Politics of Romania takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Romania is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. Romania's 1991 constitution, amended in 2003 proclaims Romania a democratic and social republic, deriving its sovereignty from the people. It also states that "human dignity, civic rights and freedoms, the unhindered development of human personality, justice, and political pluralism are supreme and guaranteed values". A parliamentary system, or parliamentarism, is distinguished by the executive branch of government being dependent on the direct or indirect support of the parliament, often expressed through a vote of confidence. ... Representative democracy is a form of democracy founded on the exercise of popular sovereignty by the peoples representants. ... In a broad definition, a republic is a state whose political organization rests on the principle that the citizens or electorate constitute the ultimate root of legitimacy and sovereignty. ... Categories: Lists of office-holders | Romanian history | Romanian Prime Ministers ... The head of government is the leader of the government or cabinet. ... Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the executive is the branch of a government charged with implementing, or executing, the law. ... A legislature is a governmental deliberative body with the power to adopt laws. ... Romanias Chamber of Deputies, inside the Palace of the Parliament. ... The Senate of Romania (Romanian: Senat) is the upper house in Romanias bicameral parliament. ... The judiciary, also referred to as the judicature, consists of the system of courts of law for the administration of justice and to its principals, the justices, judges and magistrates among other types of adjudicators. ... The Romanian Constitution is the fundamental law that establishes the structure of the government of Romania, the rights and obligations of the countrys citizens, and its mode of passing laws. ... Democracy is a form of government under which the power to alter the laws and structures of government lies, ultimately, with the citizenry. ... // Latin root meaning The term social is derived from the Latin word socius, which as a noun means an associate, ally, companion, business partner or comrade and in the adjectival form socialis refers to a bond between people (such as marriage) or to their collective or connected existence. ... In a broad definition, a republic is a state whose political organization rests on the principle that the citizens or electorate constitute the ultimate root of legitimacy and sovereignty. ... ...

The constitution provides for a President, a Parliament, a Constitutional Court and a separate system of lower courts that includes a Supreme Court. The right to vote is granted to all citizens over 18 years of age.

Executive branch

The president is elected by popular vote for a maximum of two 5-year terms (4-year terms until 2004). He is Chief of State (charged with safeguarding the constitution, foreign affairs, and the proper functioning of public authorities), supreme commander of the armed forces and chairman of the Supreme Defense Council. According to the constitution, he acts as mediator among the power centers within the state, as well as between the state and society. The president nominates the prime minister, who in turn appoints the government, which must be confirmed by a vote of confidence from Parliament. This is a list of Presidents of Romania: Note: The official function of President of Romania did not exist until March 1974. ... Traian Băsescu (born November 4, 1951) is a Romanian politician. ... The Democratic Party (Romanian: Partidul Democrat, PD) is a centre-right (formerly social democrat) party of Romania. ... December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Categories: Lists of office-holders | Romanian Prime Ministers | History of Romania ... Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu Călin Constantin Anton Popescu-Tăriceanu (approximately cuh-leen const-aan-teen anth-on pop-ess-koo tuh-rich-ah-noo), (born 14 January 1952), is the Prime minister of Romania from December 28, 2004. ... The Partidul Naţional Liberal (National Liberal Party) is a liberal party in Romania, and the second largest party in parliament, being edged out only by the Social Democratic Party. ... December 29 is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 2 days remaining. ... This is a list of Presidents of Romania: Note: The official function of President of Romania did not exist until March 1974. ...

The current President is Traian Băsescu (since December 16, 2004). The Prime minister is appointed by the President, and he chooses his cabinet members. The Council of ministers must be approved by the united Houses of the Parliament by a vote of confidence, and must be endorsed by the President. Traian Băsescu (born November 4, 1951) is a Romanian politician. ... December 16 is the 350th day of the year (351st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The current Prime Minister is Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu. Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...

Legislative branch

The national legislature is a bicameral Parliament (Parlament), consisting of the Chamber of Deputies or Camera Deputaţilor and the Senate or Senat. Members are elected for 4-year terms by universal suffrage under party list proportional representation electoral systems. In government, bicameralism is the practice of having two legislative or parliamentary chambers. ... Insert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text here:This article is about the legislative institution. ... Romanias Chamber of Deputies, inside the Palace of the Parliament. ... The Senate of Romania (Romanian: Senat) is the upper house in Romanias bicameral parliament. ... Proportional representation (PR) is a (by necessity multi-winner) electoral system whose use tends to make elections result in groups of votes being represented in proportional fractions in some body of representatives, i. ...

