President who traditionally has been elected in single-candidate elections for more than fifty years. So, how can we explain the sustainability of power in the hands of the President for this long period of time? One approach to explain the lack of democracy in Egypt is the famous rentier state theory. Although it is not one of the oil producing countries, Egypt's income largely comes from outside. The Egyptian budget heavily depends on tourism and financial support provided by foreign institutions and governments. "The U.S. has a large assistance program in Egypt and provides funding for a variety of programs in addition to some cash transfers." For example, "in September 2005 [Egypt was] issued $1.25 billion in 10-year bonds that were fully guaranteed by the United States." (US Department of State; Background Note: Egypt; http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5309.htm). In addition, tourism plays an important role in providing the country with hard courrency and helps financing the budget. This makes Egypt share a feature of rentier states, which is its relative independence from the national economy as a source of income for the government. Furthermore, there is the identity and colonial history approach. "Foreign influences over national culture and identity are seen as a means for the West to undermine the nation." As a result, people attempt to differentiate themselves from the West by stressing their difference and rejection of certain Western values such as gender equality. "The policing of the nation’s boundaries are conducted both through the construction of consent for the hegemonic culture backed by coercive mechanisms. Consequently, the process of identity construction as a means of resistance to the West contains an anti-democratic logic." (Identity, Culture and Democratisation: The Case of Egypt). These are some of the approaches aimed to explain Egypt's lack of democracy. But this is not say at all that the political life has been frozen in that country. Egypt is witnessing some political changes driven by American influence, some would argue, following the US 'Greater Middle East Initiative'. Although the United States has long advocated the promotion of human rights and political freedom in Egypt, most experts agree that, prior to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, economic reform superseded political reform in the West’s relations with Egypt. However, with the recent push for democracy in the Middle East seen as a counterweight to Islamic militancy and intellectual and social stagnation, U.S. policy regarding Egypt has been reinvigorated, as policymakers seek to balance U.S. security interests with U.S. democracy promotion policies." (CRS Report for Congress; Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations- Updated June 14, 2006-, available online at: http://www.usembassy.at/en/download/pdf/egypt_us.pdf) In late-February 2005, Mubarak announced in a surprise television broadcast that he had ordered the reform of the country's presidential election law, paving the way for multi-candidate polls in the upcoming presidential election. For the first time since the 1952 movement, the Egyptian people had an apparent chance to elect a leader from a list of various candidates. The President said his initiative came "out of my full conviction of the need to consolidate efforts for more freedom and democracy." However, the new law placed draconian restrictions on the filing for presidential candidacies, designed to prevent well-known candidates such as Ayman Nour from standing against Mubarak, and paved the road for his easy re-election victory. A multi-party system is a type of party system. ...
States with semi-presidential systems are shown in yellow The semi-presidential system is a system of government in which a prime minister and a president are both active participants in the day-to-day functioning of the administration of a country. ...
Ayman Abd El-Aziz Nour (Arabic: ) is an Egyptian politician, a former member of that countrys Parliament and chairman of the al-Ghad party (Tomorrow Party). He became famous around the world following his January 2005 imprisonment by the government of President Hosni Mubarak, which was widely understood as...
Concerns were once again expressed after the 2005 elections about government interference in the election process through fraud and vote-rigging. In addition, violence by pro-Mubarak supporters against opposition demonstrators and police brutality were evident during the elections. This poses major questions about the government's purported commitment to democracy.Bhuppi 17:59, 7 March 2007 (UTC) Image File history File links Parli. ...
Image File history File links Parli. ...
The Parliament of Egypt is a bicameral legislature. ...
As a result, most Egyptians are skeptical about the process of democratisation and the role of the elections. A very small proportion of those eligible to vote actually turned out for the 2005 elections. Newspapers, however, have exhibited an increasing degree of freedom in criticizing the president, and the results of the recent parliamentary elections, which saw Islamist parties such as the banned Muslim Brotherhood winning many seats, genuinely indicate that a change of some sorts is underway. Muslim Brotherhood symbol. ...
Constitution -
 The Egyptian Supreme Court in Cairo . The Constitution of Egypt was approved by referendum in 1970 and amended in 1980 and 2005. The Egyptian constitution declares Egypt to be a "democratic and socialist republic", operating under a "multiparty system" semi-presidential system. The Egyptian Constitution has passed over a long period of evolution from the Egyptian Liberalism experiment to the contemporary constitution. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Egyptian_Supreme_Court. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Egyptian_Supreme_Court. ...
