NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Politics of Mexico

The United Mexican States are a federal presidential representative democratic republic whose government is based on a congressional system, whereby the president of Mexico is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party electoral system. The federal government represents the United Mexican States and is divided into three branches: executive, legislative and judicial as established by the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, published in 1917. The constituent states of the federation must also have a republican form of government based on a congressional system as established by their respective constitutions. The President of the United Mexican States is the head of state of Mexico. ... Felipe de JesÃºs CalderÃ³n Hinojosa (b. ... The Mexican Executive Cabinet is a part of the executive branch of the Mexican government. ... Congress (formally: Congreso de la UniÃ³n or Congress of the Union) is the legislative branch of the Mexican government. ... The Senate (Spanish: CÃ¡mara de Senadores or Senado) is the upper house of Mexicos bicameral Congress. ... The Chamber of Deputies (Spanish: CÃ¡mara de Diputados) is the lower house of Mexicos bicameral legislature, the Congress of the Union. ... The LX Legislature (60th) of the Congress of Mexico is meeting from September 1, 2006, to September 1, 2009. ... This article lists political parties in Mexico. ... Politics of Mexico Categories: Election related stubs | Elections in Mexico ... The general election was held in Mexico on Wednesday, July 6, 1988. ... On Sunday August 18, 1991 they were held in Mexico legislative elections, in which they were chosen to federal level: 32 Senators. ... The general election was held in Mexico on Sunday, August 21, 1994. ... On Sunday July 6, 1997 they were held in Mexico legislative elections, in which they were chosen to federal level: 32 Senators. ... Mexico held a general election on Sunday, July 2, 2000. ... A number of elections, both federal and local, took place in Mexico during 2003: // Chamber of Deputies â€“ 500 federal deputies Governor, state congress, and mayors See: 2003 Colima state election Governor, state congress, and mayors See: 2003 Nuevo LeÃ³n state election Governor, state congress, and mayors See: 2003 Sonora... A number of local elections took place in Mexico during 2004: // Governor, state congress, and mayors See: 2004 Chihuahua state election Governor, state congress, and mayors See: 2004 Durango state election Governor, state congress, and mayors See: 2004 Zacatecas state election Governor, state congress, and mayors See: 2004 Aguascalientes state... A number of local elections took place in Mexico during 2005: // Governor, five mayors, and 21 (15+6) local deputies See: 2005 Baja California Sur state election Governor, mayors, and local congress See: 2005 Guerrero state election Governor, eight mayors, and 25 (15+10) local deputies See: 2005 Quintana Roo... A number of elections on the federal and local level took place in Mexico during 2006. ... A number of elections on the local level are scheduled to take place in Mexico during 2007. ... The Federal Electoral Institute (IFE) is an autonomous, public organization responsible for organizing federal elections in Mexico, that is, those related to the election of president of the United Mexican States and to the election of Lower and Upper Chamber members that constitute the Mexican Union Congress. ... The United Mexican States or Mexico (Estados Unidos Mexicanos or MÃ©xico) is a federal republic made up of 31 states (estados) and one Federal District, (Distrito Federal), which contains the capital, Mexico City. ... Traditionally, the Government of Mexico has sought to maintain its interests abroad and project its influence largely through moral persuasion. ... The Mexican military forces are composed of the Mexican Army (which includes the Mexican Air Force as a subordinate entity) and the Mexican Navy. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... The United Mexican States or Mexico (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos or México; regarding the use of the variant spelling Méjico, see section The name below) is a country located in North America, bordered to the north by the United States of America, to the southeast by Guatemala and Belize, to... This article is about federal states. ... A presidential system, also called a congressional system, is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term) separately from the legislature, to which it is not accountable and which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it. ... Representative democracy is a form of government founded on the principles of popular sovereignty by the peoples representatives. ... Look up republic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A presidential system, or a congressional system, is a system of government of a republic where the executive branch is elected separately from the legislative. ... The President of the United Mexican States is the head of state of Mexico. ... For the comedy film of the same name, see Head of State (film). ... The head of government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. ... This article is about the political process. ... This article is about the current Political Constitution of the United Mexican States. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ...

The executive power is exercised by the executive branch, which is headed by the President, advised by a cabinet of secretaries and independent of the legislature. Legislative power is vested upon the Congress of the Union a two-chamber legislature comprising the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. Judicial power is exercised by the judiciary, comprising of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, the Council of the Federal Judiciary and the collegiate, unitary and district tribunals. Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the executive is the branch of a government charged with implementing, or executing, the law. ... A legislature is a governmental deliberative body with the power to adopt laws. ... Congress (formally: Congreso de la UniÃ³n or Congress of the Union) is the legislative branch of the Mexican government. ... The Senate (Spanish: CÃ¡mara de Senadores or Senado) is the upper house of Mexicos bicameral Congress. ... The Chamber of Deputies (Spanish: CÃ¡mara de Diputados) is the lower house of Mexicos bicameral legislature, the Congress of the Union. ... The Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation (Suprema Corte de Justicia de la NaciÃ³n, or SCJN) is the highest federal court in the United Mexican States. ...

The politics of Mexico are dominated by three political parties: National Action Party (PAN), the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD ) and the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). The National Action Party (Spanish: Partido AcciÃ³n Nacional), known by the acronym PAN, is a conservative and Christian Democratic party and one of the three main political parties in Mexico. ... The Party of the Democratic Revolution (in Spanish: Partido de la RevoluciÃ³n DemocrÃ¡tica, PRD) is one of the three main political parties in Mexico. ... The Institutional Revolutionary Party (Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Institucional or PRI) is a Mexican political party that wielded hegemonic power in the countryâ€”under a succession of namesâ€”for more than 70 years. ...

The Powers of the Union

The federal government, known as the Supreme Power of the Federation, is constituted by the Powers of the Union: the executive, the legislative and the judicial powers. Mexico City, as the capital of the federation is the Federal District, the seat of the powers of the Union. All branches of government are independent; no two separate branches must be vested upon a single person or institution, and the legislative power must not be vested upon single individual. Nickname: Location of Mexico City Coordinates: , Country Federal entity Boroughs The 16 delegaciones Founded c. ...

Legislative branch

The legislative power^[1] is vested upon the Congress of the Union, a bicameral congress comprising the Senate (Spanish: Cámara de Senadores or Senado) and the Chamber of Deputies (Spanish: Cámara de Diputados). The powers of the Congress include the right to pass laws, impose taxes, declare war, approve the national budget, approve or reject treaties and conventions made with foreign countries, and ratify diplomatic appointments. The Senate addresses all matters concerning foreign policy, approves international agreements, and confirms presidential appointments. The Chamber of Deputies addresses all matters pertaining to the government's budget and public expenditures. Congress (formally: Congreso de la UniÃ³n or Congress of the Union) is the legislative branch of the Mexican government. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2000x1312, 192 KB) English Mexican President Vicente Fox addressing the Mexican Congress in his 4th State of the Union Speech. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2000x1312, 192 KB) English Mexican President Vicente Fox addressing the Mexican Congress in his 4th State of the Union Speech. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Senate (Spanish: CÃ¡mara de Senadores or Senado) is the upper house of Mexicos bicameral Congress. ... The Chamber of Deputies (Spanish: CÃ¡mara de Diputados) is the lower house of Mexicos bicameral legislature, the Congress of the Union. ... For the rental car company, see Budget Rent a Car. ...

The Chamber of Deputies is formed by 500 representatives of the nation. All deputies are elected in free universal elections every three years, in parallel voting: 300 deputies are elected in single-seat constituencies by first-past-the-post plurality (called uninominal deputies), and the remaining 200 are elected by the principle of proportional representation (called plurinominal deputies) with open-party lists for which the country is divided into 5 constituencies or plurinominal circumscriptions. Deputies cannot be reelected for the next immediate term. Parallel voting describes a mixed voting system where voters in effect participate in two separate elections using different systems, and where the results in one election have little or no impact on the results of the other. ... A constituency is any cohesive corporate unit or body bound by shared structures, goals or loyalty. ... An example of a plurality ballot. ... Proportional representation (sometimes referred to as full representation, or PR), is a category of electoral formula aiming at a close match between the percentage of votes that groups of candidates (grouped by a certain measure) obtain in elections and the percentage of seats they receive (usually in legislative assemblies). ...

Being a supplementary system (PM) of parallel voting, proportionality is only confined to the plurinominal seats. However, to prevent a party to be overrepresented, several restrictions to the assignation of plurinominal seats are applied: Parallel voting describes a mixed voting system where voters in effect participate in two separate elections using different systems, and where the results in one election have little or no impact on the results of the other. ...

The Senate is integrated by 128 representatives of the constituent states of the federation. All senators are elected in free universal elections every six years through a parallel voting system as well: 64 senators are elected by first-past-the-post plurality, two per state and two for the Federal District elected jointly; 32 senators are assigned through the principle of "first minority", that is, they are awarded to the first runner-up party for each constituent state and the Federal District; and 32 are elected by proportional representation with open-party lists, for which the country forms a single constituency. Senators cannot be reelected for the next immediate term. Nickname: Location of Mexico City Coordinates: , Country Federal entity Boroughs The 16 delegaciones Founded c. ...

Executive branch

The executive power^[2] is vested upon a single individual, the president of the United Mexican States, elected by first-past-the-post plurality for a 6 year term (called sexenio), without the possibility of reelection. There is no office for a vice-president; in case of "absolute absence" or incapacity of the President, the Congress of the Union (with a quorum of at least two-third of all representatives) will be constituted as an Electoral College which will elect by absolute majority an interim president. If the absolute absence occurred during the first two years of the sexenio, the Congress will also call elections in no less than 14 and no more than 18 months after the inauguration of the interim president. If the absolute absence of the presidents occurred during the last four years of the sexenio, then the interim president will serve for the remaining years of the absent president's term. The President of the United Mexican States is the head of state of Mexico. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2126x1061, 2633 KB) Description = MÃ©xico City, Regierungspalast Source = selbst fotografiert Date = created 30. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2126x1061, 2633 KB) Description = MÃ©xico City, Regierungspalast Source = selbst fotografiert Date = created 30. ... Absolute majority is a supermajoritarian voting requirement which is stricter than a simple majority. ...

The President also appoints, with Senate approval, the Cabinet members and other officers. The President is responsible of executing and enforcing the law, and has the authority of vetoing bills. The Mexican Executive Cabinet is a part of the executive branch of the Mexican government. ...

Judicial branch

The judiciary^[3] consists of The Supreme Court of Justice, comprised of eleven judges or ministers appointed by the President with Senate approval, who interpret laws and judge cases of federal competency. Other institutions of the judiciary are the Electoral Tribunal, collegiate, unitary and district tribunals, and the Council of the Federal Judiciary. The ministers of the Supreme Court will serve for 15 years and cannot be appointed to serve more than once. The Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation (Suprema Corte de Justicia de la NaciÃ³n, or SCJN) is the highest federal court in the United Mexican States. ...

State and local governments

The United Mexican States are a federation made up by thirty-one free and sovereign states. ...

State governments

Mexico is a federation of thirty-one free and sovereign states. All constituent states of the federation must have a republican form of government based on a congressional system.^[4] The executive power is vested upon a governor elected by first-past-the-post plurality without the possibility of reelection. The legislative power is vested upon a unicameral Congress whose composition is determined by the constitutions of each state, but must include first-past-the-post and proportional representation deputies and they must not be reelected for the next immediate term. The judiciary is vested upon the tribunals that each state establishes in its constitution. The reelection of the ministers of justice is a prerogative established by each constituent state. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2154x1704, 1072 KB) Close up to the entrance of the Government Palace of the Mexican State of Nuevo LeÃ³n. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2154x1704, 1072 KB) Close up to the entrance of the Government Palace of the Mexican State of Nuevo LeÃ³n. ... Nuevo LeÃ³n (Spanish for New LeÃ³n, after the former kingdom in Spain) is a state located in northeastern Mexico. ... The United Mexican States are a federation made up by thirty-one free and sovereign states. ... A presidential system, or a congressional system, is a system of government of a republic where the executive branch is elected separately from the legislative. ... The United Mexican States ( Mexico) is a federal republic comprising 31 states and one federal district (the Mexican Federal District, or Distrito Federal). ...

All states are independent and autonomous in their internal administration. The federal government cannot intervene in any particular state's affairs unless there is a full cessation of government powers and through previous study, recommendation and/or approval of the Congress of the Union. The states cannot make an alliance with any foreign power or with any other state. They cannot unilaterally declare war against a foreign nation unless their territory is invaded and cannot wait for the Congress of the Union to issue a declaration of war.

The Federal District

Mexico City does not belong to any state in particular, but to the federation, being the capital of the country and seat of the powers of the Union. As such, it is constituted as a Federal District, ultimately administered by the Powers of the Union.^[5] Nonetheless, since the late 1990s certain autonomy and powers have been gradually devolved. The executive power is vested upon a head of government now elected by first-past-the-post plurality. The legislative power is vested upon a unicameral Legislative Assembly. The judicial power is exercised by the Supreme Tribunal of Justice and the Judiciary Council. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1280x960, 317 KB) EDIFICIO DE LA ASAMBLEA LEGISLATIVA DEL DISTRITO FEDERAL File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Mexico City Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1280x960, 317 KB) EDIFICIO DE LA ASAMBLEA LEGISLATIVA DEL DISTRITO FEDERAL File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Mexico City Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added... Nickname: Location of Mexico City Coordinates: , Country Federal entity Boroughs The 16 delegaciones Founded c. ... The Head of Government ( Spanish: Jefe de Gobierno) wields executive power in the Mexican Federal District (the federal district, or D.F., is the seat of national executive, legislative, and judicial power, and is largely contiguous with the core of the sprawling Mexico City conurbation). ...

The Federal District is divided into delegaciones or boroughs. Though not fully equivalent to a municipality in that they do not have regulatory powers, they have gained limited autonomy in recent years, and the representatives to the head of government are now elected by the citizens as well. The Mexican Federal District is divided into 16 boroughs (delegaciones) for local government and administrative purposes. ...

Municipal governments

All states are divided into municipalities, the smallest autonomous political entity in Mexico.^[6] Municipalities are governed through a municipal council (ayuntamiento) headed by a mayor or municipal president (presidente municipal) whose work is supported by a predetermined number of regents (regidores) and trustees (síndicos), according to the constitutions of the states they are part of. Since 1917 there are no intermediate entities or authorities between municipalities and the state governments. Members of the municipal councils cannot be reelected for the next immediate term. Autonomous municipalities are constitutionally known as "free municipalities" (municipios libres). Municipal Palace of Veracruz Municipalities (municipios in Spanish) are the second-level administrative division in Mexico (where the first-level administrative division is the estado, or state). ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 533 pixel Image in higher resolution (1800 Ã— 1200 pixel, file size: 517 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Palacio Municipal de Veracruz Foto Propia. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 533 pixel Image in higher resolution (1800 Ã— 1200 pixel, file size: 517 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Palacio Municipal de Veracruz Foto Propia. ... Veracruz from space, July 1997 The city of Veracruz is a major port city and municipality on the Gulf of Mexico in the Mexican state of Veracruz. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ...

Municipalities are responsible for public services (such as water and sewerage), street lighting, public safety, traffic, supervision of slaughterhouses and the cleaning and maintenance of public parks, gardens and cemeteries, as well as in zoning and urban planning. They may also assist the state and federal governments in education, emergency fire and medical services, environmental protection and maintenance of monuments and historical landmarks. As of 1983, they can collect property taxes and user fees although more funds are obtained from the state and federal governments than from their own collection efforts. For the Jimi Hendrix song, see 1983. ...

Political parties

Constitutionally, political parties in Mexico must promote the participation of the people in the democratic life of the country, contribute in the representation of the nation and citizens, and be the access through which citizens can participate in public office, through whatever programs, principles and ideals they postulate.^[7] All political parties must be registered before the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE), the institution in charge of organizing and overseeing the federal electoral processes, but must obtain at least 2% of votes in the federal elections to keep their registry. Registered political parties receive public funding for their operation and can also obtain private funding within the limits prescribed by the law. This article lists political parties in Mexico. ... The Federal Electoral Institute (IFE) is an autonomous, public organization responsible for organizing federal elections in Mexico, that is, those related to the election of president of the United Mexican States and to the election of Lower and Upper Chamber members that constitute the Mexican Union Congress. ...