The number of senators and deputies has varied in each legislature, reflecting the variation in population. As of 2004, there are 137 senator seats and 332 deputy seats; of the 332 deputy seats, 314 are elected, and 18 are reserved for ethnic minorities not otherwise represented in the Parliament. 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Political parties and elections

Election results include names of political parties. See for additional information about parties the List of political parties in Romania. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in Romania.

An election is a decision making process whereby people vote for preferred political candidates or parties to act as representatives in government. ... A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around very special issues. ... Political parties in Romania lists political parties in Romania. ... See Election (movie) for the film directed by Alexander Payne. ... Elections in Romania gives information on election and election results in Romania. ... Traian Băsescu (born November 4, 1951) is a Romanian politician. ... The Partidul NaÅ£ional Liberal (National Liberal Party) is a liberal party in Romania, and the second largest party in parliament, being edged out only by the Social Democratic Party. ... The Democratic Party (Romanian: Partidul Democrat, PD) is a centre-right (formerly social democrat) party of Romania. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... The Social Democratic Party of Romania (Partidul Social Democrat or PSD) is the governing party of Romania. ... The Romanian Humanist Party (Romanian: Partidul Umanist Român, PUR) is a Romanian centrist political party. ... Corneliu Vadim Tudor as a symbol of the Greater Romania Party on a 2004 campaign poster. ... Great Romania Party campaign poster for the Romanian presidential election, 2004. ... Béla Markó (born September 8, 1951) is a Romanian writer and politician of Hungarian ethnicity. ... The Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (Romanian: Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România, UDMR; Hungarian: Romániai Magyar Demokrata Szövetség, RMDSZ) is an ethnically based political party representing ethnic Hungarians in Romania. ... Gheorghe Ciuhandu (born 15 June 1947) is a Romanian politician. ... The Christian-Democratic Peoples Party (Partidul Popular Creştin-Democrat, PPCD) is a Romanian christian-democratic party. ... George Becali (known as Gigi Becali; born 25 June 1958) is a Romanian politician and businessman. ... The New Generation Party (Partidul Noua GeneraÅ£ie) is a political party in Romania. ... Petre Roman (born July 22, 1946) is a Romanian politician, former Prime Minister of Romania from 1989 to 1991, when his government was overthrown by the intervention of the miners led by Miron Cozma. ... The Democratic Force( Forţa Democrată, FD) is a political party in Romania without parliamentary representation. ... Marian Petre Miluţ (born December 29, 1955) is a Romanian businessman and politician. ... Acţiunea Populară (Peoples Action) is a Romanian right-wing political party, founded and led by former President Emil Constantinescu. ... The Union for Romanian Reconstruction (Uniunea pentru ReconstrucÅ£ia României, URR) is a political party in Romania without parliamentary representation. ... Romanias Chamber of Deputies, inside the Palace of the Parliament. ... The Social Democratic Party of Romania (Partidul Social Democrat or PSD) is the governing party of Romania. ... The Romanian Humanist Party (Romanian: Partidul Umanist Român, PUR) is a Romanian centrist political party. ... Justice and Truth (in Romanian Dreptate ÅŸi adevăr, or D.A. for short) is a political alliance comprising two political parties in Romania: the centre-right liberal National Liberal Party (PNL) and the centre-left reformist Democratic Party (PD). ... The Partidul NaÅ£ional Liberal (National Liberal Party) is a liberal party in Romania, and the second largest party in parliament, being edged out only by the Social Democratic Party. ... The Democratic Party (Romanian: Partidul Democrat, PD) is a centre-right (formerly social democrat) party of Romania. ... Great Romania Party campaign poster for the Romanian presidential election, 2004. ... The Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (Romanian: Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România, UDMR; Hungarian: Romániai Magyar Demokrata Szövetség, RMDSZ) is an ethnically based political party representing ethnic Hungarians in Romania. ... The New Generation Party (Partidul Noua GeneraÅ£ie) is a political party in Romania. ... The Christian-Democratic Peoples Party (Partidul Popular Creştin-Democrat, PPCD) is a Romanian christian-democratic party. ... The Romanian constitution reserves 18 seats in the Senate for parties and cultural associations of the ethnic minorities in Romania. ... The Romanian constitution reserves 18 seats in the Senate for parties and cultural associations of the ethnic minorities in Romania. ... The Romanian constitution reserves 18 seats in the Senate for parties and cultural associations of the ethnic minorities in Romania. ... The Romanian constitution reserves 18 seats in the Senate for parties and cultural associations of the ethnic minorities in Romania. ... The Romanian constitution reserves 18 seats in the Senate for parties and cultural associations of the ethnic minorities in Romania. ... The Romanian constitution reserves 18 seats in the Senate for parties and cultural associations of the ethnic minorities in Romania. ... The Romanian constitution reserves 18 seats in the Senate for parties and cultural associations of the ethnic minorities in Romania. ... The Romanian constitution reserves 18 seats in the Senate for parties and cultural associations of the ethnic minorities in Romania. ... The Romanian constitution reserves 18 seats in the Senate for parties and cultural associations of the ethnic minorities in Romania. ... The Romanian constitution reserves 18 seats in the Senate for parties and cultural associations of the ethnic minorities in Romania. ... The Romanian constitution reserves 18 seats in the Senate for parties and cultural associations of the ethnic minorities in Romania. ... The Romanian constitution reserves 18 seats in the Senate for parties and cultural associations of the ethnic minorities in Romania. ... The Romanian constitution reserves 18 seats in the Senate for parties and cultural associations of the ethnic minorities in Romania. ... The Romanian constitution reserves 18 seats in the Senate for parties and cultural associations of the ethnic minorities in Romania. ... The Romanian constitution reserves 18 seats in the Senate for parties and cultural associations of the ethnic minorities in Romania. ... The Romanian constitution reserves 18 seats in the Senate for parties and cultural associations of the ethnic minorities in Romania. ... The Romanian constitution reserves 18 seats in the Senate for parties and cultural associations of the ethnic minorities in Romania. ... The Romanian constitution reserves 18 seats in the Senate for parties and cultural associations of the ethnic minorities in Romania. ... The Senate of Romania (Romanian: Senat) is the upper house in Romanias bicameral parliament. ... The Social Democratic Party of Romania (Partidul Social Democrat or PSD) is the governing party of Romania. ... The Romanian Humanist Party (Romanian: Partidul Umanist Român, PUR) is a Romanian centrist political party. ... Justice and Truth (in Romanian Dreptate ÅŸi adevăr, or D.A. for short) is a political alliance comprising two political parties in Romania: the centre-right liberal National Liberal Party (PNL) and the centre-left reformist Democratic Party (PD). ... The Partidul NaÅ£ional Liberal (National Liberal Party) is a liberal party in Romania, and the second largest party in parliament, being edged out only by the Social Democratic Party. ... The Democratic Party (Romanian: Partidul Democrat, PD) is a centre-right (formerly social democrat) party of Romania. ... Great Romania Party campaign poster for the Romanian presidential election, 2004. ... The Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (Romanian: Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România, UDMR; Hungarian: Romániai Magyar Demokrata Szövetség, RMDSZ) is an ethnically based political party representing ethnic Hungarians in Romania. ... The New Generation Party (Partidul Noua GeneraÅ£ie) is a political party in Romania. ... The Christian-Democratic Peoples Party (Partidul Popular Creştin-Democrat, PPCD) is a Romanian christian-democratic party. ...