Nickname: Al Qahirah (The Triumphant City) Cairos location in Egypt Coordinates: Governor Dr. Abdul Azim Wazir Area - City 210 km² - Metro 1,492 km² Population (2005) - City 7,438,376 - Density 35,420/km² - Urban 10,834,495 - Metro 15,200,000 Time zone EET (UTC+2) - Summer (DST...
The Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt is the supreme law of Egypt. ...
Democracy (literally rule by the people, from the Greek demos, people, and kratos, rule[1]) is a form of government. ...
Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to social control. ...
The national government of Egypt is divided into an executive branch, a legislative branch and a judiciary branch. The Constitution grants wide powers to the executive. The President of Egypt heads the executive branch. The President’s powers stem from his ability to appoint the powerful prime minister and one or more Vice-Presidents. However, the President’s choice of the prime minister has to yield and maintain the approval the People’s Assembly (Maglis A Sha’ab), the lower house of Parliament. The Peoples Assembly (Arabic: Majilis Al-Sha’ab مجلس الشعب) is the lower house of Egypts bicameral parliament. ...
The Parliament of Egypt is a bicameral legislature. ...
Egypt is a unitary state, meaning that its subdivisions do not have constitutional status. However, the various legal subdivisions, the governorates (Muhafazat), cities (Mudun), and counties (Kofour), have various attributions. A map showing the unitary states. ...
Egypt is now a republic.
Executive branch The President of the Arab Republic of Egypt is the elected Head of State of Egypt. ...
Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak (Arabic : Ù…Øمد Øسنى سيد مبارك ), (born May 4, 1928) commonly known as Hosni Mubarak (Arabic: Øسنى مبارك ) has been the President of Egypt since 14 October 1981. ...
The National Democratic Party (Al-Hizb Al-Watany Al-Demoqraty) was established in 1978 by late president Anwar Sadat who headed the party till 1981. ...
October 14 is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
List of Heads of Government of Egypt List of Heads of Government of Southern Region of Egypt Affiliations:- See also:- Egypt Rulers and Heads of State of Egypt Colonial Heads of Egypt Lists of Incumbents Categories: Egypt ...
Dr. Ahmed Nazif (Arabic: Ø£Øمد نظي٠; born 8 July 1952 in Alexandria) has served as the Prime Minister of Egypt since 14 July 2004. ...
The National Democratic Party (Al-Hizb Al-Watany Al-Demoqraty) was established in 1978 by late president Anwar Sadat who headed the party till 1981. ...
July 14 is the 195th day (196th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 170 days remaining. ...
2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
President of the Republic -
In February 2005, President Mubarak proposed an amendment to article 76 of the constitution that would allow, for the first time, multi-candidate presidential elections. A referendum was held on May 25, 2005, as required by the constitution, and the amendment was approved (reportedly, with a majority of over 82% support). However, the terms of the newly adopted amendment make it very difficult, if not impossible, for candidates other than those of Mubarak's National Democratic Party, which holds about 90% of parliament seats, to run for the elections. The hurdles include requiring aspiring presidential candidates to first secure the support of 250 elected officials (including 140 local council members, 65 People's Assembly deputies, and 25 members of the Shura Council), and requiring that the parties they represent to have existed for at least five years. In the event, the referendum was boycotted by some of Egypt's leading opposition parties, including the Wafd. The President of the Arab Republic of Egypt is the elected Head of State of Egypt. ...
The President of the Arab Republic of Egypt is the elected Head of State of Egypt. ...
Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak (Arabic : Ù…Øمد Øسنى سيد مبارك ), (born May 4, 1928) commonly known as Hosni Mubarak (Arabic: Øسنى مبارك ) has been the President of Egypt since 14 October 1981. ...
May 25 is the 145th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (146th in leap years). ...
2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The New Wafd Party (New Delegation Party; Arabic: Hizb al-Wafd al-Jadid Øزب الوÙد الجديد) is a nationalist liberal party in Egypt. ...
Under the 1980 amendments of the Egyptian Constitution, the President is elected for six years. As of 2005, President Mohamed Hosni Mubarak has been the President of the Republic since 14 October 1981 and is currently serving his fifth term. President Mubarak was re-elected in 1987, 1993, and 1999, making him the longest serving Egyptian President in the history of the Republic. The President of the Arab Republic of Egypt is the elected Head of State of Egypt. ...
Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak (Arabic : Ù…Øمد Øسنى سيد مبارك ), (born May 4, 1928) commonly known as Hosni Mubarak (Arabic: Øسنى مبارك ) has been the President of Egypt since 14 October 1981. ...
October 14 is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The President of Republic is elected indirectly in a two-stage system unique to Egypt. The People’s Assembly, the lower house of Parliament, nominates one of a number of candidates for presidency. The presidential candidate requires at least a two-thirds majority in the People’s Assembly in order to proceed to the second stage of the elections. The presidential candidate is voted on in a yes-or-no binding public referendum. On achieving a simple majority in the public referendum, the presidential candidate is sworn in as President. However, if the candidate is fails to obtain the required majority, the People’s Assembly nominates a new candidate for presidency, thus returning to the first stage of elections. The President may be re-elected multiple times with no limitation on the number of terms allowed to be served.
The Egyptian system for presidential election is regarded by many as not being fully democratic due to the fact that it is the People’s Assembly and not the populace itself, who retains the upper-hand in choosing the Chief of State. In addition, it allows for whatever party or coalition controlling the People’s Assembly to put forward their candidate as the presidential candidate. This greatly explains how in most of the 1980s and 1990s the National Democratic Party has managed to maintain the office of President and a parliamentary majority. The National Democratic Party (Al-Hizb Al-Watany Al-Demoqraty) was established in 1978 by late president Anwar Sadat who headed the party till 1981. ...
The President names the prime minister and may preside over the cabinet. President Mubarak holds a monthly meeting with the cabinet on which he presides. In addition, the President is the Supreme Commander of the Egyptian Armed Forces. The President concludes treaties and may submit questions to national referenda. The President also possesses the constitutional power to dissolve the People’s Assembly, however, no President has ever done so. In certain emergencies, the President may assume special, comprehensive powers. List of Heads of Government of Egypt List of Heads of Government of Southern Region of Egypt Affiliations:- See also:- Egypt Rulers and Heads of State of Egypt Colonial Heads of Egypt Lists of Incumbents Categories: Egypt ...
The armed forces of Egypt are among the largest in the region, consisting of the Egyptian Army, Egyptian Navy, Egyptian Air Force and Egyptian Air Defense Command. ...
Under the system created by the 1980 constitutional amendments, the President is the pre-eminent executive figure, who names the Prime Minister. When the President's political party or supporters control parliament, the President is in effect the ‘dominant’ player in executive action, choosing whoever he wishes for government, and having it follow ‘his’ political agenda. However, when the President's political opponents control parliament, the President's dominance can be severely limited, as he must choose a prime minister and cabinet reflecting the majority in parliament. When parties from opposite ends of the political spectrum control parliament and the presidency, the power-sharing arrangement is known as cohabitation. By convention, the President controls foreign-affairs and defence related issues of the state, while the Prime Minister manages the day-to-day affairs including the economy. Cohabitation in government occurs in semi-presidential systems, such as Frances system, when the President and the Prime Minister come from different political parties. ...
In the late 1970s Egypt had several cohabitation governments which proved to be unstable, due to the struggle arising between the President and the Prime Minister. However, since 1981, the National Democratic Party has maintained a majority in the People’s Assembly and supplied the Egyptian President.
The government or cabinet (Al-Hokouma Al-Misreya) Main article: Cabinet of Egypt, Prime Minister of Egypt
The government, or the cabinet, is headed by the Prime Minister of Egypt. It has at its disposal the civil service the government agencies. The cabinet, headed by the Prime Minister, is responsible only to Parliament, specifically the People’s Assembly. The People’s Assembly may pass a motion of censure, forcing the resignation of the cabinet. Ministers have to answer questions from Members of Parliament, both written and oral; this is known as Inquiries to the Government Talebat Ihata. In addition, ministers attend meetings of the two houses of Parliament when laws pertaining to their areas of responsibility are being discussed. The Cabinet of Egypt (Arabic: Al-Hokouma Al-Misreya) is the chief executive body of the Arabic Republic of Egypt. ...
