The politics of Indonesia takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Indonesia is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two People's Representative Councils. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The 1945 constitution provided for a limited separation of executive, legislative, and judicial power. The governmental system has been described as "presidential with parliamentary characteristics." Following the Indonesian 1998 Revolution and the resignation of President Suharto, several political reforms were set in motion. This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The President of the Republic of Indonesia (Presiden Republik Indonesia) is the Head of State as well as the Head of the Government of the Republic of Indonesia. ... This is the list of the presidents of Indonesia. ... General (ret. ... List of Vice Presidents of Indonesia Dr. Mohammad Hatta (1945 - 1956) Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX (1973 -1978) Adam Malik (1978 - 1983) Umar Wirahadikusumah (1983 - 1988) Sudharmono (1988 - 1993) Try Sutrisno (1993 - 1998) B.J.Habibie (1998) Megawati Sukarnoputri (1999 - 2001) Hamzah Haz (2001 - 2004) Jusuf Kalla (2004 - 2009) See also... Jusuf Kalla Jusuf Kalla (born Watampone, South Sulawesi; May 15, 1942) is the current Vice President of Indonesia. ... United Indonesia Cabinet (Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu) is a presidential cabinet led by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Indonesia has moved towards bicameralism by establishing the Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, most commonly called the DPD in the Indonesian media. ... The Peoples Representative Council is the lower house of the legislature of Indonesia. ... A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around very special issues with the aim to participate in power, usually by participating in elections. ... Politics of Indonesia Categories: Election related stubs | Elections in Indonesia ... Legislative elections were held in Indonesia on April 5, 2004. ... A sample ballot paper showing the five presidential candidates and their vice-presidential running-mates. ... The province (Indonesian: provinsi) is the highest tier of local government subnational entity in Indonesia. ... There are four levels of government administration in Indonesia, plus one community-led level of administration. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... US$43 billion in International Monetary Fund (IMF) aid in 2003 was sent as foreign aid to Indonesia, and this assistance has traditionally been an important part of the central government’s budget. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... A presidential system, also called a congressional system, is a system of government where the executive branch exists and presides (hence the term) separate from the legislature, to which it is not accountable, and which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it. ... Representative democracy is a form of democracy founded on the exercise of popular sovereignty by the peoples representatives. ... Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A republic is a form of government maintained by a state or country whose sovereignty is based on popular consent and whose governance is based on popular representation and control. ... List of Presidents of Indonesia Categories: Indonesia | Lists of office-holders ... Queen Elizabeth II, is the Head of State of 16 countries including: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Jamaica, New Zealand and the Bahamas, as well as crown colonies and overseas territories of the United Kingdom. ... The Head of Government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. ... Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the executive is the branch of a government charged with implementing, or executing, the law. ... A legislature is a governmental deliberative body with the power to adopt laws. ... The Peoples Representative Council is the lower house of the legislature of Indonesia. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      In law, the judiciary or judicial is the system of courts which administer justice in the name of the sovereign or state, a mechanism for the resolution of disputes. ... A legislature is a governmental deliberative body with the power to adopt laws. ... The judiciary, also referred to as the judicature, consists of justices, judges and magistrates among other types of adjudicators. ... In 1998, following over thirty years of military dictatorship under General Suharto, the 1998 Indonesian Revolution led to the introduction of democracy. ... Haji Mohammad Soeharto (born June 8, 1921), more commonly referred to as simply Soeharto (Suharto in the English-speaking world), is a former Indonesian military and political leader. ...

Reform process

A constitutional reform process has been underway since 1999, and has already produced several important changes. 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ...

Among these are term limits of up to two five-year terms for the President and Vice President, and measures to institute checks and balances. The highest state institution is the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), whose functions included electing the president and vice president (since 2004 the president is elected directly by the people), establishing broad guidelines of state policy, and amending the constitution. The 695-member MPR includes all 550 members of the People's Representative Council (DPR) (the House of Representatives) plus 130 "regional representatives" elected by the twenty-six provincial parliaments and sixty-five appointed members from societal groups. A term limit is a legal restriction that limits the number of terms a person may serve in a particular elected office. ... President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, companies, trade unions, universities, and countries. ... A vice president is an officer in government or business who is next in rank below a president. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Peoples Representative Council is the lower house of the legislature of Indonesia. ...