Judicial branch

The Romanian legal system is based on the Napoleonic Code. The judiciary is to be independent, and judges appointed by the president are not removable. The president and other judges of the Supreme Court are appointed for a term of 6 years and may serve consecutive terms. Proceedings are public, except in special circumstances provided for by law. First page of the 1804 original edition The original Napoleonic Code, or Code Napoléon (originally called the Code civil des français, or civil code of the French), was the French civil code, established at the behest of Napoléon I. It entered into force on March 21, 1804. ...

The Constitutional Court adjudicates the constitutionality of challenged laws, and decides on appeals from the regular court system concerning the unconstitutionality of laws and decrees. The court consists of nine judges, appointed for a term of 9 years. Three judges are appointed by the House of Deputies, three by the Senate, and three by the president of Romania. A Constitutional Court is a high court found in many countries which deals primary with constitutional law. ...

The High Court of Cassation and Justice is the highest judicial authority. Its judges are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Superior Council of Magistrates. The High Court of Cassation and Justice (Romanian: Înalta Curte de Casaţie şi Justiţie) is Romanias supreme Court of justice. ...

The Ministry of Justice represents "the general interests of society" and defends the rule of law as well as citizens' rights and freedoms. The ministry is to discharge its powers through independent, impartial public prosecutors. The rule of law implies that government authority may only be exercised in accordance with written laws, which were adopted through an established procedure. ...