List of Heads of Government of Egypt List of Heads of Government of Southern Region of Egypt Affiliations:- See also:- Egypt Rulers and Heads of State of Egypt Colonial Heads of Egypt Lists of Incumbents Categories: Egypt ...
A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of government, typically representing the executive branch. ...
List of Heads of Government of Egypt List of Heads of Government of Southern Region of Egypt Affiliations:- See also:- Egypt Rulers and Heads of State of Egypt Colonial Heads of Egypt Lists of Incumbents Categories: Egypt ...
Traditionally, the cabinet comprises, in decreasing rank:
- The Prime Minister
- Presidential Ministers, the ministers of Defense, Interior, Foreign Affairs, and Information are appointed by the President himself and report both to the President and the Prime Minister (as opposed to other Ministers who can only report to the Prime Minister).
- Ministers
- Ministers of State, described as ‘junior ministers’, are assigned specific responsibilities or agencies. The portfolios of ministers of state are considerably more transient, as positions may be created and dissolved to suit specific short-term government priorities or the specific qualifications of candidates without alterations to the departmental structure, e.g. the Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs.
- Ministers without portfolio, ministers who do not head specific departments and occasionally attend cabinet meetings, e.g. Minister without Portfolio Omar Suleiman, the current Chief of the Egyptian Intelligence Services.
- Chairmen of Departments, who head certain important departments that do not fall under the jurisdiction of any of the ministers and answer directly to the Prime Minister, e.g. The Chairman of the Suez Canal Authority.
- Ministers-Delegate, who assist ministers in areas of their duties and rarely attend cabinet meeting
The number of ministries and the splitting of responsibilities and administrations between them vary from government to government, but some positions tend to stay the same, even though the exact title of the position may vary. A Minister without Portfolio is a government minister with no specific responsibilities. ...
- Ministry of the Interior (law enforcement, prisons)
- Ministry of Defence and Military Production,
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Ministry of Justice (running the court system, supervision of the prosecution service)
The government has a leading role in shaping the agenda of the houses of Parliament. It may propose laws to Parliament, as well as amendments during parliamentary meetings. It may make use of some procedures to speed up parliamentary deliberations.
As of 9 July 2004, the Prime Minister is Dr. Ahmed Nazif. July 9 is the 190th day of the year (191st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 175 days remaining. ...
2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Dr. Ahmed Nazif (Arabic: Ø£Øمد نظي٠; born 8 July 1952 in Alexandria) has served as the Prime Minister of Egypt since 14 July 2004. ...
Legislative branch -
Parliament meets for one nine-month session each year: under special circumstances the President of the Republic can call an additional session. Even though the powers of the Parliament have increased since the 1980 Amendments of the Constitution, the Parliament remains to lack the powers to balance the excessive powers of the President. Parliamentary life in Egypt has been a mark of Egyptian civilizations along its history. ...
The Parliament of Egypt is a bicameral legislature. ...
The People’s Assembly (Majilis Al-Sha’ab) The People’s Assembly is the principal legislative body. Out of the assembly’s 454 deputies, 444 are directly elected while no more than 10 may be appointed by the President (article 87 of the Constitution). The Constitution reserves fifty percent of the assembly seats for ‘workers and peasants’. The assembly sits for a five-year term but can be dissolved earlier by the President. All seats are voted on in each election. Four hundred seats are voted on using proportional representation while the remaining forty-four are elected in local majority votes. The Peoples Assembly (Arabic: Majilis Al-Sha’ab مجلس الشعب) is the lower house of Egypts bicameral parliament. ...
Chamber of Deputies is the name given to a legislative body, which may either be the lower house of a bicameral legislature, or the name of a unicameral one. ...
Proportional representation (sometimes referred to as full representation, or PR), is a category of electoral formula aiming at a close match between the percentage of votes that groups of candidates (grouped by a certain measure) obtain in elections and the percentage of seats they receive (usually in legislative assemblies). ...
