Estonia

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Politics of Estonia takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Estonia is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the Council of Ministers which is led by the Prime Minister. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. Executive affairs of government are devised The President of Estonia is the head of state of the Republic of Estonia. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Prime Minister of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariigi Peaminister) is the head of government of the Republic of Estonia. ... Andrus Ansip Photo: Magnus Frödenberg/norden. ... The Government of the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Vabariigi Valitsus) exercises executive power pursuant to the Constitution and the laws of the Republic of Estonia. ... Andrus Ansip is the current Prime Minister of Estonia, his cabinet took office on April, 12, 2005 after being approved by Riigikogu by 53 members out of 101. ... The Riigikogu is the legislative assembly of Estonia. ... Elections in Estonia gives information on election and election results in Estonia. ... Political parties in Estonia lists political parties in Estonia. ... A County (est: maakond) is an administrative subdivision of Estonia. ... The European Union or EU is a supranational and intergovernmental union of 25 European states. ... Image File history File links European_flag. ... Following independence from the Soviet Union, Estonias immediate priority was the withdrawal of Russian (formerly Soviet) forces from Estonian territory. ... // Pre-history Chudes (proto-Estonians) and other Finnic tribes. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... States currently utilizing parliamentary systems are denoted in red and orange—the former being constitutional monarchies and the latter being republics A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in U.S. English), is distinguished by the executive branch of government being dependent on the direct or indirect support... Representative democracy is a form of democracy founded on the exercise of popular sovereignty by the peoples representants. ... In a broad definition a republic is a state or country that is led by people who do not base their political power on any principle beyond the control of the people of that state or country. ... The Prime Minister of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariigi Peaminister) is the head of government of the Republic of Estonia. ... The head of government is the leader of the government or cabinet. ... Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the executive is the branch of a government charged with implementing, or executing, the law. ... The Council of Ministers of Estonia or The Government of the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Vabariigi Valitsus) exercises executive power pursuant to the Constitution and the laws of the Republic of Estonia. ... The Prime Minister of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariigi Peaminister) is the head of government of the Republic of Estonia. ... A legislature is a governmental deliberative body with the power to adopt laws. ... In law, the judiciary or judicature is the system of courts which administer justice and provide a mechanism for the resolution of disputes. ...

With the proclamation of Estonia's national independence in 1918, a parliamentary republic was formed. The Parliament elected a Riigivanem (president) who acted as the leader of the government and head of state. In 1991 the Republic of Estonia was restored on the basis of continuity with the constitution prior to 1938. 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...

The contemporary Estonian government follows the principles of separation of power and its people elect a 101-member parliament every four years. Only Estonian citizens may participate in parliamentary elections. The Parliament chooses a president, who can be in office for a five year period for a maximum of two terms. The President is the Supreme Commander of the National Defence of Estonia. A party must gather 5% of the votes in order to become part of the Parliament. As a rule, the President asks the party leader who has collected the most votes to form the new government.

In the years shortly following the restoration of independence, there were dozens of parties to represent a population of only 1.3 million; at present 6–7 parties remain. The local authorities have developed in much the same direction. All permanent residents of voting age (18) may participate in local elections. Estonia does not have a state church, religious freedom is guaranteed by the constitution.

Political developments since independence

On June 28, 1992, Estonian voters approved the constitutional assembly's draft constitution and implementation act, which established a parliamentary government with a president as chief of state and with a government headed by a prime minister. June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ...

The Riigikogu, a unicameral legislative body, is the highest organ of state authority. It initiates and approves legislation sponsored by the prime minister. The prime minister has full responsibility and control over his cabinet. Parliamentary and presidential elections were held on September 20, 1992. Approximately 68% of the country's 637,000 registered voters cast ballots. Lennart Meri, an outstanding writer and former Minister of Foreign Affairs, won this election and became president. He chose 32-year-old historian and Christian Democratic Party founder Mart Laar as prime minister. Riigikogu is the name of the national parliament of Estonia. ... September 20 is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years). ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... Lennart Meri Lennart Georg Meri (March 29, 1929 – March 14, 2006) was a writer, film maker and politician who served as President of Estonia from 1992 to 2001. ... The Minister of Foreign Affairs is the senior minister at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Estonian: Eesti Vabariigi Välsmisteerium) in the Estonian Government. ... The President of Estonia is the head of state of the Republic of Estonia. ... Mart Laar (April 22, 1960 in Viljandi), was the Prime Minister of Estonia from 1992 to 1994 and from 1999 to 2002. ...