Regional institutions

For territorial and administrative purposes, Romania is divided into 41 counties and the city of Bucharest. Each county is governed by an elected county council. Local councils and elected mayors are the public administration authorities in villages and towns. The county council is the public administration authority that coordinates the activities of all village and town councils in a county. Administrative map of Romania As of 2003, Romania is divided into 41 counties and one municipality, as follows: A new administrative division was proposed, dividing the country into regions, but its implementation is uncertain since the county division is favoured by most Romanians. ... Bucharest (Romanian: Bucureşti ) is the capital city and industrial and commercial centre of Romania. ... A mayor (from the Latin maīor, meaning larger,greater) is the politician who serves as chief executive official of some types of municipalities. ...

The central government appoints a prefect for each county and the Bucharest municipality. The prefect is the representative of the government at the local level and directs any public services of the ministries and other central agencies at the county level. A prefect may block the action of a local authority if he deems it unlawful or unconstitutional. The matter is then decided by an administrative court. A prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficio, to make in front, i. ...

Under new legislation in force since January 1999, local councils have control over spending of their allocations from the central government budget as well as authority to raise additional revenue locally. Central government-appointed prefects formerly retained significant authority over the budget; this is now limited to a review of expenditures to ascertain their constitutionality. 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ...

Developments

Romania has made great progress in institutionalizing democratic principles, civil liberties, and respect for human rights since 1989. However, a large number of present-day Romanian politicians (members of all parties across the current political spectrum) are former members of the Romanian Communist Party. Since membership in the party was a key requirement for advancing to high-level positions before 1989, however, people joined more out of a desire to get ahead than as a result of any deep political persuasion. Nevertheless, the Communist past of the majority of current Romanian politicians is a source of neverending controversy. This article is in need of attention. ... Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ... The Romanian Communist Party (Romanian: Partidul Comunist Român) was a Communist political party in Romania until 1989. ...

1990-1992

Over 200 new political parties sprang up after 1989, most gravitating around personalities rather than programs. All major parties espoused democracy and market reforms, to varying degrees. By far the largest party, the governing National Salvation Front (FSN) proposed slow, cautious economic reforms and a social safety net. In contrast, the main opposition parties, the National Liberal Party (PNL), and the Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNŢCD) favored quick, sweeping reforms, immediate privatization, and reducing the role of the ex-Communist Party members. The Communist Party ceased to exist. The National Salvation Front (in Romanian, Frontul Salvării NaÅ£ionale, FSN) was the governing body of Romania in the first weeks after the Romanian Revolution of 1989, subsequently turned into a political party. ... The National Liberal Party may be: National Liberal Party (Bermuda) - a Bermudian party National Liberal Party (Germany) - a former German party National Liberal Party (Lebanon) - a Lebanese party National Liberal Party (Panama) - a Panamanian party National Liberal Party (Romania) - a Romanian party National Liberal Party (UK) - a former United Kingdom... The Christian-Democratic Peoples Party (Partidul Popular Creştin-Democrat, PPCD) is a Romanian christian-democratic party. ... Privatization (sometimes privatisation, denationalization, or, especially in India, disinvestment) is the process of transferring property, from public ownership to private ownership and/or transferring the management of a service or activity from the government to the private sector. ... In modern usage, a communist party is a political party which promotes communism, the sociopolitical philosophy based on Marxism. ...

In the 1990 presidential and legislative elections, the FSN and its candidate for presidency, Ion Iliescu, won with a large majority of the votes (66.31% and 85.07%, respectively). The strongest parties in the opposition were the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR), with 7.23%, and the PNL, with 6.41%. These are the results of the Romanian presidential election of 1990: Results See also Romanian legislative election, 1990 Categories: Elections in Romania ... Ion Iliescu (born March 3, 1930) is a Romanian politician. ... The Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (Romanian: Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România, UDMR; Hungarian: Romániai Magyar Demokrata Szövetség, RMDSZ) is an ethnically based political party representing ethnic Hungarians in Romania. ...

After the FSN Prime Minister Petre Roman's brutal sacking (following a descent on Bucharest, in late 1991, by angry and dissatisfied coal miners), just a few months before the 1992 general elections, the FSN broke in two. President Iliescu's supporters formed a new party called the Democratic National Salvation Front (FDSN), while Roman's supporters kept the party's original title, FSN. Petre Roman (born July 22, 1946) is a Romanian politician, former Prime Minister of Romania from 1989 to 1991, when his government was overthrown by the intervention of the miners led by Miron Cozma. ... Bucharest (Romanian: Bucureşti ) is the capital city and industrial and commercial centre of Romania. ... The Democratic National Salvation Front (in Romanian, Frontul Democrat al Salvării Nationale, FDSN) was a political party formed in Romania by Ion Iliescu and his supporters upon the breaking of the ruling National Salvation Front (FSN) on Apr 7, 1992. ...

1992-1996

The 1992 local, legislative, and presidential elections revealed a political rift between major urban centers and the countryside. Rural voters, who were grateful for the restoration of most agricultural land to farmers but fearful of change, strongly favored President Ion Iliescu and the FDSN, while the urban electorate favored the CDR (a coalition made up by several parties – among which the PNŢCD and the PNL were the strongest – and civic organizations) and quicker reform. Iliescu easily won reelection over a field of five other candidates. The FDSN won a plurality in both chambers of the Parliament. With the CDR, the second-largest parliamentary group, reluctant to take part in a national unity coalition, the FDSN (now PDSR) formed a government under Prime Minister Nicolae Văcăroiu, an economist, with parliamentary support from the nationalist Romanian National Unity Party (PUNR) and Greater Romania Party (PRM), as well as from the Socialist Workers' Party (PSM). In January 1994, the stability of the governing coalition became problematic when the PUNR threatened to withdraw its support unless given cabinet portfolios. After intensive negotiations, in August, two PUNR members received cabinet portfolios in the Văcăroiu government. In September, the incumbent justice minister also joined the PUNR. PRM and PSM left the coalition in October and December 1995, respectively. These are the results of the Romanian presidential election of 1992: Results First round Run-off See also Romanian legislative election, 1992 Categories: Elections in Romania ... List of Romanian Cities (by Population) See also List of cities in Romania (alphabetically) List of cities External link Map Categories: Cities in Romania | Lists of cities ... Rural area in Dalarna, Sweden Sheep eating grass in rural Australia Rural areas are sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities and towns. ... Ion Iliescu (born March 3, 1930) is a Romanian politician. ... The Romanian Democratic Convention (Romanian: Convenţia Democrată Română, CDR) was an electoral alliance of several political parties of Romania, active from early 1992 until 2000. ... Nicolae Văcăroiu (born on December 5, 1943 in Bolgrad, Bessarabia, now in Ukraine) was the Prime Minister of Romania from 1992 to 1996. ... The Romanian National Unity Party (Partidul Unităţii Naţionale a Românilor, PUNR) is a political party in Romania without parliamentary representation. ... Great Romania Party campaign poster for the Romanian presidential election, 2004. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV in Roman) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... 1995 (MCMXCV in Roman) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

1996-2000

The 1996 local elections showed a major shift in the political orientation of the Romanian electorate. Opposition parties swept Bucharest and most of the larger cities in Transylvania and Dobruja. This trend continued in the legislative and presidential elections of the same year, in which the opposition dominated the cities and made steep inroads into rural areas previously dominated by President Iliescu and the PDSR, which had lost many voters in their traditional stronghold constituencies outside Transylvania. The electoral campaign of the opposition hammered away on the twin themes of the need to squelch corruption and to launch economic reform. This message resonated well with the voters, resulting in a victory for the CDR coalition and the election of Emil Constantinescu as president. In order to secure its electoral majority, the CDR also invited Petre Roman's Democratic Party (formerly FSN) and the UDMR (representing the Hungarian minority) into government. Over the following 4 years, Romania had three prime ministers. However, despite these leadership changes, and constant internal frictions, the governing parties managed to preserve their coalition. 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... Bucharest (Romanian: Bucureşti ) is the capital city and industrial and commercial centre of Romania. ... For other uses, see Transylvania (disambiguation). ... Dobruja, or sometimes Dobrudja (Dobrogea in Romanian, Добруджа—transliterated Dobrudzha—in Bulgarian, Dobruca in Turkish), is the territory between the lower Danube river and the Black Sea, including the Danube Delta and the Romanian coast. ... These are the results of the Romanian presidential elections of 1996: Results First round Run-off See also Romanian legislative elections, 1996 Categories: Elections in Romania ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Democratic Party (Romanian: Partidul Democrat, PD) is a centre-right (formerly social democrat) party of Romania. ...

2000-2004

Constantinescu lost in the first round of presidential elections in November of 2000, as a result of popular dissatisfaction with infighting among coalition parties in the previous four years, as well as with economic hardship brought by structural reforms. In the second round of the presidential elections, Social Democratic Party (PSD) candidate Ion Iliescu won by a wide margin against extreme nationalist Greater Romania Party (PRM) candidate Corneliu Vadim Tudor. Iliescu appointed Adrian Năstase as Prime Minister. In Parliament, the PSD government relied on the support of the UDMR, which did not join the Cabinet but negotiated annual packages of legislation and other measures in favor of Romania's ethnic Hungarians. The Social Democratic Party of Romania (in Romanian, Partidul Social Democrat, PSD) is a major political party of Romania. ... Ion Iliescu (born March 3, 1930) is a Romanian politician. ... Great Romania Party campaign poster for the Romanian presidential election, 2004. ... Corneliu Vadim Tudor as a symbol of the Greater Romania Party on a 2004 campaign poster. ... Adrian Năstase (born June 22, 1950) is a Romanian politician and President of the Chamber of Deputies since December 21, 2004. ... The Social Democratic Party of Romania (in Romanian, Partidul Social Democrat, PSD) is a major political party of Romania. ... The Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (Romanian: Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România, UDMR; Hungarian: Romániai Magyar Demokrata Szövetség, RMDSZ) is an ethnically based political party representing ethnic Hungarians in Romania. ...

Năstase served as Prime Minister for four years and continued the pro-Western foreign policy orientation set by the previous government. The period was characterized by unprecedented political stability in post-communist Romania and consistent economic growth. Romania joined NATO in spring 2004 and signed an accession treaty to join the EU. Nonetheless, the PSD government was plagued by allegations of corruption, which would prove to be a signficant factor in its defeat in local and national elections in 2004. Adrian Năstase (born June 22, 1950) is a Romanian politician and President of the Chamber of Deputies since December 21, 2004. ... The NATO flag NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, D.C., on... Elections in Romania gives information on election and election results in Romania. ...

In September 2003, the Democratic Party (PD) and National Liberal Party ( PNL) formed an electoral alliance called the Justice and Truth (DA) Alliance in order to form a cohesive mainstream political opposition bloc against the then ruling PSD. The DA Alliance agreed to vote as a bloc in the Parliament and local councils and run common candidates in national and local elections, among other measures. The Democratic Party (Romanian: Partidul Democrat, PD) is a centre-right (formerly social democrat) party of Romania. ... The Partidul NaÅ£ional Liberal (National Liberal Party) is a liberal party in Romania, and the second largest party in parliament, being edged out only by the Social Democratic Party. ... Justice and Truth (in Romanian Dreptate şi adevăr, or D.A. for short) is a political alliance comprising two centre-right political parties in Romania: the liberal National Liberal Party (PNL) and the reformist Democratic Party (PD). ...

In October 2003, the country held a constitutional referendum in order to pass several constitutional amendments perceived as necessary for EU accession. The amendments included provisions to allow foreigners to own land in Romania; and to change the elected term of the President from four to five years.

2004-2009

The current president is Traian Băsescu, a former member of the Democratic Party (PD). He fought a close election campaign, and was elected in December 2004 by a narrow margin. He appointed as Prime Minister National Liberal Party ( PNL) leader Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu, who headed a new government comprised of the PNL, PD, UDMR, and the Conservative Party (formerly the Humanist Party). To secure a majority in the Parliament, the coalition government also relied on the support of 18 seats in the Parliament reserved for ethnic minority representatives. Traian Băsescu (born November 4, 1951) is a Romanian politician. ... The Democratic Party (Romanian: Partidul Democrat, PD) is a centre-right (formerly social democrat) party of Romania. ... A presidential election was held in Romania on November 28, 2004. ... The Partidul NaÅ£ional Liberal (National Liberal Party) is a liberal party in Romania, and the second largest party in parliament, being edged out only by the Social Democratic Party. ... Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu Călin Constantin Anton Popescu-Tăriceanu (approximately cuh-leen const-aan-teen anth-on pop-ess-koo tuh-rich-ah-noo), (born 14 January 1952), is the Prime minister of Romania from December 28, 2004. ... The Partidul NaÅ£ional Liberal (National Liberal Party) is a liberal party in Romania, and the second largest party in parliament, being edged out only by the Social Democratic Party. ... The Democratic Party (Romanian: Partidul Democrat, PD) is a centre-right (formerly social democrat) party of Romania. ... The Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (Romanian: Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România, UDMR; Hungarian: Romániai Magyar Demokrata Szövetség, RMDSZ) is an ethnically based political party representing ethnic Hungarians in Romania. ... This article refers to the current Conservative Party in Romania. ...

The government's narrow majority in the Romanian Parliament led to calls by some for early elections. In July 2005, Prime Minister Tăriceanu expressed plans to resign to prompt new elections, but then recanted, noting the need for him and the cabinet to focus on relief efforts in response to summer floods. In its first year, the government was also tested by a successfully resolved hostage crisis involving three Romanian journalists kidnapped in Iraq; and the appearance of avian influenza in several parts of the country, transmitted by wild birds migrating from Asia. Avian influenza (also known as bird flu, avian flu, influenzavirus A flu, type A flu, or genus A flu) is a flu (influenza) due to a type of influenza virus that is hosted by birds, but may infect several species of mammals. ...

The government's overriding objective was accession for Romania into the European Union, scheduled to take place in 2007 or 2008. At the same time, the government maintained strong relations with the U.S., signing in December 2005 an agreement that would allow U.S. troops to train and be positioned at several Romanian military facilities. Băsescu and Tăriceanu also publicly committed to combat high-level corruption and implement broader reform to modernize sectors such as the judicial system and healthcare. Motto: Official (Latin): E pluribus unum (1789 to 1956) (Translated: Out of Many, One) In God We Trust (1956 to present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City Official language(s) None at federal level; English de facto Government  â€¢ President  â€¢ Vice President Federal...

International organization participation

Romania participates in the following international organisations:

ACCT, BIS, BSEC, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EU (applicant), FAO, G-9, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MONUC, NAM (guest), NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SECI, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (associate partner), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, Zangger Committee The Agence de coopération culturelle et technique (ACCT, French for Agency of cultural and technical cooperation) is an organisation that is part of La Francophonie. ... BIS Headquarters in Basel The Bank for International Settlements (or BIS) is an international organization of central banks which exists to foster cooperation among central banks and other agencies in pursuit of monetary and financial stability. It carries out its work through subcommittees, the secretariats it hosts, and through its... The Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation is an organization created on June 25, 1992, to promote cooperation between its members, hoping to transform the BSEC into a regional economic organization. ... The Palace of Europe in Strasbourg The Council of Europe (French: Conseil de lEurope, German: Europarat) is an international organisation of 46 member states in the European region. ... The Central European Initiative or CEI, is a cultural and scientific international cooperative of at present 17 countries, founded in 1991/92 as a successor of the Pentagonale group1. ... EAPC may refer to: Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council European Association of Political Consultants European Association of Palliative Care Escola dAdministració Pública de Catalunya Expanded Access to Primary Care European Aviation Preservation Council Employee Assistance Program Consortium This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that... The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) was founded in 1991 to promote private and entrepreneurial initiatives in the countries of central and eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). ... The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE or ECE) was established in 1947 to encourage economic cooperation among its member states. ... FAO can mean: Food and Agriculture Organization Faro Airport (Portugal), IATA airport code For (The) Attention Of This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page—a list of articles associated with the same title. ... The Group of 77 at the United Nations is a loose coalition of developing nations, designed to promote its members collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations. ... IAEA The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), established as an autonomous organization on July 29, 1957, seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for military purposes. ... Logo of the World Bank The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development is one of the five institutions consisting the World Bank Group. ... The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), an agency of the United Nations, develops the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth. ... The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established in 2002 as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes, as defined by several international agreements, most prominently the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. ... Claiming 157 million members in 225 affiliated organisations in 148 countries and territories, the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) came into being on December 7, 1949 following a split within the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU). ... The Red Cross and the Red Crescent emblems, the symbols from which the Movement derives its name The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement consists of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (Federation), and the 183 national... The International Fund for Agricultural Development is an agency of the United Nations. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS) is an international humanitarian organisation, often better known as the Red Cross or the Red Crescent. ... For other meanings of the ILO abbreviation, see ILO (disambiguation). ... The logo of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the international organization entrusted with overseeing the global financial system by monitoring exchange rates and balance of payments, as well as offering technical and financial assistance when asked. ... Headquarters of the International Maritime Organisation in Lambeth, adjacent to the east end of Lambeth Bridge Headquarters building taken from the west side of the Thames Headquartered in London, U.K., the International Maritime Organization (IMO) promotes cooperation among governments and the shipping industry to improve maritime safety and to... INMARSAT, is an international telecommunications company founded in 1979, originally as an intergovernmental organisation. ... Intelsat is the worlds largest commercial satellite communications services provider. ... Interpol logo Interpol, more correctly the International Criminal Police Organization, was created in 1923 to assist international criminal police co-operation. ... Alternative meanings at IOC (disambiguation) The International Olympic Committee is an organization based in Lausanne, Switzerland, created by Pierre de Coubertin in 1894 to reinstate the Ancient Olympic Games held in Greece, and organize this sports event every four years. ... The International Organization for Migration is an intergovernmental organisation. ... Logo of the International Organization for Standardization The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from national standards bodies. ... Monument in Bern, Switzerland. ... The Asociación Latinoamericana de Integración (the Latin American Integration Association; known as ALADI or, occasionally, by the English acronym LAIA) is a Latin American trade integration association, based in Montevideo. ... MONUC is a French acronym for Mission de l Organisation des Nations unies en République démocratique du Congo, in English: Mission of the United Nations (UN) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). ... The Non-Aligned Movement, or NAM, is an international organization of over 100 states which consider themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. ... The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a multinational body concerned with reducing nuclear proliferation by controlling the export and re-transfer of materials that may be applicable to nuclear weapon development and by improving safeguards and protection on existing materials. ... The Organization of American States (OAS; OEA in the other three official languages) is an international organization, headquartered in Washington, D.C., USA. Its members are the 35 independent nations of the Americas. ... The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is an agency of the United Nations. ... The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is an international organization for security. ... The phrase Hague Tribunal can also be used to refer to ICTY. The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), also known as the Hague Tribunal is an international organization based in The Hague in the Netherlands. ... PFP may stand for: Partnership for Peace (PfP) People First Party Peace and Freedom Party PFP (enzyme) This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Southeast European Cooperative Initiative (SECI) In the Southeast European Cooperative Initiative (SECI), Romania has had an opportunity to demonstrate its leadership in the region. ... This article is about the United Nations, for other uses of UN see UN (disambiguation) Official languages English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Arabic Secretary-General Kofi Annan (since 1997) Established October 24, 1945 Member states 191 Headquarters New York City, NY, USA Official site http://www. ... The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body, UNCTAD is the principal organ of the United Nations General Assembly dealing with trade, investment and development issues. ... UNESCO logo The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, commonly known as UNESCO, is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ... United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) is an agency of the United Nations with the mission of helping countries pursue sustainable industrial development, it is a specialist in industrial affairs. ... UNIKOM, the United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission, was established on April 9, 1991 following the Gulf War by Security Council resolution 689 (1991) and fully deployed by early May. ... The United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) is an international organization formed under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1035, as extended by Security Council Resolution 1357. ... The United Nations Mission in Kosovo or UNMIK is an interim civilian administration of the Serbian province (as part of Serbia and Montenegro) called Kosovo (officially Kosovo and Metohia), under the authority of the United Nations. ... The Universal Postal Union (UPU) is a international organization that coordinates postal policies between member nations, and hence the world-wide postal system. ... The World Confederation of Labour was founded in 1920 under the name of the International Federation of Christian Trade Unions as a confederation of unions associated with the Christian Democratic parties of Europe. ... The World Customs Organization (WCO) is an intergovernmental organization that helps member states communicate and co-operate on customs issues. ... Not to be confused with the European Union, the Western European Union (WEU) is said by some to be a partially dormant European defence and security organization composed of those states members of both NATO and the EU. Interestingly, however, New York Universitys published work (Holyworth and Jolyon) Defending... The World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) was established in the wake of the Second World War to bring together trade unions across the world in a single international organization, much like the United Nations. ... WHO emblem The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations, acting as a coordinating authority on international public health, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. ... The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations, and has as its core objectives the promotion of creative intellectual activity and the facilitation of the transfer of technology related to intellectual property to the developing countries in order to accelerate economic, social... The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is an intergovernmental organization with a membership of 187 Member States and Territories. ... The World Tourism Organization (WTO) is a UN agency dealing with questions relating to tourism. ... For other uses of the initials WTO, see WTO (disambiguation). ... The Zangger Committee, also known as the Nuclear Exporters Committee, sprang from Article III.2 of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) which entered into force on March 5, 1970. ...

External links

• Romanian Embassies List
• World Statesmen: Romania, including a comprehensive list of princes, monarchs, prime ministers, etc.

Further reading

John Hickman and Chris Little, "Seat/Vote Proportionality in Romanian and Spanish Parliamentary Elections" Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans Volume 2, Number 2, November 2000.

See also : Romania, European Union, List of political parties in Romania