The People’s Assembly may cause the resignation of the executive cabinet by voting a motion of censure. For this reason, the Prime Minister and his cabinet are necessarily from the dominant party or coalition in the assembly. In the case of a president and assembly from opposing parties, this leads to the situation known as cohabitation. While motions of censure are periodically proposed by the opposition following government actions that it deems highly inappropriate, they are purely rhetorical; party discipline ensures that, throughout a parliamentary term, the government is never overthrown by the assembly. List of Heads of Government of Egypt List of Heads of Government of Southern Region of Egypt Affiliations:- See also:- Egypt Rulers and Heads of State of Egypt Colonial Heads of Egypt Lists of Incumbents Categories: Egypt ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
The Shura Council (Majilis Al-Shura) The Shura Council is the 264-member upper house of Parliament created in 1980. The Shura Council roughly translates to the ‘Consultative Council’ in English. In the Shura Council 174 members are directly elected and 88 members are appointed by the President of the Republic for six-year terms. One half of the Shura Council is renewed every three years. The Shura Council (Arabic: Majilis Al-Shura) is the upper house of Egyptian bicameral parliament. ...
The Shura Council's legislative powers are limited. On most matters of legislation, the People’s Assembly retains the last word in the event of a disagreement between the two houses.
Parliamentary elections There currently exist eighteen recognized political parties from across the political spectrum. The formation of political parties based on religion is prohibited by the Constitution. The official opposition and political pressure groups, like the Muslim Brotherhood, are active in Egypt and make their views public. They are represented at various levels in the political system. However, power is concentrated in the hands of the President of the Republic and the National Democratic Party which retains a super-majority in the People's Assembly. Muslim Brotherhood symbol. ...
The National Democratic Party (Al-Hizb Al-Watany Al-Demoqraty) was established in 1978 by late president Anwar Sadat who headed the party till 1981. ...
The November 2000 Parliamentary Elections are generally regarded to have been more transparent and better executed than past elections. This is due to the new Law put into force establishing universal judicial monitoring of polling stations. On the other hand, opposition parties continue to lodge credible complaints about electoral manipulation by the government. There are significant restrictions on the political process and freedom of expression for non-governmental organizations, including professional syndicates and organizations promoting respect for human rights which have been greatly loosened up in the past five years.
Below the national level, authority is exercised by and through governors and mayors appointed by the central government and by popularly elected local councils.
Judicial branch -
The Egyptian judicial system is based on European, primarily French, legal concepts and methods. Under the several governments during the presidency of Mubarak, the courts have demonstrated increasing independence, and the principles of due process and judicial review have gained greater respect. The legal code is derived largely from the Napoleonic Code. Marriage and personal status are primarily based on the religious law of the individual concerned. Thus, there are three forms of Family Law in Egypt, Islamic, Christian, and secular (based on the French Family Laws). The Egyptian Judicial System (or judicial branch) in Egypt, is an independent branch of the government which includes both secular and religious courts. ...
First page of the 1804 original edition The Napoleonic Code, or Code Napoléon (originally called the Code civil des Français) was the French civil code, established at the behest of Napoléon I. It was drafted rapidly by a commission of four eminent jurists and entered into force...
The judicial branch plays an important role in the political process in Egypt, the branch is given the responsibility to monitor and run the country's parliamentary and presidential elections.
Supreme Constitutional Court -
The Supreme Constitutional Court is an independent judiciary body in the Arab Republic of Egypt, with its new seat in the Cairo suburban, Maadi. The Supreme Constitutional Court is an independent judiciary body in the Arab Republic of Egypt, with its new seat in the Cairo suburban, Maadi. ...
Nickname: Al Qahirah (The Triumphant City) Cairos location in Egypt Coordinates: Governor Dr. Abdul Azim Wazir Area - City 210 km² - Metro 1,492 km² Population (2005) - City 7,438,376 - Density 35,420/km² - Urban 10,834,495 - Metro 15,200,000 Time zone EET (UTC+2) - Summer (DST...
Maadi (Arabic: el-Ma‛adi) is a suburb south of Cairo, Egypt. ...
The Court is the highest judicial power in Egypt and it alone undertakes the judicial control in respect of the constitutionality of the laws and regulations and shall undertake the interpretation of the legislative texts in the manner prescribed by law.
The chief judge of the Supreme Court was the head of the Presidential Election Commission that supervised and ran the country's first multi-candidate presidential elections in 2005.
Political parties and elections According to the Egyptian Constitution, political parties are allowed to exist. Religious political parties that are banned from being formed in Egypt. Also political parties that encourage militia formations or that has an agenda that is contradictory to the constitution or threatening to the country's stability such as the national unity between the Muslims and copts in Egypt. The Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt is the supreme law of Egypt. ...
Today, there are 18 political parties in Egypt.