In February 1992, and with amendments in January 1995, the Riigikogu renewed Estonia's 1938 citizenship law, which also provides equal civil protection to resident aliens. 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Riigikogu is the name of the national parliament of Estonia. ... 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

In 1996, Estonia ratified a border agreement with Latvia and completed work with Russia on a technical border agreement. President Meri was re-elected in free and fair indirect elections in August and September in 1996. During parliamentary elections in 1999, the seats in Riigikogu were divided as follows: the Centre Party received 28, the Pro Patria Union 18, the Reform Party 18, the People's Party Moderates (election cartel between Moderates and People's Party) 17, Coalition Party 7, Country People's Party (now People's Union) 7, United People's Party's electoral cartel 6 seats. Pro Patria Union, the Reform Party, and the Moderates formed a government with Mart Laar as prime minister whereas the Centre Party with the Coalition Party, People's Union, United People's Party, and Members of Parliament who were not members of factions formed the opposition in the Riigikogu. 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... Lennart Meri Lennart Georg Meri (March 29, 1929 – March 14, 2006) was a writer, film maker and politician who served as President of Estonia from 1992 to 2001. ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... Riigikogu is the name of the national parliament of Estonia. ... The Centre Party of Estonia (Eesti Keskerakond) is a left of centre, centrist, social liberal party in Estonia. ... The Pro Patria Union or Isamaaliit is a conservative political party in Estonia. ... The Estonian Reform Party (Estonian: Eesti Reformierakond) is a free market liberal party in Estonia. ... {{Infobox Estonia Political Party/active/lifespan| The party was founded on 29 September 1994 in Tallinn under the name of Estonian Country Peoples Party (Eesti Maarahva Erakond, EME). ... Mart Laar (April 22, 1960 in Viljandi), was the Prime Minister of Estonia from 1992 to 1994 and from 1999 to 2002. ... Riigikogu is the name of the national parliament of Estonia. ...

The Moderates joined with the People's Party on 27 November 1999, forming the People's Party Moderates. November 27 is the 331st day (332nd on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ...

In fall 2001 Arnold Rüütel became the President of the Republic of Estonia. In January 2002 Prime Minister Laar stepped down and President Rüütel appointed Siim Kallas the new prime minister. On January 28, 2002 the new government was formed from a coalition with The Reform Party and the Centre Party. 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... Mart Laar (April 22, 1960 in Viljandi), was the Prime Minister of Estonia from 1992 to 1994 and from 1999 to 2002. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Categories: Stub | 1948 births | European Commissioners ... January 28 is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... The Centre Party of Estonia (Eesti Keskerakond) is a left of centre, centrist, social liberal party in Estonia. ...

Following parliamentary elections in 2003, the seats were allocated as follows: Centre 28, Res Publica 28, the Reform Party 19, the People's Union 13, the Pro Patria Union 7 and the Moderates 6 seats. The United People's Party failed to meet the 5% threshold. Res Publica, the Reform Party and the Peoples Union formed the government. From this coalition President Rüütel chose the leader of the Res Publica party, Juhan Parts, to form a government. Estonian parliamentary election of 2003 was held on 2nd March, 2003. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Res Publica Party (Estonian: Erakond Res Publica) is a conservative political party in Estonia. ... Juhan Parts (born 27 August 1966 in Tallinn) is a former Prime Minister of Estonia, and Chairman of the Res Publica party. ...

On 14 September 2003, following negotiations that began in 1998, the citizens of Estonia were asked in a referendum whether or not they wished to join the European Union. With 64% of the electorate turning out the referendum passed with a 66.83% margin in favor, 33.17% against. Accession to the EU took place on 1 May of the following year. September 14 is the 257th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (258th in leap years). ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ... May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ...

In February 2004 the People's Party Moderates renamed themselves as Social Democratic Party of Estonia. 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Social Democratic Party (Estonian: Sotsiaaldemokraatlik Erakond), or SDE, is a socialdemocratic party of Estonia, led by Ivari Padar. ...

On the 8th May, 2004, a defection of several Centre Party members to form a new party, the Social Liberal Party, over a row concerning the Centrists' "no" stance to joining the European Union changed the allocation of the seats in Riigikogu. Social-liberals had 8 seats, but a hope to form a new party disappeared by the 10th May 2005, because most members in the social-liberal group joined other parties. May 8 is the 128th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (129th in leap years). ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... (Redirected from 10th May) May 10 is the 130th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (131st in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

On 24 March Prime Minister Juhan Parts announced his resignation following a vote of no confidence in the Riigikogu against Minister of Justice Ken-Marti Vaher, which was held on the 21 March. Result: 54 pro (Social Democrats, Social Liberals, People's Union, Pro Patria Union and Reform Party) without no against or neutral MPs. 32 MPs (Res Publica and Centre Party) didn't take part. March 24 is the 83rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (84th in Leap years). ... Juhan Parts (born 27 August 1966 in Tallinn) is a former Prime Minister of Estonia, and Chairman of the Res Publica party. ... A Motion of No Confidence, also called Motion of Non Confidence is a parliamentary motion traditionally put before a parliament by the opposition in the hope of defeating or embarrassing a government. ... Ken-Marti Vaher (5 September 1974) is a leading member of the Estonian Res Publica party, and the former Estonian Minister of Justice. ... March 21 is the 80th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (81st in leap years). ...

