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The Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador

The Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador is governed by a unicameral legislature, the House of Assembly, which operates under the Westminster model of government. The executive function of government is formed by the premier (head of government, and normally the leader of the largest party in the legislature) and his or her cabinet. The politics of Newfoundland and Labrador are defined by a long history, liberal democratic political institutions and a unique political culture. This is a list of communities in British Columbia, a province in Canada. ... Communities of the Province of Alberta, Canada See also list of Alberta census divisions for census divisions and counties in Alberta // Cities Airdrie Brooks Calgary Camrose [[Cold f St. ... Communities of the Province of Saskatchewan, Canada See also: list of rural municipalities in Saskatchewan, list of Indian reserves in Saskatchewan C - City H - Hamlet NH - Northern hamlet NV - Northern village RV - Resort village T - Town V - Village U - Unincorporated Aaskana, Saskatchewan (Former name of Red Deer Hill) Abbey, Saskatchewan... Communities in the province of Manitoba, Canada See also: list of Manitoba regions, list of rural municipalities in Manitoba. ... Communities of the Province of Ontario, Canada Note: this is a list of communities, and are not necessarily organized municipalities. ... Communities of the Province of Quebec, Canada See also: list of cantons in Quebec list of municipalities in Quebec list of parishes in Quebec list of villages in Quebec list of indian reserves in Quebec list of unorganized areas in Quebec Abercorn, Quebec Acton, Quebec Acton Vale, Quebec Aguanish, Quebec... Communities of the Province of New Brunswick, Canada See also: List of parishes in New Brunswick Incorporated municipalities Alma, New Brunswick Aroostook, New Brunswick Atholville, New Brunswick Baker Brook, New Brunswick Balmoral, New Brunswick Bas Caraquet, New Brunswick Bath, New Brunswick Bathurst, New Brunswick Belledune, New Brunswick Beresford, New Brunswick... Communities of the Province of Prince Edward Island, Canada See also List of Prince Edward Island lots Alberton, Prince Edward Island Borden, Prince Edward Island Breadalbane, Prince Edward Island Cavendish, Prince Edward Island Central Bedeque, Prince Edward Island Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island Cornwall, Prince Edward Island Foxley River, Prince Edward... Communities of the Province of Nova Scotia, Canada As designated by the Union of Nova Scotia Municipalities. ... This page lists communities of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. ... Here is a list of cities, towns, and villages in Yukon Territory, Canada. ... The Northwest Territories of Canada contain one city, four towns, four charter communities, one village, ten designated authorities, ten hamlets, and three settlements. ... Here is a list of communities in Nunavut Territory, Canada. ... Regions Political culture Foreign relations Other countriesAtlas  Politics Portal      Canada is a federation which consists of ten provinces that, with three territories, make up the worlds second largest country in total area. ... Motto: Quaerite Prime Regnum Dei (Latin: Seek ye first the kingdom of God) Capital St. ... A legislature is a type of representative deliberative assembly with the power to adopt laws. ... Colonial Building, the House of Assembly of the Dominion of Newfoundland Chamber of the House of Assembly in the Confederation Building. ... The Houses of Parliament, also known as the Palace of Westminster, in London. ... A premier is an executive official of government. ... A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of government, typically representing the executive branch. ...

History

Pre-Confederate History

Canada
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Newfoundland and Labrador was first inhabited by the Beothuk and the Mi'kmaq. It has the first known European settlement in the Americas at L'Anse aux Meadows, built by the Vikings circa 1000 A.D. The island of Newfoundland and the coast of Labrador has been colonized or settled by a number of European nations from England to France. Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... Newfoundland, home of the Beothuk The Beothuk (IPA: ) were the native inhabitants of the island of Newfoundland at the time of European contact in the 15th and 16th centuries. ... The Mikmaq The Mikmaq (; (also spelled Míkmaq, Migmaq, Micmac or MicMac) are a First Nations people, indigenous to northeastern New England, Canadas Atlantic Provinces, and the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec. ... World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World consisting of the continents of North America[1] and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... LAnse aux Meadows (from the French LAnse-aux-Méduses or Jellyfish Cove) is a site on the northernmost tip of the island of Newfoundland, in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, where the remains of a Viking village were discovered in 1960 by the Norwegian explorer Helge Ingstad and... The name Viking is a loan from the native Scandinavian term for the Norse seafaring warriors who raided the coasts of Scandinavia, Europe and the British Isles from the late 8th century to the 11th century, the period of European history referred to as the Viking Age. ... For other uses, see Newfoundland (disambiguation). ... Labrador (also Coast of Labrador) is a region of Atlantic Canada. ... The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe, and member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the G8, the European Union, and NATO. Usually known simply as the United Kingdom, the UK, or (inaccurately) as Great Britain or Britain, the UK has four constituent...