- The following election results include names of political parties. See for additional information about parties the List of political parties in Egypt. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in Egypt.
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[discuss] – [edit]
Summary of the 7 September 2005 Egyptian presidential election results | Candidates, Nominating parties | Votes | % | | Hosni Mubarak, National Democratic Party (Al-Hizb Al-Watani Al-Dimuqrati) | 6,316,714 | 88.6 | | Ayman Nour, Tomorrow Party (Hizb al-Ghad) | 540,405 | 7.3 | | Numan Gomaa, New Wafd Party (Hizb al-Wafd al-Jadid) | 201,891 | 2.8 | | Total (Turnout 22.9 %) | 7,059,010 | | -
An election is a decision making process where people choose people to hold official offices. ...
A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around very special issues. ...
Political parties in Egypt lists political parties in this country. ...
An election is a decision making process whereby people vote for preferred political candidates or parties to act as representatives in government. ...
Egypt elects on national level a head of state – a president – and a bicameral legislature. ...
The Peoples Assembly (Arabic: Majilis Al-Sha’ab مجلس الشعب) is the lower house of Egypts bicameral parliament. ...
The National Democratic Party (Al-Hizb Al-Watany Al-Demoqraty) was established in 1978 by late president Anwar Sadat who headed the party till 1981. ...
The New Wafd Party (New Delegation Party; Arabic: Hizb al-Wafd al-Jadid Øزب الوÙد الجديد) is a nationalist liberal party in Egypt. ...
The Progressive National Unionist Party (Hizb al Tajamaa al Wataniyah al Tagadamm al Wahdwa) is a political party in Egypt. ...
The Tomorrow Party (Hizb al-Ghad) is an active political party in Egypt that was granted license in October 2004. ...
Muslim Brotherhood symbol. ...
The Nasserist Party is a political party in Egypt. ...
The Nasserist Party is a political party in Egypt. ...
The Liberal Party or Hizb al-Ahrar is a political party in Egypt. ...
The Egyptian parliamentary elections of 2005 was the scheduled three-stage elections for determining its lower house membership. ...
Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak (Arabic : Ù…Øمد Øسنى سيد مبارك ), (born May 4, 1928) commonly known as Hosni Mubarak (Arabic: Øسنى مبارك ) has been the President of Egypt since 14 October 1981. ...
The National Democratic Party (Al-Hizb Al-Watany Al-Demoqraty) was established in 1978 by late president Anwar Sadat who headed the party till 1981. ...
Ayman Abd El-Aziz Nour (Arabic: ) is an Egyptian politician, a former member of that countrys Parliament and chairman of the al-Ghad party (Tomorrow Party). He became famous around the world following his January 2005 imprisonment by the government of President Hosni Mubarak, which was widely understood as...
The Tomorrow Party (Hizb al-Ghad) is an active political party in Egypt that was granted license in October 2004. ...
Numan Gumaa, 70, works as an attorney in Cairo and is chairman of the liberal Wafd Party, founded in 1919 and Egypts oldest political party. ...
The New Wafd Party (New Delegation Party; Arabic: Hizb al-Wafd al-Jadid Øزب الوÙد الجديد) is a nationalist liberal party in Egypt. ...
The Egyptian presidential election of 2005, held on September 7, 2005, was the first contested presidential election in Egypts history. ...
Civil society Egyptians have been living under emergency law since 1967, except for an 18-month break in 1980. Emergency laws have been continuously extended every three years since 1981. These laws sharply circumscribe any non-governmental political activity: street demonstrations, non-approved political organizations, and un-registered financial donations are formally banned. Nonetheless, since 2000, these restrictions have been violated in practice. New non-governmental organizations and activity first emerged around solidarity with the Palestinians during the second Intifada and continued with opposition to the invasion of Iraq. The Popular Committee in Solidarity with the Palestinian Intifada (PCSPI), which operates on a grassroots basis, and has held a variety of unlicensed activities, has formed a model for nongovernmental action. In 2005, the agenda shifted towards democratic reforms, opposition to the succession of Gamal Mubarak as president, and rejection of violence by state security forces. Groups involved in the latest wave include PCSPI, the Egyptian Movement for Change (Kifaya (Enough)), and the Association for Egyptian Mothers. 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ...
1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ...
1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
This article is about the year 2000. ...