As of 2006 the following political parties are registered before the IFE and all have representatives at the Congress of the Union: Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Political parties are allowed to form alliances or coalitions to nominate candidates for any particular election. The coalition must present itself with a particular name and logo. Proportional representation (plurinominal) seats are assigned to the coalition based on the percentage of votes obtained in the elections, and then the coalition re-assigns them to the constituent political parties. Once each party in the coalition has been assigned plurinominal seats, they do not necessarily continue to work as a coalition in government. The Institutional Revolutionary Party (Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Institucional or PRI) is a Mexican political party that wielded hegemonic power in the countryâ€”under a succession of namesâ€”for more than 70 years. ... Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The National Action Party (Spanish: Partido AcciÃ³n Nacional), known by the acronym PAN, is a conservative and Christian Democratic party and one of the three main political parties in Mexico. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Party of the Democratic Revolution (in Spanish: Partido de la RevoluciÃ³n DemocrÃ¡tica, PRD) is one of the three main political parties in Mexico. ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... Party of Labour (Partido del Trabajo, abbreviated to PT) is a nationally recognized political party in Mexico founded on December 8, 1990. ... This article is about the year. ... The Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (Spanish: Partido Verde Ecologista de MÃ©xico, known by the abbreviation PVEM) is one of the six political parties to enjoy representation in the Mexican Congress. ... Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... Convergence (Spanish: Convergencia) is a political party in Mexico. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... This article is about the Mexican Party, for other political parties of the same name, see New Alliance Party (disambiguation) The New Alliance Party (in Spanish language Partido Nueva Alianza; PNA or PANAL) is one of the newest political parties in Mexico. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Social Democratic and Peasant Alternative Party (in Spanish: Partido Alternativa SocialdemÃ³crata y Campesina) is a Mexican political party of recent formation. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Throughout the 20th century, PRI had an almost hegemonic power at the state and federal level, which slowly began to recede in the late 1980s. Even though since the 1940s, PAN had won a couple of seats in the Congress, and in 1947 the first presidential municipality (in Quiroga, Michoacán),^[8] it wasn't until 1989, that the first non-PRI governor of a state was elected (at Baja California). It was in 1997, that PRI lost its absolute majority at the Congress of the Union, and in 2000 the first non-PRI president was elected since 1929. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Location within Mexico Country Capital Municipalities 113 Government - Governor Lazaro Cardenas Batel (PRD) - Federal Deputies PRD: 8 PAN: 4 - Federal Senators JesÃºs Garibay GarcÃa (PRD) Silvano Aureoles Conejo (PRD) Marko A. CortÃ©s (PAN) Area Ranked 16th - Total 59,928 kmÂ² (23,138. ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... Location within Mexico Municipalities of Baja California Country Capital Municipalities 5 Largest City Tijuana Government - Governor JosÃ© Guadalupe Osuna MillÃ¡n (PAN) - Federal Deputies PAN: 8 - Federal Senators Alejandro GonzÃ¡lez (PAN) Rafael DÃaz (PAN) Fernando Castro (PRI) Area Ranked 12th - Total 69,921 kmÂ² (26,996. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Elections and political composition of the institutions

Suffrage is universal, free, secret and direct for all Mexican citizens 18 and older, and is compulsory (but not enforced). The identity document in Mexico serves also as the voting card, so all citizens are automatically registered for all elections; that is, no pre-registration is necessary for every election. All elections are direct; that is, no electoral college is constituted for any of the elections at the federal, state or municipal level. Only when an incumbent president is absolutely absent (either through resignation, impeachment or death), the Congress of the Union constitutes itself as an electoral college to elect an interim president by absolute majority. An identity document, or also called a piece of identification (ID), is a document designed to verify aspects of a persons identity. ...

Presidential elections are scheduled every six years, except in the exceptional case of absolute absence of the president. Legislative elections are scheduled every six years for the Senate, to be fully renewed in elections held concurrently with the presidential elections; and every three years for the Chamber of Deputies. Elections are usually held on the first Sunday of July. State governors are also elected every six years, whereas the legislatures are renewed every three years. State elections need not be concurrent with federal elections. Federal elections are organized and supervised by the autonomous public Federal Electoral Institute, whereas state and municipal elections are organized and supervised by electoral institutes constituted by each state of the federation. Elections within the Federal District are also organized by a local electoral institute. The Federal Electoral Institute (IFE) is an autonomous, public organization responsible for organizing federal elections in Mexico, that is, those related to the election of president of the United Mexican States and to the election of Lower and Upper Chamber members that constitute the Mexican Union Congress. ...

Federal elections

The most recent federal presidential elections were held on July 2, 2006 concurrent with the full renovation of both chambers of the Congress of the Union. In these elections the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), the Labour Party (PT) and Convergence (CV) formed a coalition called Coalition for the Good of All. The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) and the Ecologist Green Party (PVEM) formed a coalition called Alliance for Mexico. For other elections in Mexico during 2006, see 2006 Mexican elections For election disputes and controversies, see Mexican general election 2006 controversies A general election was held in Mexico on Sunday, July 2, 2006. ... is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Party of the Democratic Revolution (in Spanish: Partido de la RevoluciÃ³n DemocrÃ¡tica, PRD) is one of the three main political parties in Mexico. ... The Labour Party (Partido del Trabajo, abbreviated to PT) is a Mexican political party. ... Convergence (Spanish: Convergencia) is a political party in Mexico. ... The Coalition for the Good of All (CoaliciÃ³n por el Bien de Todos) is a left-wing coalition created by the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), Convergence and the Labor Party (PT) to support AndrÃ©s Manuel LÃ³pez Obrador as a candidate for the presidency of Mexico... The Institutional Revolutionary Party (Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Institucional or PRI) is a Mexican political party that wielded hegemonic power in the countryâ€”under a succession of namesâ€”for more than 70 years. ... The Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (Spanish: Partido Verde Ecologista de MÃ©xico, known by the abbreviation PVEM) is one of the six political parties to enjoy representation in the Mexican Congress. ... The Alliance for Mexico was an electoral alliance in Mexico, led by the Party of the Democratic Revolution. ...

Presidential elections

The presidential elections were the most competitive in the history of the country in which the difference in the ballot count between the winner and the first runner up was less than one percent point, and in which neither candidate got absolute majority in a system in which a second round of voting has not been instituted. Felipe Calderón got the greatest number of votes according to the preliminary computation (PREP) and the ballot recount. Andrés Manuel López Obrador contested the results and demanded a vote-per-vote recount, which was denied by the Federal Electoral Tribunal, based on the argument that inconsistencies could not be proved for all electoral circumscriptions, but order a partial recount of votes of those that did show inconsistencies which represented 9.2% of the total, after which the results were not significantly altered. The Federal Electoral Tribunal declared Felipe Calderón the winner of the elections on September 5, and president elect. He took office on December 1, and his term will end on November 30, 2012. Image File history File links 2006_Mexican_election_per_state. ... Image File history File links 2006_Mexican_election_per_state. ... Felipe de JesÃºs CalderÃ³n Hinojosa (b. ... AndrÃ©s Manuel LÃ³pez Obrador a. ... is the 248th day of the year (249th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 335th day of the year (336th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 334th day of the year (335th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2012 (MMXII) will be a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The President of the United Mexican States is the head of state of Mexico. ... Felipe de JesÃºs CalderÃ³n Hinojosa (b. ... The National Action Party (Spanish: Partido AcciÃ³n Nacional), known by the acronym PAN, is a conservative and Christian Democratic party and one of the three main political parties in Mexico. ... AndrÃ©s Manuel LÃ³pez Obrador a. ... The Coalition for the Good of All (CoaliciÃ³n por el Bien de Todos) is a left-wing coalition created by the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), Convergence and the Labor Party (PT) to support AndrÃ©s Manuel LÃ³pez Obrador as a candidate for the presidency of Mexico... Roberto Madrazo Roberto Madrazo Pintado (born July 30, 1952) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). ... The Alliance for Mexico was an electoral alliance in Mexico, led by the Party of the Democratic Revolution. ... Patricia Mercado Dora Patricia Mercado Castro (born in Ciudad ObregÃ³n, Sonora) is a Mexican feminist politician. ... The Social Democratic and Peasant Alternative Party (in Spanish: Partido Alternativa SocialdemÃ³crata y Campesina) is a Mexican political party of recent formation. ... Roberto Rafael Campa CifriÃ¡n (b. ... This article is about the Mexican Party, for other political parties of the same name, see New Alliance Party (disambiguation) The New Alliance Party (in Spanish language Partido Nueva Alianza; PNA or PANAL) is one of the newest political parties in Mexico. ... The Federal Electoral Institute (IFE) is an autonomous, public organization responsible for organizing federal elections in Mexico, that is, those related to the election of President of the United Mexican States and to the election of the members of the Lower and Upper Chambers that constitute the Congress of the...

Congressional elections

The concurrent congressional elections were not contested by any party. Both chambers were completely renewed and no party obtained absolute majority. All deputies and senators took office on September 1. First-past-the-post plurality candidates (FPP) of coalitions represent the parties of which they are members. Proportional representation (PR) seats assigned to coalitions were further reassigned to their constituent parties in whatever manner and number they agreed upon. Parties that formed a coalition for the general elections may continue to work together but they do not form a unified political bloc at the Congress; parliamentary groups are identified by parties and not by coalitions.^[9] is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The 64 Senate first-past-the-post (FPP) seats are assigned to the pair of senators of the same party (who run together) that obtain the majority of votes per state and the Federal District. The 32 first minority (FM) seats are assigned to the first runner-up per party and the Federal District. Finally, 32 proportional representation (PR) seats are assigned according to national votes to the party or coalition in relation to the total number of votes obtained nationally. PR seats are assigned to the coalition who then reassigns them to its constituent parties in whatever manner and number they had originally agreed upon, and may or may not work as a bloc in the Senate. is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Congress (formally: Congreso de la UniÃ³n or Congress of the Union) is the legislative branch of the Mexican government. ... The National Action Party (Spanish: Partido AcciÃ³n Nacional), known by the acronym PAN, is a conservative and Christian Democratic party and one of the three main political parties in Mexico. ... The Coalition for the Good of All (CoaliciÃ³n por el Bien de Todos) is a left-wing coalition created by the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), Convergence and the Labor Party (PT) to support AndrÃ©s Manuel LÃ³pez Obrador as a candidate for the presidency of Mexico... The Party of the Democratic Revolution (in Spanish: Partido de la RevoluciÃ³n DemocrÃ¡tica, PRD) is one of the three main political parties in Mexico. ... Convergence (Spanish: Convergencia) is a political party in Mexico. ... The Labour Party (Partido del Trabajo, abbreviated to PT) is a Mexican political party. ... The Alliance for Mexico was an electoral alliance in Mexico, led by the Party of the Democratic Revolution. ... The Institutional Revolutionary Party (Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Institucional or PRI) is a Mexican political party that wielded hegemonic power in the countryâ€”under a succession of namesâ€”for more than 70 years. ... The Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (Spanish: Partido Verde Ecologista de MÃ©xico, known by the abbreviation PVEM) is one of the six political parties to enjoy representation in the Mexican Congress. ... This article is about the Mexican Party, for other political parties of the same name, see New Alliance Party (disambiguation) The New Alliance Party (in Spanish language Partido Nueva Alianza; PNA or PANAL) is one of the newest political parties in Mexico. ... The Social Democratic and Peasant Alternative Party (in Spanish: Partido Alternativa SocialdemÃ³crata y Campesina) is a Mexican political party of recent formation. ... Runner-up is a term used to denote a participant which finishes in second place in any of a variety of competitive endeavors, most notably sporting events and beauty pageants; in the latter instance, the term is applied to more than one of the highest-ranked non-winning contestants, the...