The emergence of a common law system and political institutions was slow. Law and order was initially the responsibility of fishing captains and admirals and military governors in the 1600s and 1700s. With permanent settlement however, this system was eventually replaced by civil officials and in 1832 "representative governement." This meant that a colonial assembly would share power with an appointed Legislative Council. In 1854, Newfoundland was granted responsible government and had Dominion status. This article concerns the common-law legal system, as contrasted with the civil law legal system; for other meanings of the term, within the field of law, see common law (disambiguation). ... Captain is both a nautical term and a military rank. ... The word admiral comes from the Arabic term amir-al-bahr meaning commander of the seas. ... For other uses, see Governor (disambiguation). ... Responsible government is a system of government that embodies the principle of parliamentary accountability which is the foundation of the Westminster system of parliamentary democracy. ... In the Commonwealth of Nations, previously the British Empire, dominion is the term used to refer to a current or former territory of the shared Crown, other than the United Kingdom. ...

The Dominion of Newfoundland was a highly polarized society, marked by distinct cleavages between Roman Catholics and Protestants, Liberals and Conservatives, descendents of Irish and West Country English, rich merchants and poor fishermen and tradesmen, and rural Newfoundland versus St. John's (or alternatively the Avalon Peninsula against the rest of the Dominion's districts). This often manifested itself in hotly contested and even violent elections. Various reforms in the 1860s and 1870s (during which Newfoundland rejected confederation with Canada) quelled the often hostile nature of this polarization. Motto: Quaerite Prime Regnum Dei (Latin: Seek ye first the kingdom of God) Anthem: Ode to Newfoundland Capital St. ... In politics, polarization is the process by which the public opinion divides and goes to the extremes. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... Several earlier groupings functioned under the name Liberal Party of Newfoundland from the granting of responsible government to the island in the 1850s until its suspension in 1934 when the Commission of Government was instituted. ... The Conservative Party of Newfoundland was a political party in Newfoundland and Labrador prior to confederation with Canada in 1949. ... The West Country is an informal term for the area of south-western England roughly corresponding to the modern South West England government region. ... Nickname: Motto: Avancez (Go forward) Coordinates: Country Canada Province Newfoundland and Labrador Established August 5, 1583 by Royal Charter of Queen Elizabeth I Government  - City Mayor Andy Wells  - Governing body St. ... The Avalon Peninsula is a large peninsula (9,270 km²) that makes up the southeast portion of the island of Newfoundland. ... An election is a decision making process whereby people vote for preferred political candidates or parties to act as representatives in government. ... We dont have an article called Canadian-confederation Start this article Search for Canadian-confederation in. ...

With various exceptions throughout its Dominion history, class, religion and political parties tended to align such that Irish Catholics tended to support the Liberal Party and English Protestants tended to support the Conservative Party.

Newfoundland and Labrador's present-day boundaries were finalized as a result of the British Privy Council's decision in the Labrador Boundary Dispute of 1927 to cede much of inland Labrador to the Dominion of Newfoundland rather than to the Canadian province of Quebec. , Motto: Je me souviens (French: I remember) Capital Quebec City Largest city Montreal Official languages French Government - Lieutenant-Governor Pierre Duchesne - Premier Jean Charest (PLQ) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 75 - Senate seats 24 Confederation July 1, 1867 (1st) Area  Ranked 2nd - Total 1,542,056 km² (595...