The Palestinian flag, adopted in 1948, is a widely recognized modern symbol of the Palestinian people. ...
The al-Aqsa Intifada is the wave of violence and political conflict that began in September 2000 between Palestinian Arabs and Israelis; it is also called the Second Intifada (see also First Intifada). ...
Kifayas logo. ...
Substantial peasant activism exists on a variety of issues, especially related to land rights and land reform. A major flashpoint was the 1997 repeal of Nasser-era land reform policies under pressure for structural adjustment. A pole for this activity is the Land Center for Human Rights. Because land is a limited resource and property rights include the right to exclude others, land rights are a form of monopoly. ...
Land reform (also agrarian reform, though that can have a broader meaning) is an often-controversial type of government-initiated or government-backed real estate property redistribution, generally of agricultural land. ...
The post-revolution Egyptian Land Reform was an effort to change land ownership practices in Egypt following the 1952 Revolution launched by Gamal Abdel Nasser and the Free Officers Movement. ...
Structural adjustment is a term used to describe the policy changes implemented by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (the Bretton Woods Institutions) in developing countries. ...
Administrative divisions Egypt is divided in 26 governorates (muhafazat; singular – muhafazah): Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al Ahmar, Al Buhayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah, Al Isma'iliyah, Al Jizah, Al Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah, Al Qalyubiyah, Al Wadi al Jadid, Ash Sharqiyah, As Suways, Aswan, Asyut, Bani Suwayf, Bur Sa'id, Dumyat, Janub Sina', Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina', Suhaj. Egypt is divided into 26 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah): Ad Daqahliyah Al Bahr al Ahmar Al Buhayrah Al Fayyum Al Gharbiyah Al Iskandariyah Al Ismailiyah Al Jizah Al Minufiyah Al Minya Al Qahirah Al Qalyubiyah Al Wadi al Jadid Ash Sharqiyah As Suways Aswan Asyut Bani Suwayf Bur Sa...
Ad Daqahliyah is an Egyptian governorate lying northeast of Cairo. ...
Categories: Stub | Governorates of Egypt ...
Categories: Stub | Governorates of Egypt ...
Al Fayyum or El Faiyûm (Arabic: الÙيوم ) is the capital of Al Fayyum Governorate, Egypt. ...
Al Gharbiyah (Arabic: الغربيه ) is one of the governorates of Egypt. ...
Categories: Africa geography stubs | Governorates of Egypt ...
Al Ismailiyah is one of the governorates of Egypt. ...
Giza (Arabic, الجيزة, transliterated al-ǧīzah; pronounced in Egyptian Arabic dialect of Cairo al-Gīza; also sometimes rendered in English as Gizeh, Ghizeh, or Geezeh) is a town in Egypt on the left bank of the Nile river, across from the...
Categories: Africa geography stubs | Governorates of Egypt ...
Al Minya (Arabic: Ù…ØاÙظة المنيا ) is one of the governorates of Upper Egypt. ...
For other uses, see Cairo (disambiguation). ...
Al Qalyubiyah (Arabic: ألقليوبيه ) is one of the governorates of Egypt. ...
Al Wadi al Jadid (Arabic: الوادى الجديد ) (English: New Vally) is one of the governorates of Egypt. ...
Categories: Africa geography stubs | Governorates of Egypt ...
This article needs cleanup. ...
Aswan (Arabic: أسوان AswÄn) (, population 200,000) is a city in the south of Egypt, the capital of the Aswan Governorate. ...
AsyūṠ(Arabic: أسيوط, derived from Ancient Egyptian through Coptic Syowt) is a city in modern AsyūṠGovernorate, Egypt. ...
Categories: Africa geography stubs | Governorates of Egypt | Cities in Egypt ...
Bur Said is one of the governorates of Egypt. ...
Dumyat, the hill at the western extremity of the Ochil Hills. ...
Janub Sina is one of the governorates of Egypt. ...
Kafr ash Shaykh is one of the governorates of Egypt. ...
Categories: Africa geography stubs | Governorates of Egypt ...
Categories: Africa geography stubs | Governorates of Egypt | Cities in Egypt ...
Shamal Sina is one of the governorates of Egypt. ...
Suhag lies 470 km from Cairo. ...
Political pressure groups and leaders The Muslim Brotherhood currently constitutes Mubarak's most significant political opposition; Mubarak tolerated limited political activity by the Brotherhood for his first two terms, but has moved more aggressively in the past six years to block its influence (arguably leading to its recent rise in public support). Trade unions and professional associations are officially sanctioned. Muslim Brotherhood symbol. ...
Foreign relations -
The permanent headquarters for the League of Arab States (The Arab League) is located in Cairo.The Secretary General of the League has traditionally been an Egyptian. Former Egyptian Foreign Minister Amr Moussa is the present Secretary General of the Arab League. The Arab League briefly moved out of Egypt to Tunis in 1978 as a protest at the peace treaty with Israel, but returned in 1989. Egypts foreign policy operates along a non-aligned level. ...
Flag of the League of Arab States The Arab League or League of Arab States (Arabic: جامعة الدول العربية), is an organization of Arab states. ...
Amr Moussa Amr Moussa (Arabic: عمرو موسى, (born 1936) is an Egyptian diplomat and the current Arab League secretary-general, appointed in May 2001. ...
Egypt was the first Arab state to establish diplomatic relations with the state of Israel, after the signing of the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty at the Camp David Accords. Egypt has a major influence amongst other Arab states, and has historically played an important role as a mediator in resolving disputes between various Arab nations, and in the Israeli-Palestinian dispute. Most Arab nations still give credence to Egypt playing that role, though its effects are often limited. The Israel-Egypt peace treaty (Arabic: معاهدة السلام المصرية الإسرائيلية; transliterated: Muahadat as-Salam al-Masriyah al-Israyliyah) (Hebrew: ×”×¡×›× ×©×œ×•× ×™×©×¨×ל-מצרי×; transliterated: Heskem Shalom Yisrael-Mizraim) was signed in Washington, DC, United States, on March 26, 1979, following the Camp David Accords (1978). ...
Celebrating the signing of the Camp David Accords in the White House Rose Garden: Menachem Begin (right), Jimmy Carter (center), Anwar Sadat (left) The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations...
Former Egyptian Deputy Prime Minister Boutros Boutros-Ghali served as Secretary General of the United Nations from 1991 to 1996.
A territorial dispute with Sudan over an area known as the Hala'ib Triangle, has meant that diplomatic relations between the two remain strained. The Halaib Triangle is an area of land measuring 20,580 km² located on the Red Seas African coast, between the borders of Egypt and Sudan. ...
External links General government sites Ministries Political parties Algeria · Angola · Benin · Botswana · Burkina Faso · Burundi · Cameroon · Cape Verde · Central African Republic · Chad · Comoros · Democratic Republic of the Congo · Republic of the Congo · Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) · Djibouti · Egypt · Equatorial Guinea · Eritrea · Ethiopia · Gabon · The Gambia · Ghana · Guinea · Guinea-Bissau · Kenya · Lesotho · Liberia · Libya · Madagascar · Malawi · Mali · Mauritania · Mauritius · Morocco · Mozambique · Namibia · Niger · Nigeria · Rwanda · São Tomé and Príncipe · Senegal · Seychelles · Sierra Leone · Somalia · South Africa · Sudan · Swaziland · Tanzania · Togo · Tunisia · Uganda · Zambia · Zimbabwe Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...
Politics of Burkina Faso takes place in a framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Burkina Faso is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ...
The constitution first approved in 1980 and substantially revised in 1992 forms the basis of government organization. ...
Politics of the Central African Republic takes place in a framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President is both head of state and head of government (with an executive Prime Minister. ...
Despite President Laurent-Désiré Kabilas claims that his was a transitional government leading to a new constitution and full elections by April 1999, these elections have not as of 2004 been held, and a 1998 draft constitution has not been finalized. ...
Côte dIvoire is a republic, with a multiparty presidential regime established in 1960. ...
The 1982 constitution of Equatorial Guinea gives the President extensive powers, including naming and dismissing members of the cabinet, making laws by decree, dissolving the Chamber of Representatives, negotiating and ratifying treaties and calling legislative elections. ...
Following the promulgation of a new constitution in 1990, São Tomé and PrÃncipe held multiparty elections for the first time since independence. ...
Sierra Leone is a republic with an executive president and a multi-party system of government. ...
// Constitution Following the 1994 elections, South Africa was governed under an interim constitution. ...
Dependencies and other territories
British Indian Ocean Territory · Ceuta · Mayotte · Melilla
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