On 4 April 2005, President Rüütel nominated Reform party leader Andrus Ansip as Prime Minister designate by and asked him to form a new government, the 8th in 12 years. Ansip formed a government out of a coalition of his Reform Party with the People’s Union and the Centre Party. Approval by the Riigikogu, which by law must decide within 14 days of his nomination, came on 12 April 2005. Ansip was backed by 53 out of 101 members of the Estonian parliament. Forty deputies voted against his candidature. April 4 is the 94th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (95th in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Andrus Ansip Photo: Magnus Frödenberg/norden. ... April 12 is the 102nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (103rd in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The general consensus in the Estonian media seems to be that the new cabinet, on the level of competence, is not necessarily an improvement over the old one. The new government is colloquially called the "Garlic Coalition", because the agreement between the party leaders was reached at the Tallinn restaurant "Balthasar", which specialises in garlic dishes. Andrus Ansip is the current Prime Minister of Estonia, his cabinet took office on April, 12, 2005 after being approved by Riigikogu by 53 members out of 101. ...

On 18 May 2005, Estonia signed a border agreement with the Russian Federation in Moscow. The agreement was ratified by the Riigikogu on 20 June 2005. However, in the end of June the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs decided to nullify the agreement one-sidedly due to the fact that Riigikogu had attached a preambula to the agreement mentioning the Soviet occupation. The issue remains unsolved and is in focus of European level discussions. May 18 is the 138th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (139th in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 20 is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 194 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Internet voting has already been used in local elections in Estonia, and the lawmakers in Estonia have authorized internet voting for parliamentary elections as well. (see COM). Electronic voting (also known as e-voting and including Internet voting and other online voting) is any of several means of determining peoples collective intent electronically. ...

On 4 April 2006, Fatherland Union and Res Publica decided to form a united right-conservative party. The two parteis joining was approved on 4 June by both parteis in Pärnu. The joined party name is Isamaa ja Res Publica Liit (Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica). April 4 is the 94th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (95th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 4 is the 155th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (156th in leap years), with 210 days remaining. ... Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica (in Estonian: Isamaa ja Res Publica Liit) was founded on 4 June 2006 when Pro Patria Union and Res Publica joined into one conservative party. ...

Executive branch

The President of Estonia is elected by Parliament (Riigikogu) for a five-year term; if he or she does not secure two-thirds of the votes after three rounds of balloting, then an electoral assembly (made up of Parliament plus members of local governments) elects the president, choosing between the two candidates with the largest percentage of votes. The Prime Minister of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariigi Peaminister) is the head of government of the Republic of Estonia. The prime minister is chosen by the President and conferred by Parliament. This is usually the leader of the largest party or coalition in the Parliament. The activity of the government is directed by the Prime Minister, who is the actual political head of state. He does not head any specific ministry, but is, in accordance with the constitution, the supervisor of the work of the government. The Prime Minister’s significance and role in the government and his relations with other ministries often depend on the position of the party led by the prime minister in vis-à-vis the coalition partners, and on how much influence the prime minister possesses within his own party. If the prime minister has a strong position within his party, and the government is made up solely of representatives of that party, he can enjoy considerable authority. In all crucial national questions, however, the final word rests with Riigikogu as the legislative power. The President of Estonia is the head of state of the Republic of Estonia. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... {{Infobox Estonia Political Party/active/lifespan| The party was founded on 29 September 1994 in Tallinn under the name of Estonian Country Peoples Party (Eesti Maarahva Erakond, EME). ... The Prime Minister of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariigi Peaminister) is the head of government of the Republic of Estonia. ... Andrus Ansip Photo: Magnus Frödenberg/norden. ... The Estonian Reform Party (Estonian: Eesti Reformierakond) is a free market liberal party in Estonia. ... March 31 is the 90th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (91st in Leap years), with 275 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Centre Party of Estonia (Eesti Keskerakond) is a left of centre, centrist, social liberal party in Estonia. ... {{Infobox Estonia Political Party/active/lifespan| The party was founded on 29 September 1994 in Tallinn under the name of Estonian Country Peoples Party (Eesti Maarahva Erakond, EME). ... The President of Estonia is the head of state of the Republic of Estonia. ... The Riigikogu is the legislative assembly of Estonia. ... The Prime Minister of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariigi Peaminister) is the head of government of the Republic of Estonia. ... The head of government is the leader of the government or cabinet. ... The President of Estonia is the head of state of the Republic of Estonia. ...

