Iraq

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Iraq Image File history File links Republic_of_Iraq_COA.svg‎ Summary This vector image was created by converting the eps file available at brandsoftheworld. ...

Constitution Presidency Council President (Jalal Talabani) Council of Ministers Prime Minister (Nouri al-Maliki) Government from 2006 Iraqi Council of Representatives Iraqi High Tribunal (judiciary) Political parties Elections Electoral Commission Legislative: Jan 2005 Dec 2005 Constitutional referendum Governorates Regions of Iraq Foreign relations Human rights Minority politics Foreign aid

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The politics of Iraq takes place in a framework of a more or less federal parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Iraq is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly of Iraq. Politics of Iraq includes the social relations involving authority or power in Iraq. Before the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003, the Ba'ath Party officially ruled. The occupation yielded to an interim Iraqi constitution, which was replaced by a permanent constitution following approval in a referendum held on October 15, 2005. The Presidency Council of Iraq, under the Transitional Administrative Law, serves collectively as the head of state. ... The President of Iraq is Iraqs head of state. ... Jalal Talabani (Kurdish: / Celal Talebanî / Jelal Talebaní Arabic: ‎, ) (born 1933), is an Iraqi politician, who was elected President of Iraq on April 6, 2005, (sworn in the next day, April 7, and once again on April 22, 2006, by the Iraqi National Assembly. ... The Council of Ministers of Iraq is the executive branch of the (now transitional) government of Iraq. ... Kingdom of Iraq (1921-1959) The Prime Minister of Iraq is Iraqs head of government. ... Nouri Kamel al-Maliki (Arabic: نوري كامل المالكي, transliterated Nūrī Kāmil al-Mālikī; born c. ... Iraqi Council of Representatives Under the permanent constitution approved on October 15, 2005, legislative authority is vested in two bodies, the Council of Representatives and the Council of Union. ... The Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal (formerly known as the Iraqi Special Tribunal) is a body established under Iraqi national law to try Iraqi nationals or residents accused of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes or other serious crimes committed between 1968 and 2003. ... This article lists political parties in Iraq. ... Elections in Iraq gives information on election and election results in Iraq. ... The Independent Electoral Commission of Iraq (IECI) is Iraqs electoral commission. ... Iraqi police officers hold up their index fingers marked with purple indelible ink, a security measure to prevent double voting. ... Iraqis in the predominantly Sunni city of Husaybah, wait in lines to vote, during the national election, December 15. ... The electorate of Iraq went to the polls on 15 October 2005 to vote in a referendum on whether or not to ratify the proposed constitution of Iraq. ... Iraq is divided into 18 governorates or provinces (muhafazah): The current set of governorates were established in 1976. ... Regions of Iraq is a subdivision created by the constitution that was ratified in October 2005. ... This article is in need of attention. ... It has been suggested that Human Rights Violations and the Current Iraqi Regime be merged into this article or section. ... Assyrians, Mandeans, Yezidis, Turkmens (Turkomans), Gypsies, and Kurds have allegedly not enjoyed equal status throughout the eighty-five year history of Iraq. ... Foreign aid to Iraq has increased to handle reconstruction efforts. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... A map displaying todays federations. ... A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in U.S. English), is distinguished by the executive branch of government being dependent on the direct or indirect support of the parliament, often expressed through a vote of confidence. ... Representative democracy is a form of democracy founded on the exercise of popular sovereignty by the peoples representatives. ... For other uses, see Republic (disambiguation). ... Kingdom of Iraq (1921-1959) The Prime Minister of Iraq is Iraqs head of government. ... The Head of Government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. ... Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the executive is the branch of a government charged with implementing, or executing, the law. ... A legislature is a governmental deliberative body with the power to adopt laws. ... The Iraqi National Assembly is the unicameral parliament of Iraq which meets in the Iraqi capital, Baghdad. ... American Civil Rights Movement is one of the most famous social movements of the 20th century. ... In politics, authority (Latin auctoritas, used in Roman law as opposed to potestas and imperium) is often used interchangeably with the term power. However, their meanings differ. ... Much of the recent sociological debate on power revolves around the issue of constraining and/or enabling nature of power. ... Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: [1]; April 28, 1937[2] – December 30, 2006[3]), was the President of Iraq from July 16, 1979, until April 9, 2003. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Bath Party flag The Arab Socialist Bath Party (also spelled Baath or Baath; Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي) was founded in 1945 as a radical, left-wing, secular Arab nationalist political party. ... The Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period is the current Iraqi constitution signed on March 8, 2004 by the Iraq Interim Governing Council. ... The electorate of Iraq went to the polls on 15 October 2005 to vote in a referendum on whether or not to ratify the proposed Iraqi constitution of 2005. ... October 15 is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