The DPR, which is the premier legislative institution, originally included 462 members elected through a mixed proportional/district representational system and thirty-eight appointed members of the armed forces (TNI) and police (POLRI). TNI/POLRI representation in the DPR was ended before the general election in 2004 and will end in the MPR in 2009. Societal group representation in the MPR was eliminated in 2004 through further constitutional change. Military domination of regional administration is gradually breaking down, with new regulations prohibiting active-duty officers from holding political office. shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2009 (MMIX) will be a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Having served as rubberstamp bodies in the past, the DPR and MPR have gained considerable power and are increasingly assertive in oversight of the executive branch. Under constitutional changes in 2004, the MPR became a bicameral legislature, with the creation of the Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (DPD) or Senate, in which each province is represented by four members, although its legislative powers are more limited than those of the DPR. Through his appointed cabinet, the president retains the authority to conduct the administration of the government, but some observers believe the balance of power has shifted too far in the direction of the legislature.^{[citation needed]} shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... In government, bicameralism is the practice of having two legislative or parliamentary chambers. ... A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of government, typically representing the executive branch. ...

A general election in June 1999 produced the first freely elected national, provincial, and regional parliaments in over forty years. In October 1999 the MPR elected a compromise candidate, Abdurrahman Wahid, as the country's fourth president, and Megawati Sukarnoputri — a daughter of Sukarno, the country's first president — as the vice president. Megawati's PDI-P party had won the largest share of the vote (34%) in the general election, while Golkar, the dominant party during the Soeharto era, came in second (22%). Several other, mostly Islamic parties won shares large enough to be seated in the DPR. Abdurrahman Wahid (also known as Gus Dur) (born August 4, 1940) was the President of Indonesia from 1999 to 2001, and founder of the National Awakening Party (PKB). ... Diah Permata Megawati Setiawati Soekarnoputri (born January 23, 1947), was President of Indonesia from July 2001 to October 20, 2004. ... Sukarno (June 6, 1901 – June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. ... The Party of the Functional Groups (Indonesian: Partai Golongan Karya) is a political party in Indonesia, also known as Golkar (Sekretariat Bersama Golongan Karya, or Joint Secretariat of Functional Groups). ...

Executive branch

The president and vice president are selected by vote of the citizens for five-year terms. Prior to 2004, they were chosen by People's Consultative Assembly. The last election was held 20 September 2004. The president heads the United Indonesia Cabinet (Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu) The President of Indonesia is directly-elected for five-year terms, and is the head of state, commander-in-chief of Indonesian armed forces and responsible for domestic governance and policy-making and foreign affairs. The president appoints a council of ministers, who don't have to be elected members of the legislature. This is the list of the presidents of Indonesia. ... General (ret. ... Indonesias Democrat Party, also known as Partai Demokrat (PD), was founded on 9 September 2001. ... October 20 is the 293rd day of the year (294th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... List of Vice Presidents of Indonesia Dr. Mohammad Hatta (1945 - 1956) Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX (1973 -1978) Adam Malik (1978 - 1983) Umar Wirahadikusumah (1983 - 1988) Sudharmono (1988 - 1993) Try Sutrisno (1993 - 1998) B.J.Habibie (1998) Megawati Sukarnoputri (1999 - 2001) Hamzah Haz (2001 - 2004) Jusuf Kalla (2004 - 2009) See also... Jusuf Kalla Jusuf Kalla (born Watampone, South Sulawesi; May 15, 1942) is the current Vice President of Indonesia. ... The Party of the Functional Groups (Indonesian: Partai Golongan Karya) is a political party in Indonesia, also known as Golkar (Sekretariat Bersama Golongan Karya, or Joint Secretariat of Functional Groups). ... October 20 is the 293rd day of the year (294th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... September 20 is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years). ... United Indonesia Cabinet (Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu) is a presidential cabinet led by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. ... List of Presidents of Indonesia Categories: Indonesia | Lists of office-holders ... Queen Elizabeth II, is the Head of State of 16 countries including: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Jamaica, New Zealand and the Bahamas, as well as crown colonies and overseas territories of the United Kingdom. ... Commander-in-Chief (in NATO-lingo often C-in-C or CINC pronounced sink) is the commander of all the military forces within a particular region or of all the military forces of a state. ...