As a result of the Great Depression, Newfoundland's economy deteriorated. This resulted in a famous episode in 1932 when a large riot erupted at the Colonial Building and then Prime Minister Richard Squires narrowly escaped. The Dominion assembly approved the recommendations of the Amulree Commission the following year and voted itself out of existence in order to be replaced by an appointed Commission of Government. This Commission was effectively an appointed council with a British Governor and six commissioners from both Britain and Newfoundland. The Commission oversaw slow growth during the beginning of its reign, but Newfoundland began to thrive during World War II. The Great Depression was a dramatic, worldwide economic downturn beginning in some countries as early as 1928. ... The riot at the Colonial Building in 1932 The Colonial Building was the seat of the Newfoundland government and the House of Assembly from January 28, 1850 to July 28, 1959 and in 1974 declared a Provincial Historic Site. ... Sir Richard Anderson Squires (January 18, 1880-March 26, 1940) was the Prime Minister of Newfoundland from 1919-1923 and from 1928-1932. ... The Newfoundland Royal Commission or Amulree Commission (as it came to be known) was a royal commission established on February 17, 1933 by the Government of the United Kingdom to to examine into the future of Newfoundland and in particular to report on the financial situation and prospects therein. ... The Commission of Government was established in Newfoundland due to the collapse of democratic institutions during the Great Depression. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

It was shortly after the war that a Newfoundland National Convention was created in order to deliberate the constitutional future of Newfoundland. Two referendums were initiated in the year 1948. In the first, Newfoundlanders were asked to vote on whether to join Canada as a province, return to an independent dominion with responsible government, or continue with an appointed Commission. In the second referendum, Newfoundlanders were asked to choose between responsible government and confederation with Canada. The movement for responsible government tended to be weaker, less organized in rural areas, and had some divisions stemming from many of its members supporting a special economic union with the United States. Newfoundland's voters narrowly voted in favour of confederation and in 1949 Newfoundland joined Canada as it's tenth province. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Elections Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita, originally a decree of the Concilium Plebis) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ... The Economic Union Party (formally the Party for Economic Union with the United States) was a political party formed in the Dominion of Newfoundland on March 20, 1948 at the beginning of the first referendum campaign on the future of the country. ...

The second referendum was a very divisive one and still to this day is a source of contention among Newfoundlanders and Labradorians. During the referendum, Joey Smallwood campaigned for the Confederate Association and Peter Cashin campaigned for the Responsible Government League (RGL). The confederate cause drew most of its support from Protestants, poor fisherman and rural Newfoundlanders particularly those from outside the Avalon Peninsula. Likewise, the RGL depended on the support of Catholics and voters from the Avalon Peninsula. Joseph Smallwood signs the document bringing Newfoundland into Confederation. ... The Confederate Association was a political party formed and led by Joey Smallwood and Gordon Bradley to advocate that the Dominion of Newfoundland join Canadian Confederation. ... Major Peter John Cashin (March 8, 1890 - May 21, 1977) was a Newfoundland politician, businessman and soldier. ... The Responsible Government League was a political movement in the history of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. ...

Religion served as a very important determinant in a voter's decision. The Roman Catholic establishment, centred in St. John's, feared a loss of power and the possible elimination of its role in denominational education after confederation. Confederation was seen as a plot to join loyalist, predominantly English Canada (conversely RGL supporters feared joining "French Canada").

This trend was not universal since, for example, Catholics from western Newfoundland for example tended to vote for confederation rather than against it. But it did bring about a crack in the Liberal/Catholic and Conservative/Protestant alignment of Newfoundland's voters. After confederation, the RGL elected to form the Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador, while Smallwood, Newfoundland's first Premier after confederation was a Liberal.

Finally it is important not to downplay the political salience of economic issues in the referendum on confederation. The confederate cause, as stated, received much of its support from the poor and destitute rural Protestant masses, won over to the confederate side by promises of a child allowance ("baby bonus"), better health care, full employment, higher incomes and other social reforms. These were measures to which Newfoundland migrants to Canada and the United States were already accustomed, but could not be as successfully promised by the Avalon Peninsula-based, affluent leaders of the RGL. Child benefit (or childrens allowance) is a social security payment payable given to the parents or guardians of children. ...

Post-Confederate History

After confederation, Liberal Premier Joey Smallwood was in power for over 23 years. His reign was characterized by an autocratic style of leadership and initiatives to modernize the economy. For example, in the 1950s the Smallwood government began a controversial resettlement program to relocate Newfoundlanders and Labradorians from hundreds of small, rural settlements and communities to larger urban areas. He also personally encouraged and subsidized foreign industrialists to invest in Newfoundland, often with little benefit. Smallwood for example is credited with bungling a deal on the Churchill Falls hydro-electric development in Labrador and creating a situation where the province of Quebec reaps most of the benefits. Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      An autocracy is a form of government in which the political power is held by a single person. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... Churchill Falls are waterfalls, 245 ft (75 m) high, on the Churchill River in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. ...

Additionally, Smallwood maintained firm control over dissent both within and outside his party. He frequently accused a local newspaper, The Telegram, of libel and threatened legal action. When John Crosbie challenged him for the leadership of the provincial Liberal Party in 1969 Smallwood forced delegates to sign affidavits opposing Crosbie's leadership bid. He famously told then student union leader Rex Murphy not to return to Newfoundland when Murphy, who was in Quebec at the time, called Smallwood's announcement of a free tuition policy a "sham". As a result of Smallwood's tight control over the party and the government, a younger generation of Liberal Party activists such as John Crosbie who lost the 1969 leadership bid defected to the Progressive Conservative Party which wrested control from Smallwood in 1972 under the tutelage of Frank Moores. The Telegram is a daily newspaper published in St. ... Hon. ... An affidavit is a formal sworn statement of fact, signed by the declarant (who is called the affiant), and witnessed (as to the veracity of the affiants signature) by a taker of oaths, such as a notary public. ... Rex Murphy (born March, 1947, Carbonear, Newfoundland) is a noted Canadian commentator. ... Frank Duff Moores (born February 18, 1933) is a Canadian politician and businessman who served as Newfoundland and Labradors second Premier (1972-1979). ...

The Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland remained in power from 1972 to 1989, first under the leadership of Frank Moores and then as of 1979 under Brian Peckford. Peckford's agenda was characterized by battles with the federal government under Primer Ministers Pierre Trudeau and then Brian Mulroney. Peckford's later career became mired in a subsidized farming scandal, and the election of 1989 brought Liberal Clyde Wells to power. Wells' administration oversaw a tumultuous time in Newfoundland's recent history. Wells was involved in some confrontation with the federal government and the other provinces over the issue of the Meech Lake Accord which provided for distinct society status for the province of Quebec. He was also the premier when the federal government brought in a moratorium on year round cod fishing, a pivotal moment in Newfoundland and Labrador's recent history, ever since which outmigration and depopulation have been a perpetual problem. Furthermore, Wells ushered in a period of economic liberalization as he privatized government services. Alfred Brian Peckford (born August 27, 1942) is a former teacher, politician and premier of Newfoundland. ... For other uses, see Pierre Elliott Trudeau (disambiguation). ... Martin Brian Mulroney, PC, CC, GOQ, LLD (born March 20, 1939), was the eighteenth Prime Minister of Canada from September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993 and was leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1983 to 1993. ... Clyde Kirby Wells (born November 9, 1937) is a Newfoundland and Labrador judge and former politician and Premier of the province. ... The Meech Lake Accord was a set of failed amendments to the Constitution of Canada negotiated in 1987 by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and the provincial premiers, including Robert Bourassa, premier of Quebec. ... Distinct society (in French la société distincte) was a political neologism used during a constitutional debate in Canada, in the second half of the 1980s and in the early 1990s. ... Rural depopulation is a phenomenon affecting rural locales in both developed and developing countries, whereby net population movement leaves rural places with decreasing population and urban places with increasing population. ...

Political Culture & Institutions

The Legislature

The House of Assembly is the unicameral provincial legislature. It is situated in the Confederation Building which is located in the capital city of St. John's. The Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly is unique in the world as it is the only parliament modelled along the Westminster system in which the government sits to the left of the speaker rather than the right. The legislature has 48 seats, each seat representing one geographical district in the province. Electoral districts are competed for in first-past-the-post elections. The Confederation Building can refer to: Confederation Building, home of the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly Confederation Building, a Canadian federal government office building in Ottawa This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... An example of a plurality ballot. ...