A permanent 275-member Iraqi National Assembly was elected in a general election in December 2005, initiating the formation of a new government. Iraqis in the predominantly Sunni city of Husaybah, wait in lines to vote, during the national election, December 15. ...

The Prime Minister of Iraq is Nouri al-Maliki, who holds most of the executive authority and appoints the cabinet. The current President of Iraq is Jalal Talabani, who serves in a largely figurehead capacity, with few powers. The vice presidents are Tariq al-Hashimi and Adel Abdul Mehdi, deputy leader of SCIRI, the largest party in the Iraqi National Assembly. Kingdom of Iraq (1921-1959) The Prime Minister of Iraq is Iraqs head of government. ... Nouri Kamel al-Maliki (Arabic: نوري كامل المالكي, transliterated Nūrī Kāmil al-Mālikī; born c. ... The President of Iraq is Iraqs head of state. ... Jalal Talabani (Kurdish: / Celal Talebanî / Jelal Talebaní Arabic: ‎, ) (born 1933), is an Iraqi politician, who was elected President of Iraq on April 6, 2005, (sworn in the next day, April 7, and once again on April 22, 2006, by the Iraqi National Assembly. ... A figurehead is a person, usually in a political role, who may hold an important title or office yet executes little actual power. ... A vice president is an officer in government or business who is next in rank below a president. ... Tariq al-Hashimi is an Iraqi politician and the general secretary of the Iraqi Islamic Party. ... Adel Abdul Mahdi (Arabic: عادل عبد المهدى ) is one of the two current Deputy Presidents of the Iraq. ... The Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI) is an Iraqi political party; its support comes from the countrys Shia Muslim community and from their fellow religionists in neighbouring Iran. ... The Iraqi National Assembly is the unicameral parliament of Iraq which meets in the Iraqi capital, Baghdad. ...

Ba'athist rule

Before the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003, the Ba'ath Party officially ruled Iraq through a nine-member Revolutionary Command Council, which enacted legislation by decree. The RCC's president (chief of state and supreme commander of the armed forces) was elected by a two-thirds majority of the RCC. A Council of Ministers (cabinet), appointed by the RCC, had administrative and some legislative responsibilities. The Vice-President of Iraq was Taha Yassin Ramadan. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: [1]; April 28, 1937[2] – December 30, 2006[3]), was the President of Iraq from July 16, 1979, until April 9, 2003. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Bath Party flag The Arab Socialist Bath Party (also spelled Baath or Baath; Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي) was founded in 1945 as a radical, left-wing, secular Arab nationalist political party. ... Established after the military coup in 1968, the Revolutionary Command Council was the ultimate decision making body in Iraq before the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. ... A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of government, typically representing the executive branch. ... Taha Yassin Ramadan (born 1938) was the Vice President of Iraq from March 1991 to the fall of Saddam Hussein in April 2003. ...

A 250-member National Assembly consisting of 220 elected by popular vote who serve a four year term, and 30 appointed by the president to represent the three northern provinces, was last elected in March 2000. Iraq is divided into 18 provinces, each headed by a governor with extensive administrative powers. The Iraqi National Assembly is the unicameral parliament of Iraq which meets in the Iraqi capital, Baghdad. ...

Iraq's judicial system during Saddam's rule was based on the French model introduced during Ottoman rule and had three types of lower courts--civil, religious, and special. Special courts try broadly defined national security cases. An appellate court system and the court of cassation (court of last recourse) complete the judicial structure. Motto: دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 Osman I  - 1918–1922 Mehmed VI...

Under Ba'athist rule the legal system was arbitrary and brutal. Iraqis were subject to death by hand grenades detonated in shirt pockets. Suspects could have arms summarily broken, fingers, tongues and ears cut off.

Occupation

From April 2003 to June 28, 2004, Iraq was under occupation following the ousting of the Ba'ath Party and President Saddam Hussein. 130,000 American soldiers as well as few thousand other troops from various countries still occupy the nation of Iraq presently. After the overthrow, a power vacuum emerged, which remains in some form to this day, with terrorists and insurgents attacking civilian targets and battling against coalition forces and newly-formed Iraqi institutions in some pockets, hampering the emergence of post-war stability. The occupation was led by the coalition's Civil Administrator, L. Paul Bremer, until mid-2004. An Interim Iraq Governing Council was also appointed by the coalition with a monthly rotating interim presidency. The Council in turn appointed a cabinet of ministers and other officials. 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article deals with the post-invasion period in Iraq and its occupation. ... A power vacuum is an expression for a political situation that can occur when a government has no identifiable central authority. ... Terrorist redirects here. ... An insurgency is an armed rebellion against a constituted authority, by any irregular armed force that rises up against an enforced or established authority, government, or administration. ... Bremer signs over limited sovereignty to Iraqs interim government, June 28, 2004 Lewis Paul Bremer III, known as Paul Bremer and Jerry among his friends (born September 30, 1941), was named Director of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance for post-war Iraq following the Iraq War of 2003, replacing Jay... The Iraqi Governing Council. ...

Return of sovereignty

U.S. National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice gives confirmation of Iraqi sovereignty to U.S. President George W. Bush, who then wrote, “Let Freedom Reign!,” during the opening session of the NATO Summit in Istanbul, Turkey, on Monday, June 28, 2004.

The path to full sovereignty for Iraq was a gradual one: Image File history File links U.S. President George W. Bush received this note from his national security adviser, Condoleezza Rice, at the NATO Summit in Istanbul, June 28 2004, notifying him that the sovereignty in Iraq had been handed over from the U.S. administration to the Iraqi provisional... Image File history File links U.S. President George W. Bush received this note from his national security adviser, Condoleezza Rice, at the NATO Summit in Istanbul, June 28 2004, notifying him that the sovereignty in Iraq had been handed over from the U.S. administration to the Iraqi provisional... June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

• On November 15, 2003 an agreement was released spelling out Iraq's path to sovereignty.
• On March 8, 2004 an interim constitution, the Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period was approved by the governing council, which further expanded on the structure established the proceeding November.
• Prior to April, 2004 U. S. government officials referring to the transition date Iraq had used the language "sovereignty" or "full sovereignty." For example, on March 15, 2004 U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage stated [1] that on June 30, "the Iraqi interim government will assume full sovereignty and the United States will open a diplomatic mission in Baghdad, the largest U.S. mission anywhere in the world."

• On 28 June 2004, the Coalition Provisional Authority dissolved and full governmental authority was transferred to the sovereign Iraqi Interim Government (IIG).

A few have asserted that the term "return of sovereignty" stems from a flawed understanding of international law: according to these individuals, sovereignty is vested in the people of Iraq, independently from the formal structure of the state. [2] The commonly-accepted meaning of the phrase, however, is the return, by one political agency to another, the exclusive rights to exercise supreme authority over a geographic region and group of people. Regardless, Iraq was set on a direct path to full democratic elections in January and December of 2005. November 15 is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 46 days remaining. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 8 is the 67th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (68th in leap years). ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period is the current Iraqi constitution signed on March 8, 2004 by the Iraq Interim Governing Council. ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (75th in Leap years). ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 30 is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 184 days remaining. ... June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Interim period

In November 2003 the coalition announced plans to turn over sovereignty to an interim Iraqi government by mid-2004. The actual transfer of sovereignty occurred on June 28, 2004. The interim president was Sheikh Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer, and the interim prime minister Iyad Allawi. 2003 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December A timeline of events in the news for November, 2003. ... The Iraqi Interim Government was created by the United States and its coalition allies as a caretaker government to govern Iraq until elections are conducted on January 30th, 2005. ... June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Sheikh (disambiguation). ... Ghazi al-Yawer Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer (born 1958? in Mosul, Iraq) is a Vice-President of Iraq under the Iraqi Transitional Government of 2005, and was President of Iraq under the Iraqi Interim Government from 2004 to 2005. ... Allawi at a ceremony for the transfer of governmental authority to the Iraqi Interim Government. ...

Under the interim Iraqi constitution, signed March 2004, the country's executive branch is now led by a three-person presidential council. The election system for the council effectively ensures that all three of Iraq's major religious groups are represented. The constitution also includes basic freedoms like freedom of religion, speech, and assembly, and in many ways has been hailed as more liberal than the U.S. constitution. Controversially, however, it states that all laws that were in effect on the transfer date cannot be repealed. Furthermore, since the coalition forces are currently an official occupying power under the United Nations, Coalition troops can remain in control of the country indefinitely despite the transfer of sovereignty. Since Iraqi forces are currently considered ill-equipped to police and secure the country, it is expected that coalition troops will remain in the country for many years to come. The Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period is the current Iraqi constitution signed on March 8, 2004 by the Iraq Interim Governing Council. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guarantees freedom of religion, as long as religious activities do not infringe on public order in ways detrimental to society. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Group of women holding dick placards with political activist slogans: know your courts - study your politicians, Liberty in law, Law makers must not be law breakers, and character in candidates photo 1920 Freedom of assembly is the freedom to associate with, or organize any groups, gatherings, clubs, or organizations that... Page one of the original copy of the Constitution. ... The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ...

Part of the proposed system (holding regional caucuses which then elect national leaders) was rejected by Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, which resulted in massive peaceful (though unsuccessful) protests against the proposed systems. Sistani, the most senior Shiite cleric in Iraq, declared the system as too easy to manipulate to elect an U.S.-friendly government and not representative of the people. However, the process used followed closely the November 15, 2003 agreement established before Sistani's protests. That agreement established the caucuses for the IIG which indeed occurred in June of 2003. The full elections for the Constitutional Committee occurred in January 2005, 2 months before the November 15 agreement's established date of March 31, 2005. Ayatollah redirects here. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... November 15 is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 46 days remaining. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 31 is the 90th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (91st in leap years), with 275 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Iraqi National Assembly Election

On January 30, 2005, the Iraqi people chose representatives for the newly-formed 275-member Iraqi National Assembly in legislative elections. Following the ratification of the constitution of Iraq on October 15, 2005, a general election was called for 15 December to elect a permanent 275-member Iraqi National Assembly. January 30 is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 15 is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 15 is the 349th day of the year (350th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

For more information, see: Iraqi legislative election, January 2005 and Iraqi legislative election, December 2005 Iraqi police officers hold up their index fingers marked with purple indelible ink, a security measure to prevent double voting. ... Iraqis in the predominantly Sunni city of Husaybah, wait in lines to vote, during the national election, December 15. ...

The unicameral Iraqi parliament, the National Assembly or Majlis al-Watani, had 250 seats and its members were elected for four-year terms. No Ba'ath candidates were allowed to run. Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or parliamentary chamber. ... The Iraqi National Assembly is the unicameral parliament of Iraq which meets in the Iraqi capital, Baghdad. ...

In November 2003, the US-managed Coalition Provisional Authority announced plans to turn over sovereignty to an Iraqi Interim Government by mid-2004. The actual transfer of sovereignty occurred on 28 June 2004. The interim president installed was Sheikh Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer, and the interim prime minister was Iyad Allawi, a man who had been a CIA asset according to former U.S. intelligence officials (NY Times June 9, 2004, http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/0609-02.htm). The Seal of the CPA in Iraq The Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) was established as a transitional government following the invasion of Iraq by the United States, United Kingdom and the other members of the multinational coalition which was formed to oust the government of Saddam Hussein in 2003. ... The Iraqi Interim matt chokes on cock Government was created by the United States and its coalition allies as a caretaker government to govern Iraq until the Iraqi Transitional Government was installed following the Iraqi National Assembly election conducted on January 30th, 2005. ... June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Sheikh (disambiguation). ... Ghazi al-Yawer Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer (born 1958? in Mosul, Iraq) is a Vice-President of Iraq under the Iraqi Transitional Government of 2005, and was President of Iraq under the Iraqi Interim Government from 2004 to 2005. ... Allawi at a ceremony for the transfer of governmental authority to the Iraqi Interim Government. ... The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ...

On January 30, 2005, a majority of Iraqi voters voted in an election conducted by their transitional government which elected a 275-member Transitional National Assembly. The election was seen by some as a victory for democracy in the Middle East, but that opinion is not shared by all, especially as mostof the Arab Sunnis boycotted the vote. Seymour Hersh has reported that there was an effort by the U.S. government to shift funds and other resources to Allawi and that there may have been similar under-the-table dealings by other parties. Although he did not get the most seats in the Iraqi Congress, Allawi's delegation jumped from a projected 3-4% of the vote to 14% of the vote, giving him power in the writing of the Constitution. January 30 is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... Seymour Myron Sy Hersh (born April 8, 1937 Chicago) is an American Pulitzer Prize winning investigative journalist and author based in Washington, DC. He is a regular contributor to The New Yorker magazine on military and security matters. ...

The Iraqi Assembly would:

• Serve as Iraq's national legislature. It has named a Presidency Council, consisting of a President and two Vice Presidents. (By unanimous agreement, the Presidency Council will appoint a Prime Minister and, on his recommendation, cabinet ministers.)
• Draft Iraq's new constitution. This constitution was presented to the Iraqi people for their approval in a national referendum in October 2005. Under the new constitution, Iraq would elect a permanent government in December 2005.

Under the Iraqi transitional constitution, signed March 2004, the country's executive branch is now led by a three-person presidential council. The election system for the council effectively ensures that all three of Iraq's major ethnic groups are represented. The constitution also includes basic freedoms like freedom of religion, speech, and assembly, and is perceived by some to be more progressive than the U.S. Constitution.[3] Controversially, however, it states that all laws that were in effect on the transfer date cannot be repealed. Furthermore, since the coalition forces are currently working to maintain order and create a stable society under the United Nations, coalition troops can remain in control of the country indefinitely despite the transfer of sovereignty. Since Iraqi forces are currently considered not fully trained and equipped to police and secure their country, it is expected that coalition troops will remain until Iraqi forces no longer require their support. However, these rules will be set aside once the Transitional National Assembly is seated. The current constitution of Iraq was approved by a referendum that took place on 15 October 2005. ... The electorate of Iraq went to the polls on 15 October 2005 to vote in a referendum on whether or not to ratify the proposed Iraqi constitution of 2005. ... The Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period is the current Iraqi constitution signed on March 8, 2004 by the Iraq Interim Governing Council. ... The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guarantees freedom of religion, as long as religious activities do not infringe on public order in ways detrimental to society. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Group of women holding dick placards with political activist slogans: know your courts - study your politicians, Liberty in law, Law makers must not be law breakers, and character in candidates photo 1920 Freedom of assembly is the freedom to associate with, or organize any groups, gatherings, clubs, or organizations that... Page one of the original copy of the Constitution. ... The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ...

On 5 April 2005, the Iraqi National Assembly appointed Jalal Talabani, a prominent Kurdish leader, President. It also appointed Adel Abdul Mehdi, a Shiite Arab, and Ghazi al-Yawar, the former Interim President and a Sunni Arab, as Vice Presidents. Ibrahim al-Jaafari a Shiite, whose United Iraq Alliance Party won the largest share of the vote, was appointed the new Prime Minister of Iraq. Most power is vested in him. The new government was faced with two major tasks. The first is to attempt to rein in a violent insurgency, which has blighted the country in recent months, killing many Iraqi civilians and officials as well as a number of U.S. troops. (As of mid-2005, approximately 135,000 American troops remain in Iraq with 2,214 U.S. soldiers killed). The second major task was to re-engage in the writing of a new Iraqi constitution, as outlined above, to replace the Iraqi transitional constitution of 2004. April 5 is the 95th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (96th in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jalal Talabani (Kurdish: / Celal Talebanî / Jelal Talebaní Arabic: ‎, ) (born 1933), is an Iraqi politician, who was elected President of Iraq on April 6, 2005, (sworn in the next day, April 7, and once again on April 22, 2006, by the Iraqi National Assembly. ... Kurds are one of the Iranian peoples and speak Kurdish, a north-Western Iranian language related to Persian. ... Adel Abdul Mahdi (Arabic: عادل عبد المهدى ) is one of the two current Deputy Presidents of the Iraq. ... Shi‘as (the adjective in Arabic is شيعى shi‘i; English has traditionally used Shiite) which mean follower in Arabic make up the second largest sect of believers in Islam, constituting about 30%-35% of all Muslim. ... Ghazi al-Yawer Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer (born 1958? in Mosul, Iraq) is the interim President of Iraq. ... Ibrahim al-Jaafari Dr. Ibrahim abd al-Karim Hamza al-Ashaiqir al-Jaafari (Arabic: ) (born 1947) is the former Prime Minister of Iraq in the Iraqi Transitional Government following the elections of January 2005. ... Kingdom of Iraq (1921-1959) The Prime Minister of Iraq is Iraqs head of government. ... The current constitution of Iraq was approved by a referendum that took place on 15 October 2005. ... The Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period is the current Iraqi constitution signed on March 8, 2004 by the Iraq Interim Governing Council. ...

After the elections in December 2005, where 76,4% of registered voters participated, the Iraqi government is considered by many international governments to be a legitimate government. According to the U.S. administration, the judiciary in Iraq operates under the primacy of rule of law, so war criminals from the totalitarian regime of Saddam Hussein will get a fair and open trial, in which their rights will be subjected to due process and be protected by the scrutiny of a free press, the requirements of modern court proceedings. A war crime is a punishable offense, under international (criminal) law, for violations of the law of war by any person or persons, military or civilian. ... In United States law, adopted from English law, due process (more fully due process of law) is the principle that the government must normally respect all of a persons legal rights instead of just some or most of those legal rights when the government deprives a person of life... In the modern age, the free press has taken on multiple meanings. ...

Hierarchy of future Iraqi national government

Executive

• President heading the Presidency Council
  • Vice President
  • Vice President
• Prime Minister
  • Council of Ministers

Legislative

• President of National Assembly
  • Deputy President
  • Deputy President
    • National Assembly

Judicial

• Higher Judicial Council
  • Federal Supreme Court
    • Court of Cassation
    • Courts of Appeal
    • Central Criminal Court

The CCCI, a judicial system in Iraq, was established to serve and benefit the Iraqi people. ...

Independent Associations

• Central Bank of Iraq
• Iraqi Postal Service
• National Office of Endowments

Present executive branch

The president serves in a largely figurehead capacity, with few powers. The Prime Minister of Iraq holds most of the actual executive authority and is required to appoint a cabinet. All three were appointed in April 2005 after elections which saw political differences papered over by ethnic unity (and inter-ethnic divisions). The President of Iraq is Iraqs head of state. ... Jalal Talabani (Kurdish: / Celal Talebanî / Jelal Talebaní Arabic: ‎, ) (born 1933), is an Iraqi politician, who was elected President of Iraq on April 6, 2005, (sworn in the next day, April 7, and once again on April 22, 2006, by the Iraqi National Assembly. ... The Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) (est 1975) (Kurdish: Yakêtî Nîştimanî Kurdistan) is a Sunni political party in Iraqi Kurdistan. ... April 7 is the 97th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (98th in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Tariq al-Hashimi is an Iraqi politician and the general secretary of the Iraqi Islamic Party. ... Iraqi Islamic Party (Hizb al-Islami al-Airaqi), a Sunni political party in Iraq. ... April 22 is the 112th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (113th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... The Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI) is an Iraqi political party; its support comes from the countrys Shia Muslim community and from their fellow religionists in neighbouring Iran. ... April 22 is the 112th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (113th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Kingdom of Iraq (1921-1959) The Prime Minister of Iraq is Iraqs head of government. ... Nouri Kamel al-Maliki (Arabic: نوري كامل المالكي, transliterated Nūrī Kāmil al-Mālikī; born c. ... The Islamic Dawa Party or Islamic Call Party (Arabic حزب الدعوة الإسلامية Hizb al-Dawa al-Islamiyya) is, historically, a militant Shiite Islamic group and, presently, an Iraqi political party. ... May 20 is the 140th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (141st in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... A figurehead is a person, usually in a political role, who may hold an important title or office yet executes little actual power. ... Kingdom of Iraq (1921-1959) The Prime Minister of Iraq is Iraqs head of government. ...

Legislative branch

The Constitution includes a bicameral legislative body: the Parliament of Iraq. The lower house is the Council of Representatives:. which consists of 275 members known as 'Members of Parliament' elected nation wide in the existing National Assembly constituencies. The Speaker will be elected by the House. The upper house is the Council of Union:. This would give equal representation to the ethnicities in Iraq. The members would be known as 'senators'. The Senate shall have an equal number of senators from Sunni Senatorial Districts, Kurdish Senatorial Districts and Shia Senatorial Districts. There shall be 50 senators from each division, thus a total of 150 senators. The President of the Senate will be a Vice President in the Presidency Council chosen by the President.