is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Senate (Spanish: CÃ¡mara de Senadores or Senado) is the upper house of Mexicos bicameral Congress. ... The National Action Party (Spanish: Partido AcciÃ³n Nacional), known by the acronym PAN, is a conservative and Christian Democratic party and one of the three main political parties in Mexico. ... The Coalition for the Good of All (CoaliciÃ³n por el Bien de Todos) is a left-wing coalition created by the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), Convergence and the Labor Party (PT) to support AndrÃ©s Manuel LÃ³pez Obrador as a candidate for the presidency of Mexico... The Party of the Democratic Revolution (in Spanish: Partido de la RevoluciÃ³n DemocrÃ¡tica, PRD) is one of the three main political parties in Mexico. ... The Labour Party (Partido del Trabajo, abbreviated to PT) is a Mexican political party. ... Convergence (Spanish: Convergencia) is a political party in Mexico. ... The Alliance for Mexico was an electoral alliance in Mexico, led by the Party of the Democratic Revolution. ... The Institutional Revolutionary Party (Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Institucional or PRI) is a Mexican political party that wielded hegemonic power in the countryâ€”under a succession of namesâ€”for more than 70 years. ... The Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (Spanish: Partido Verde Ecologista de MÃ©xico, known by the abbreviation PVEM) is one of the six political parties to enjoy representation in the Mexican Congress. ... This article is about the Mexican Party, for other political parties of the same name, see New Alliance Party (disambiguation) The New Alliance Party (in Spanish language Partido Nueva Alianza; PNA or PANAL) is one of the newest political parties in Mexico. ... The Social Democratic and Peasant Alternative Party (in Spanish: Partido Alternativa SocialdemÃ³crata y Campesina) is a Mexican political party of recent formation. ...

State elections

The elections in each state are done at different times, depending on the state, and are not necessarily held at the same time with the federal elections. Currently, even though the PRI is the third political force in the Congress of the Union, in terms of number of seats, it is still the first political force in terms of the number of states governed by it. As of 2007: Image File history File links State_governments_by_party. ... Image File history File links State_governments_by_party. ...

Sonora is a state in northwestern Mexico, bordering the states of Chihuahua to the east, Sinaloa to the south, and Baja California to the northwest. ... THEY SUC |native_name = |nickname = Lady of the Desert |settlement_type = |motto = |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = Mexico stateflags Chihuahua. ... Coahuila (formal name: Coahuila de Zaragoza) is one of Mexicos 31 component states. ... Nuevo LeÃ³n (Spanish for New LeÃ³n, after the former kingdom in Spain) is a state located in northeastern Mexico. ... Tamaulipas is a state in the northeast of Mexico. ... Location within Mexico Municipalities of Sinaloa Country Mexico Capital Municipalities 18 Government - Governor JesÃºs Alberto Aguilar Padilla - Federal Deputies PRI: 6 PAN: 2 - Federal Senators PRI: 2 PAN: 1 Area Ranked 18th - Total 58,238 kmÂ² (22,485. ... Durango (IPA pronunciation ) is one of the constituent states of Mexico. ... Location within Mexico Country Capital Municipalities 20 Government - Governor Ney GonzÃ¡lez SÃ¡nchez (PRI) - Federal Deputies PRI: 2 PRD: 1 - Federal Senators PRI: 2 PRD: 1 Area Ranked 23rd - State 26,979 kmÂ² (10,416. ... Location within Mexico Country Mexico Capital Colima Municipalities 10 Largest City Manzanillo Government - Governor Jesus Silverio Cavazos Ceballos (PRI) - Federal Deputies PAN: 2 - Federal Senators PAN: 2 PRI: 1 Area Ranked 29th - State 5,191 kmÂ² (2,004. ... The Mexican state of Puebla is located in the center of the country, to the east of Mexico City. ... The United Mexican States, or Mexico, is a federal republic, comprising 31 states. ... Location within Mexico Country Capital Municipalities 212 Largest City Veracruz Government - Governor Fidel Herrera BeltrÃ¡n (PRI) - Federal Deputies PRI: 6 PAN: 11 PRD: 2 Convergencia: 2 - Federal Senators PRD: 1 PAN: 1 Convergencia: 1 Area Ranked 11th - Total 71,699 kmÂ² (27,683. ... Hidalgo is a state in central Mexico, with an area of 20,502 kmÂ². In 2000 the state had a population of some 2,231,000 people. ... Catedral de Santo Domingo The Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca or simply Oaxaca is one of the 31 states of Mexico, located in the southern part of Mexico, west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. ... This article is about the Mexican state of Tabasco. ... Location within Mexico Country Capital Municipalities 11 Largest City San Francisco de Campeche Government - Governor Jorge Carlos Hurtado Valdez (PRI) - Federal Deputies PRI:2 - Federal Senators PRI:2 PAN:1 Area Ranked 18th - State 50,812 kmÂ² (19,618. ... Quintana Roo is a state of Mexico, on the eastern part of the YucatÃ¡n Peninsula. ... Location within Mexico Country Capital Municipalities 106 Government - Governor Ivonne Ortega Pacheco PRI - Federal Deputies PAN: 4 PRI: 1 - Federal Senators Hugo Laviada (PAN) Alfredo RodrÃguez (PAN) Cleominio Zoreda (PRI) Area Ranked 20th - State 38,402 kmÂ² (14,827. ... Location within Mexico Municipalities of Baja California Country Capital Municipalities 5 Largest City Tijuana Government - Governor JosÃ© Guadalupe Osuna MillÃ¡n (PAN) - Federal Deputies PAN: 8 - Federal Senators Alejandro GonzÃ¡lez (PAN) Rafael DÃaz (PAN) Fernando Castro (PRI) Area Ranked 12th - Total 69,921 kmÂ² (26,996. ... The Mexican state of San Luis PotosÃ has an area of 62,848 kmÂ² (24,266 miÂ²). It is in the north-central part of the Mexican republic, bordered by the states of Jalisco, Guanajuato, QuerÃ©taro, Hidalgo, Veracruz, Tamaulipas, Nuevo LeÃ³n, Coahuila, and Zacatecas. ... QuerÃ©taro (formal name: QuerÃ©taro Arteaga) is a state in central Mexico. ... Guanajuato is a state in the central highlands of Mexico. ... For other uses, see Tlaxcala (disambiguation). ... Location within Mexico Country Capital Municipalities 126 Largest City Guadalajara Government - Governor Emilio GonzÃ¡lez MÃ¡rquez (PAN) - Federal Deputies PAN: 18 PRI: 1 - Federal Senators Eva Contreras (PAN) HÃ©ctor PÃ©rez (PAN) Ramiro HernÃ¡ndez (PRI) Area Ranked 6th - State 30,534. ... Aguascalientes IPA: is a state of Mexico, situated in the center of the country. ... Morelos is one of the constituent states of Mexico. ... Baja California Sur (English: South Lower California) is one of the 31 States of Mexico, occupying the part of the Baja California Peninsula south of the 28th parallel. ... This article is about a state of Mexico. ... Location within Mexico Country Capital Municipalities 113 Government - Governor Lazaro Cardenas Batel (PRD) - Federal Deputies PRD: 8 PAN: 4 - Federal Senators JesÃºs Garibay GarcÃa (PRD) Silvano Aureoles Conejo (PRD) Marko A. CortÃ©s (PAN) Area Ranked 16th - Total 59,928 kmÂ² (23,138. ... Guerrero is a state in the United Mexican States. ... Location within Mexico Municipalities of Chiapas Country Mexico Capital Municipalities 118 Largest City Tuxtla GutiÃ©rrez Government - Governor Juan JosÃ© Sabines Guerrero ( PRD) - Federal Deputies PRI: 7 PRD: 5 - Federal Senators PRI: 1 PRD: 1 PVEM: 1 Area Ranked 8th - Total 74,211 kmÂ² (28,653 sq mi) Population (2005... Nickname: Location of Mexico City Coordinates: , Country Federal entity Boroughs The 16 delegaciones Founded c. ...