Elections

Elections Newfoundland and Labrador officially recognizes six political parties. Those with representation in the provincial legislature are the Progressive Conservatives, the Liberals, and the New Democratic Party. Those without representation are the Green Party, the Labrador Party, and the Newfoundland and Labrador First Party. Elections must be held every four years in October under a new fixed-date elections law. The Newfoundland and Labrador New Democratic Party (NDP) is a democratic socialist political party in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. ... The Terra Nova Green Party is the name of the Green Party of Canadas chapter in Newfoundland and Labrador. ... The Labrador Party is a political party in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Parties and the Party System

Newfoundland and Labrador has what can be described as a "two-and-a-half" party system, with two parties capable of forming government (Liberals and Progressive Conservatives) and one small party that does not (the New Democratic Party). The two main parties share very few ideological differences and presently there exist very few divides along class or religious backgrounds anymore. The Progressive Conservative Party traditionally supported less government intervention in the economy, was a more welcome home for socially conservative attitudes, and has a significant nationalist streak perhaps as a result of its predecessor in the RGL. The Liberal Party has traditionally been seen as being on the centre-left of the political spectrum. However, with the possible exception of contemporary Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador shares with the other Atlantic provinces a largely personality driven party system where both parties tend to hug the centre. Furthermore, the province's Progressive Conservatives tend to be of the "Red Tory" variety, and the Liberal Party particularly under Roger Grimes has shown itself to also have something of a nationalist streak. A party system is a concept in political science concerning the system of government in a state where political parties exist. ... Political Ideologies Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      An ideology is an organized collection of ideas. ... The Red Tory Tradition: Ancient Roots-New Routes, by Ron Dart Red Tory is a term given to a political philosophy, tradition, and disposition in Canada. ... Roger D. Grimes (born May 2, 1950) is a Newfoundland and Labrador politician. ...

Third parties have traditionally done poorly in Newfoundland and Labrador. The left-wing, populist Fishermen's Protective Union (FPU) under William Coaker during the 1920s and 1930s achieved a break through in politics. However, the party never formed government and later disintegrated. The federal Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (or CCF, predecessor to the New Democratic Party) made overtures to Joey Smallwood (who had a history of union organizing and socialist activities) during the referendums of 1948 but failed to shore up any mass support in the province. Today, support for the small provincial New Democratic Party appears to be contained in Labrador City/Wabush and the eastern and downtown core of St. John's. Look up Populism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... William Ford Coaker (18??-19??), a born and raised in St. ... The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) was a Canadian political party founded in 1932 in Calgary, Alberta, by a number of socialist, farm, co-operative and labour groups as well as the League for Social Reconstruction. ... Socialism refers to a broad array of ideologies and movements which aim to improve society through collective and egalitarian action; and to a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to control by the community. ... Labrador City is a small town in western Labrador (part of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador), near the Quebec border. ... Wabush is a small town in the western tip of Labrador, known for transportation and iron ore operations for over three decades (1967 to 2006). ...

Under Premier Danny Williams, any traditional notions of a left-right spectrum in Newfoundland and Labrador politics appear to be deteriorating. The Progressive Conservative Party has benefited from Williams' personal popularity, and the ideological orientation of the party system, it has been argued, has given way to a new one based on leadership personality and Newfoundland nationalism.

See also

• Newfoundland and Labrador
• List of Newfoundland and Labrador general elections

Motto: Quaerite Prime Regnum Dei (Latin: Seek ye first the kingdom of God) Capital St. ... Newfoundland and Labrador is part of Canada. ...

References

• Letto, Douglas. Chocolate Bars and Rubber Boots: The Smallwood Industrialization Plan. Paradise, NL: Blue Hill Pub., 1998.
• Crosbie, John. No Holds Barred: My Life in Politics. Toronto: M&S, 1997.
• Blake, Raymond. Canadians at Last: Canada Integrates Newfoundland As a Province. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994.
• Rex Murphy's Video Biogrpahy. CBC. Retrieved on 2007-08-20.
• Morgan, Ivan. 48 out of 48?. The Independent. Retrieved on 2007-08-20.
• Temelini, Michael. The Rock's Newfound Nationalism. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved on 2007-08-20.

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 232nd day of the year (233rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 232nd day of the year (233rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 232nd day of the year (233rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External Links

• The Confederation Debate: Fifty Years and Counting. Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Website Project. Retrieved on 2007-08-20.
• History of Government and Politics in Newfoundland and Labrador. Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Website Project. Retrieved on 2007-08-20.
• Resettlement: "No Great Future ". Maritime History Archive of the Memorial Univeristy of Newfoundland. Retrieved on 2007-08-20.
• Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. Retrieved on 2007-08-20.