Legislative branch

The People's Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat) has 550 members, elected for a five year term by proportional representation in multi-member constituencies. The other chamber of the People's Consultative Assembly(Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat) is the Regional Representatives Council (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah). Following elections in 2004, the MPR became a bicameral parliament, with the creation of the DPD as its second chamber in an effort to increase regional representation. The Peoples Representative Council is the lower house of the legislature of Indonesia. ... Proportional representation (sometimes referred to as full representation, or PR), is a category of electoral formula aiming at a close match between the percentage of votes that groups of candidates (grouped by a certain measure) obtain in elections and the percentage of seats they receive (usually in legislative assemblies). ... A constituency is any cohesive corporate unit or body bound by shared structures, goals or loyalty. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Indonesia has moved towards bicameralism by establishing the Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, most commonly called the DPD in the Indonesian media. ... In government, bicameralism is the practice of having two legislative or parliamentary chambers. ... A parliament is a legislature, especially in those countries whose system of government is based on the Westminster system modelled after that of the United Kingdom. ...

Political parties and elections

For other political parties see List of political parties in Indonesia. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in Indonesia.

The General Election Committee (KPU - Komisi Pemilihan Umum) is the body responsible for running both parliamentary and presidential elections in Indonesia. Prior to the General Election of 2004, the KPU was made up of members who were also members of political parties, however members of the KPU must now be non-partisan. A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around very special issues. ... A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around very special issues with the aim to participate in power, usually by participating in elections. ... An election is a decision making process whereby people vote for preferred political candidates or parties to act as representatives in government. ... Politics of Indonesia Categories: Election related stubs | Elections in Indonesia ...

Main article: Indonesian presidential election, 2004

Main article: Indonesian legislative election, 2004

A sample ballot paper showing the five presidential candidates and their vice-presidential running-mates. ... A sample ballot paper showing the five presidential candidates and their vice-presidential running-mates. ... General (ret. ... Indonesias Democrat Party, also known as Partai Demokrat (PD), was founded on 9 September 2001. ... Diah Permata Megawati Setiawati Soekarnoputri (born January 23, 1947), was President of Indonesia from July 2001 to October 20, 2004. ... The Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan) is a political party in Indonesia. ... Categories: People stubs ... The Party of the Functional Groups (Indonesian: Partai Golongan Karya) is a political party in Indonesia, also known as Golkar (Sekretariat Bersama Golongan Karya, or Joint Secretariat of Functional Groups). ... Amien Rais (born 1944) is a prominent Indonesian politician, who led and inspired the reform movement that forced the resignation of the authoritarian ruler, President Soeharto, in 1998. ... The National Mandate Party (Partai Amanat Nasional) is a moderate islamist political party in Indonesia. ... Hamzah Haz Hamzah Haz is an Indonesian politician born in Ketapang, West Kalimantan on 15 February 1940. ... The United Development Party (PPP) (Indonesian: Partai Persatuan Pembangunan; also sometimes translated as Development Unity Party) is a political party in Indonesia. ... Legislative elections were held in Indonesia on April 5, 2004. ... The Peoples Representative Council is the lower house of the legislature of Indonesia. ... The Party of the Functional Groups (Indonesian: Partai Golongan Karya) is a political party in Indonesia, also known as Golkar (Sekretariat Bersama Golongan Karya, or Joint Secretariat of Functional Groups). ... The Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan) is a political party in Indonesia. ... Categories: Stub | Indonesian political parties ... The United Development Party (PPP) (Indonesian: Partai Persatuan Pembangunan; also sometimes translated as Development Unity Party) is a political party in Indonesia. ... Indonesias Democrat Party, also known as Partai Demokrat (PD), was founded on 9 September 2001. ... The Prosperous Justice Party (Partai Keadilan Sejahtera/PKS) is a political party in Indonesia. ... The National Mandate Party (Partai Amanat Nasional) is a moderate islamist political party in Indonesia. ... The Crescent Star Party (Partai Bulan Bintang) is a moderate islamist political party in Indonesia. ... The Reform Star Party (Partai Bintang Reformasi) is a islamist reformist political party in Indonesia. ... The Prosperous Peace Party (Partai Damai Sejahtera) is a christian-democratic political party in Indonesia. ... The Concern for the Nation Functional Party (Partai Karya Peduli Bangsa) is an ant-corruption political party in Indonesia. ... The Justice and Unity Party (Partai Keadilan dan Persatuan/PKP) is a political party in Indonesia. ... The United Democratic Nationhood Party (Partai Persatuan Demokrasi Kebangsaan) is a political party in Indonesia. ... The Freedom Bull National Party (Partai Nasional Banteng Kemerdekaan) is a political party in Indonesia. ... The Indonesian National Party Marheanism (Partai Nasional Indonesia Marhaenisme) is a political party in Indonesia. ... The Vanguard Party (Partai Pelopor) is a political party in Indonesia. ... The Indonesian Democratic Vanguard Party (Partai Penegak Demokrasi Indonesia) is a political party in Indonesia. ...