Historical political development

In 1929, all factions and generals of the Mexican Revolution were united into a single party, the National Revolutionary Party (PRN), with the aim of stabilizing the country and end internal conflicts. During the following administrations, since 1928, many of the revolutionary ideals were put into effect, among them the free distribution of land to peasants and farmers, the nationalization of the oil companies, the birth and rapid growth of the Social Security Institute as well as that of Labor Unions, and the protection of national industries. The party was later renamed the Mexican Revolution Party and finally the Institutional Revolutionary Party. The social institutions created by the party itself provided it with the necessary strength to stay in power. In time, the system gradually became, as some political scientists have labeled it, an "electoral authoritarianism",^[10] in that the party resorted to any means necessary, except that of the dissolution of the constitutional and electoral system itself, to remain in power. In fact, Mexico was considered a bastion of continued constitutional government in times where coup d'états and military dictatorships were the norm in Latin America, in that the institutions were renovated electorally, even if only in appearance and with little participation of the opposition parties at the local level. Image File history File links Lazaro_Cardenas. ... Image File history File links Lazaro_Cardenas. ... Image File history File links Ernesto_Zedillo_Ponce_de_LeÃ³n. ... Image File history File links Ernesto_Zedillo_Ponce_de_LeÃ³n. ... Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the Mexican Revolution of 1910. ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Institutional Revolutionary Party (Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Institucional or PRI) is a Mexican political party that wielded hegemonic power in the countryâ€”under a succession of namesâ€”for more than 70 years. ... Coup redirects here. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ...

The first cracks in the system, even though they were merely symbolic, were the 1970s reforms to the electoral system and the composition of the Congress of the Union which for the first time incorporated proportional representation seats allowing opposition parties to obtain seats, though limited in number, in the Chamber of Deputies. As minority parties became involved in the system, they gradually demanded more changes, and a full democratic representation. Even though in the 1960s, a couple (of more than two thousand) municipalities were governed by opposition parties, the first state government to be won by an opposition party was Baja California, in 1989. Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Location within Mexico Municipalities of Baja California Country Capital Municipalities 5 Largest City Tijuana Government - Governor JosÃ© Guadalupe Osuna MillÃ¡n (PAN) - Federal Deputies PAN: 8 - Federal Senators Alejandro GonzÃ¡lez (PAN) Rafael DÃaz (PAN) Fernando Castro (PRI) Area Ranked 12th - Total 69,921 kmÂ² (26,996. ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ...

The presidential elections held in 1988 marked a watershed in Mexican politics, as they were the first serious threat to the party in power by an opposition candidate, Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, a defector from the ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) and son of former President Lazaro Cardenas, who was nominated by a broad coalition of leftist parties. He officially received 31.1 percent of the vote, against 50.4 percent for Carlos Salinas de Gortari, the PRI candidate, and 17 percent for Manuel Clouthier of the National Action Party (PAN). It was widely said that Cardenas had won the election, but that the then government-controlled electoral commission had altered the results after the infamous "glitch in the system" (se cayó el sistema, as it was reported). In the concurrent elections, the PRI came within 11 seats of losing the majority of Chamber of Deputies, and opposition parties captured 4 of the 64 Senate seats - the first time that the PRI had failed to hold every seat in the Senate. Capitalizing on the popularity of President Salinas, however, the PRI rebounded in the mid-term congressional elections of 1991, wining 320 seats. The general election was held in Mexico on Wednesday, July 6, 1988. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... CuauhtÃ©moc CÃ¡rdenas (right) with Lionel Jospin. ... The Institutional Revolutionary Party (Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Institucional or PRI) is a Mexican political party that wielded hegemonic power in the countryâ€”under a succession of namesâ€”for more than 70 years. ... Lázaro Cárdenas del Río (May 21, 1895 – October 19, 1970) was President of Mexico from 1934 to 1940. ... Carlos Salinas de Gortari (born April 3, 1948 in Mexico City) was President of Mexico from 1988 to 1994. ... Manuel Clouthier Manuel de JesÃºs Clouthier del RincÃ³n, also known as MaquÃo (June 13, 1934 â€“ October 1, 1989) was a Mexican businessman and politician affiliated to the conservative National Action Party (PAN). ... The National Action Party (Spanish: Partido AcciÃ³n Nacional), known by the acronym PAN, is a conservative and Christian Democratic party and one of the three main political parties in Mexico. ... The Chamber of Deputies (Spanish: CÃ¡mara de Diputados) is the lower house of Mexicos bicameral legislature, the Congress of the Union. ... The Senate (Spanish: CÃ¡mara de Senadores or Senado) is the upper house of Mexicos bicameral Congress. ... On Sunday August 18, 1991 they were held in Mexico legislative elections, in which they were chosen to federal level: 32 Senators. ...