The Senate will produce three sets of nominations for the Presidency Council and the House of Deputies shall vote on which nomination to elect. The House will have supremacy in financial matters in which the Senate cannot defeat a bill passed by the House and may only delay and propose amendments for 30 days. In other matters the Senate has delaying power of 2 years. The Senate alone can confirm treaties and appointments to federal agencies and departments, high ranking military positions and Justices of the Supreme Court.

Political parties and elections

The following election results include names of political parties. See for additional information about parties the List of political parties in Iraq. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in Iraq.

Iraq's Dec 2005 election results by plurality (not proportional representation, as was used)

More info: Iraqi legislative election, December 2005

An election is a decision making process where people choose people to hold official offices. ... A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around very special issues. ... This article lists political parties in Iraq. ... An election is a decision making process whereby people vote for preferred political candidates or parties to act as representatives in government. ... Elections in Iraq gives information on election and election results in Iraq. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1260x1084, 84 KB) Summary Map made for use on Wikipedia, feel free to use in other articles, or talk pages. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1260x1084, 84 KB) Summary Map made for use on Wikipedia, feel free to use in other articles, or talk pages. ... Iraqi Council of Representatives Under the permanent constitution approved on October 15, 2005, legislative authority is vested in two bodies, the Council of Representatives and the Council of Union. ... The United Iraqi Alliance (Arabic: الائتلاف العراقي الموحد; transliterated: al-Itilāf al-`Irāqī al-Muwaḥḥad) is the electoral coalition that achieved the most votes in the December 15, 2005, National Assembly election in Iraq. ... The Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan is the name of the electoral coalition first presented as a united Kurdish list in the January 2005 election in Iraq. ... The Iraqi Accord Front is an Iraqi political coalition created on October 26, 2005 in order to run in the December 15, 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election. ... The Iraqi National List is a coaltion of Iraqi political parties planning to run in the December 2005 Iraqi elections. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Hewar National Iraqi Front. ... Kurdistan Islamic Union (Arabic: مالَثةرِي حزبي يةكطرتووي كوردستان / عيَراق Kurdish: Yekîtiya Islamiya Kurdistan) is a party of the Muslim Brotherhood. ... The Upholders of the Message, (Risalyun) is an Iraqi political list that ran in the December 2005 elections. ... The Reconciliation and Liberation Bloc is an Iraqi political party. ... The Iraqi Turkmen Front (Turkmen: Irak Türkmen Cephesi) is a political movement founded in 1995 which seeks to represent the Turkmen people of Iraq. ... The National Rafidain List or Al Rafideen National List is one of the coalitions of Iraqi political parties that ran in the 2005 Iraqi election. ... The Mithal al-Alusi List is one of the coalitions of Iraqi political parties that ran in the December 2005 elections. ... The Yazidi Movement for Reform and Progress is a Yazidi political party in Iraq that ran in the December 2005 elections. ... The National Independent Cadres and Elites (NICE) is an Iraqi political party. ... The Islamic Action Organization In Iraq - Central Command is one of the electoral coalitions that participated in the January 30, 2005 National Assembly legislative election in Iraq. ... The National Democratic Party is an Iraqi political party. ... Iraqis in the predominantly Sunni city of Husaybah, wait in lines to vote, during the national election, December 15. ...

See also

• Reconstruction of Iraq
• Human rights abuses in Iraq
• Post-invasion Iraq, 2003–2006

External links and references

• Bios of Iraq's Government Officials (as of July 20, 2006) -- An EPIC Resource
• Who Are Iraq's New Leaders? What Do They Want? U.S. Institute of Peace Special Report, March 2006
• BBC Report: Who's Who in Post-Saddam Iraq
• Iraq Elections newswire
• Video Seminar on Iraq Coalition Politics: April 20, 2005, sponsored by the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security at the University of Illinois.
• M. Ismail Marcinkowski, Religion and Politics in Iraq. Shiite Clerics between Quietism and Resistance, with a foreword by Professor Hamid Algar of the University of California at Berkeley. Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2004 (ISBN 9971-77-513-1)