Judicial branch

The "Supreme Court" (Mahkamah Agung) is the highest level of the judicial branch. Its judges are appointed by the president.

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Indonesia

During the regime of president Suharto, Indonesia built strong relations with the United States and had difficult relations with the People's Republic of China owing to Indonesia's anti-communist policies and domestic tensions with the Chinese community. It received international condemnation for its annexation of East Timor in 1978. Indonesia is a founding member of the Association of South East Asian Nations, and thereby a member of both ASEAN+3 and the East Asia Summit. Since the 1980s, Indonesia has worked to develop close political and economic ties between South East Asian nations, and is also influential in the Organization of the Islamic Conference. Indonesia was heavily criticized between 1998 and 1999 for allegedly suppressing human rights in East Timor, and for supporting violence against the East Timorese following the latter's secession and independence in 1999. Since 2001, the government of Indonesia has co-operated with the U.S. in cracking down on Islamic fundamentalism and terrorist groups. The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... Main languages See Languages of ASEAN Secretary General Ong Keng Yong of Singapore Area  - Total 4,480,000 km2 Population  - Total (2004)  - Density 550,000,000 122. ... ASEAN Plus Three is a forum that function as a coordinator of cooperation between Association of Southeast Asian Nations with three East Asian nations; namely Japan, Peoples Republic of China and South Korea. ... The East Asia Summit (EAS) is a pan-Asia forum to be held annually by the leaders of 16 countries in East Asia and the region, with ASEAN in a leadership position. ... The flag of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) OIC redirects here. ... Islamic fundamentalism is a religious ideology which advocates literalistic interpretations of the sacred texts of Islam, Sharia law, and an Islamic State. ...

Further reading

• O'Rourke, Kevin. 2002. Reformasi: the struggle for power in post-Soeharto Indonesia. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-754-8
• Schwarz, Adam. 2000. A nation in waiting: Indonesia's search for stability. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-3650-3

See also

• Government Administration in Indonesia
• Foreign relations of Indonesia
• List of Presidents of Indonesia
• List of Vice Presidents of Indonesia
• Flag of Indonesia
• Constitution of Indonesia

{| align="center" style="margin: 1em auto; clear:all; width:90%;" class="toccolours" |- | align="center" style="background-color:#CC0000" |About Indonesia |- | align="center" style="font-size:90%" | Art • Communications • Culture • Demographics • Economy • Education • Geography • Government • History • Law • Media • Military • People • Politics • Provinces • Religion • Science & Technology • Society • Sport • Tourism • Transportation |} Image File history File links Portal. ... There are four levels of government administration in Indonesia, plus one community-led level of administration. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... This is the list of the presidents of Indonesia. ... List of Vice Presidents of Indonesia Dr. Mohammad Hatta (1945 - 1956) Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX (1973 -1978) Adam Malik (1978 - 1983) Umar Wirahadikusumah (1983 - 1988) Sudharmono (1988 - 1993) Try Sutrisno (1993 - 1998) B.J.Habibie (1998) Megawati Sukarnoputri (1999 - 2001) Hamzah Haz (2001 - 2004) Jusuf Kalla (2004 - 2009) See also... Flag ratio: 2:3 The national flag of Indonesia, which is known as Sang Merah Putih in Indonesian, is based on the flag of the Majapahit empire, back in the 13th century. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: Constitution of Indonesia The Constitution of Indonesia (Indonesian: Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia 1945, UUD 45) is the basis for the government of the Indonesia. ... Motto Bhinneka Tunggal Ika(Old Javanese) Unity in Diversity National ideology: Pancasila[1] Anthem Indonesia Raya Capital (and largest city) Jakarta Official languages Indonesian Government Presidential Republic  -  President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono  -  Vice President Muhammad Jusuf Kalla Independence from the Netherlands   -  Declared 17 August 1945   -  Recognized 27 December 1949  Area  -  Total... Telephones - main lines in use: 3. ... Statue of Dewi Sri in Ubud, Bali. ... Indonesias 242 million people make it the worlds fourth-most populous nation. ... Indonesia is an archipelagic country of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited) stretching along the equator in South East Asia. ... The province (Indonesian: provinsi) is the highest tier of local government subnational entity in Indonesia. ... Kuta beach, Bali Indonesia is a vast tropical tourism destination. ...