Subsequent changes included the creation of the Federal Electoral Institute in the 1990s and the inclusion of proportional representation and first minority seats in the Senate. The presidential election of 1994 was judged to be the first relatively free election in modern Mexican history. Ernesto Zedillo of the PRI won with 50.2 percent of the vote, against 26.7 percent for Diego Fernández de Cevallos of PAN and 17.1 percent for Cardenas, who this time represented the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). Although the opposition campaign was hurt by the desire of the Mexican electorate for stability, following the assassination of Luis Donaldo Colosio, the intended PRI candidate, and the recent outbreak of hostilities in the state of Chiapas, Zedillo's share of the vote was the lowest official percentage for any PRI presidential candidate up to that time. The general election was held in Mexico on Sunday, August 21, 1994. ... Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de LeÃ³n (born December 27, 1951) was President of Mexico from 1994 to 2000. ... Diego FernÃ¡ndez de Cevallos Ramos (b. ... The Party of the Democratic Revolution (in Spanish: Partido de la RevoluciÃ³n DemocrÃ¡tica, PRD) is one of the three main political parties in Mexico. ... Luis Donaldo Colosio Murrieta (10 February 1950 â€“ 23 March 1994) was a Mexican politician who was assassinated during a stop on his presidential campaign. ... Location within Mexico Municipalities of Chiapas Country Mexico Capital Municipalities 118 Largest City Tuxtla GutiÃ©rrez Government - Governor Juan JosÃ© Sabines Guerrero ( PRD) - Federal Deputies PRI: 7 PRD: 5 - Federal Senators PRI: 1 PRD: 1 PVEM: 1 Area Ranked 8th - Total 74,211 kmÂ² (28,653 sq mi) Population (2005...

In the 1997 mid-term elections, no party held majority in the Chamber of Deputies, and in 2000 the first opposition party president was sworn in office since 1929. Vicente Fox won the election with 43% of the vote, followed by PRI candidate Francisco Labastida with 36%, and Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) with 17%. On Sunday July 6, 1997 they were held in Mexico legislative elections, in which they were chosen to federal level: 32 Senators. ... Vicente Fox Quesada (born July 2, 1942) was the President of Mexico from 2000 to 2006. ... The Institutional Revolutionary Party (Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Institucional or PRI) held power in Mexico for more than 70 years. ... Francisco Labastida Ochoa is a Mexican politician affiliated to the Partido Revolucionario Institucional, who lost the presidential election to Vicente Fox in 2000, the first opposition president in 70 years. ... CuauhtÃ©moc CÃ¡rdenas (right) with Lionel Jospin. ... The Party of the Democratic Revolution (in Spanish: Partido de la RevoluciÃ³n DemocrÃ¡tica, PRD) is one of the three main political parties in Mexico. ...

Numerous electoral reforms implemented after 1989 aided in the opening of the Mexican political system, and opposition parties made historic gains in elections at all levels. Many of the current electoral concerns have shifted from outright fraud to campaign fairness issues. During 1995-96 the political parties negotiated constitutional amendments to address these issues. Implementing legislation included major points of consensus that had been worked out with the opposition parties. The thrust of the new laws has public financing predominate over private contributions to political parties, tightens procedures for auditing the political parties, and strengthens the authority and independence of electoral institutions. The court system also was given greatly expanded authority to hear civil rights cases on electoral matters brought by individuals or groups. In short, the extensive reform efforts have "leveled the playing field" for the parties. Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ...

The 2006 elections saw the PRI fall to third place behind both the PAN and the PRD. Roberto Madrazo, the presidential candidate, polled only 22.3 percent of the vote, and the party ended up with only 121 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, a loss of more than half of what the party had obtained in 2003, and 38 Senate seats, a loss of 22. Nevertheless, at the state level, more states are still governed by PRI than by the rest of the parties. A number of elections are scheduled to place in Mexico during 2006, most importantly a General Election (President and Congress) on 2 July. ... Roberto Madrazo Roberto Madrazo Pintado (born July 30, 1952) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). ...

References and notes

^ The composition, responsibilities and requirements of the legislative power are outlined in articles 50 to 79 of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States
^ The composition, responsibilities and requirements of the executive power are outlined in articles 80 to 93 of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States
^ The composition, responsibilities and requirements of the judicial power are outlined in articles 94 to 107of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States
^ The form of government of the constituent states is briefly outlined in the 116th article of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, and further expanded in the constitutions of each state.
^ The form of government of the Federal District is outlined in the 112nd article of the Political Constitution of the Untied Mexican States.
^ The form of government of the municipalities is briefly outlined in the 115th article of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, and further expanded in the constitutions of each state they are part of.
^ Article 41, Political Constitution of the United Mexican States
^ Efemérides del PAN
^ Composición de Grupos Parlamentarios
^ Using the phrase of Schedler A (2004) From Electoral Authoritarianism to Democratic Consolidation" in Mexico's Democracy at Work, Crandall R, Paz G, Roett R (editors), Lyenne Reinner Publisher, Colorado USA

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