Legislative branch

The State Council (Riigikogu) has 101 members, elected for a four year term by proportional representation. Riigikogu is the name of the national parliament of Estonia. ... Proportional representation, also known as full representation, is an electoral system in which the overall votes are reflected in the overall outcome of the body or bodies of representatives. ...

Political parties and elections

The following election results include names of political parties. See for additional information about parties the List of political parties in Estonia. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in Estonia. An election is a decision making process whereby people vote for preferred political candidates or parties to act as representatives in government. ... A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around very special issues. ... Political parties in Estonia lists political parties in Estonia. ... An election is a decision making process whereby people vote for preferred political candidates or parties to act as representatives in government. ... Elections in Estonia gives information on election and election results in Estonia. ...

Main article: Estonian parliamentary election, 2003

Estonian parliamentary election of 2003 was held on 2nd March, 2003. ... The Riigikogu is the legislative assembly of Estonia. ... The Centre Party of Estonia (Eesti Keskerakond) is a left of centre, centrist, social liberal party in Estonia. ... Res Publica Party (Estonian: Erakond Res Publica) is a conservative political party in Estonia. ... The Estonian Reform Party (Estonian: Eesti Reformierakond) is a free market liberal party in Estonia. ... {{Infobox Estonia Political Party/active/lifespan| The party was founded on 29 September 1994 in Tallinn under the name of Estonian Country Peoples Party (Eesti Maarahva Erakond, EME). ... The Pro Patria Union or Isamaaliit is a conservative political party in Estonia. ... The Social Democratic Party (Estonian: Sotsiaaldemokraatlik Erakond or SDE) is a social democratic party in Estonia, led by Ivari Padar. ... The Estonian United Peoples Party (Eestimaa Ãœhendatud Rahvapartei/Obyedinnenaya Narodnaya Partiya Estonii) is a political party in Estonia, mainly supported by the Russian minority. ... The Estonian Christian Peoples Union (Eesti Kristlik Rahvapartei) is a political party in Estonia. ... The Estonian Independence Party (Eesti Iseseisvuspartei) is a political party in Estonia without parliamentary representation. ... Estonian Left Party (Eesti Vasakpartei - EVP) is a left socialist political party in Estonia. ...

Judicial branch

The supreme judiciary court is the National Court or Riigikohus, with 19 justices whose chairman is appointed by the parliament for life on nomination by the president. In law, the judiciary or judicature is the system of courts which administer justice and provide a mechanism for the resolution of disputes. ...

Administrative divisions

Main article: Counties of Estonia

Estonia numbers 15 main administrative subdivisions. Due to the geographical and demographic size of these subdivisions, they are to be considered counties rather than states (Estonian: pl. maakonnad; sg. - maakond). A County (est: maakond) is an administrative subdivision of Estonia. ...

International organization participation

Estonia is member of the BIS, CBSS, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, OPCW, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WEU (associate partner), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO BIS Headquarters in Basel The Bank for International Settlements (or BIS) is an international organization of central banks which exists to foster cooperation among central banks and other agencies in pursuit of monetary and financial stability. It carries out its work through subcommittees, the secretariats it hosts, and through its... The Baltic Sea The Council of the Baltic Sea States (abbrevated CBSS) is an intergovernmental organization formed to handle (mainly environmental) issues concerning the Baltic Sea region. ... The Palace of Europe in Strasbourg European Flag: used by the Council of Europe and by the European Union The Council of Europe (French: Conseil de lEurope , German: Europarat /ˌɔɪ.ˈro. ... The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) is a NATO organization, a multilateral forum created to improve relations between NATO and non-NATO countries in Europe and those parts of Asia on the European periphery. ... Founded in 1991, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) uses the tools of investment to help build market economies and democracies in 27 countries from central Europe to central Asia. ... The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE or ECE) was established in 1947 to encourage economic cooperation among its member states. ... 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The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from national standards bodies. ... Monument in Bern, Switzerland. ... The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is not an agency of the United Nations. ... The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is an international organization for security. ... United Nations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body, UNCTAD is the principal organ of the United Nations General Assembly dealing with trade, investment and development issues. ... UNESCO logo UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ... 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Source

Estonica : Estonia in brief : Political system: