Polycarbonate
Physical Properties
Density (ρ)	1200-1220 kg/m³
Abbe number (V)	34.0
Refractive index (n)	1.584-6
Flammability	V0-V2
Limiting oxygen index	25-27%
Water absorption - Equilibrium(ASTM)	0.16-0.35%
Water absorption - over 24 hours	0.1%
Radiation resistance	Fair
Ultraviolet (1-380nm) resistance	Fair
Mechanical Properties
Young's modulus (E)	2-2.4 GPa
Tensile strength (σt)	55-75 MPa
Compressive strength (σc)	>80 MPa
Elongation (ε) @ break	80-150%
Poisson's ratio (ν)	0.37
Hardness - Rockwell	M70
Izod impact strength	600-850 J/m
Notch test	20-35 kJ/m²
Abrasive resistance - ASTM D1044	10-15 mg/1000 cycles
Coefficient of friction (μ)	0.31
Thermal Properties
Melting temperature (Tm)	267°C*
Glass transition temperature(Tg)	150°C
Heat Deflection Temperature - 10 kN (Vicat B)<1>	145°C
Heat Deflection Temperature - 0.45 MPa	140°C
Heat Deflection Temperature - 1.8 MPa	128-138°C
Upper working temperature	115-130°C
Lower working temperature	-135°C
Linear thermal expansion coefficient (α)	65-70 × 10-6/K
Specific heat capacity (c)	1.2-1.3 kJ/kg·K
Thermal conductivity (k) @ 23°C	0.19-0.22 W/(m·K)
Heat transfer coefficient (h)	0.21 W/(m²·K)
Electrical Properties
Dielectric constant (εr) @ 1 MHz	2.9
Permittivity (ε) @ 1 MHz	2.568 x10-11 F/m
Relative Permeability (μr) @ 1 MHz	0.866(2)
Permeability (μ) @ 1 MHz	1.089(2) μN/A²
Dielectric strength	15-67 kV/mm
Dissipation factor @ 1 MHz	0.01
Surface Resistivity	1015 Ω/sq
Volume Resistivity (ρ)	1012-1014 Ω·m
Near to Short-wave Infrared Transmittance Spectrum
Polycarbonate transmittance in 5/6 of the NIR & 1/5 of the SWIR regions. Also, polycarbonate is almost completely transparent throughout the entire visible region of the spectrum and very sharply cuts off to ~0% transmission at almost exactly 400 nm, blocking all UV light transmission.
Chemical Resistance
Acids - concentrated	Poor
Acids - dilute	Good
Alcohols	Good
Alkalis	Good-Poor
Aromatic hydrocarbons	Poor
Greases & Oils	Good-Fair
Halogenated Hydrocarbons	Good-Poor
Halogens	Poor
Ketones	Poor
Economical Properties
Price	5-9 €/kg
# ↑  Deformation temperature at 10kN needle load Source: A.K. vam der Vegt & L.E. Govaert, Polymeren, van keten tot kunststof, ISBN 90-407-2388-5 Marchant RE, Wang I (1994). Physical and chemical aspects of biomaterials used in humans. in ISBN 0-8493-4432-8

Polycarbonates are a particular group of thermoplastic polyesters. They are easily worked, molded, and thermoformed; as such, these plastics are very widely used in modern manufacturing. Their interesting features (temperature resistance, impact resistance and optical properties) positions them between commodity plastics and engineering plastics. Density (symbol: ρ - Greek: rho) is a measure of mass per volume. ... Kilogram per cubic metre is the SI measure of density and is represented as kg/m³, where kg stands for kilogram and m³ stands for cubic metre. ... In physics and optics, the Abbe number, also known as the V-number or constringence of a transparent material is a measure of the materials dispersion (variation of refractive index with wavelength). ... The refractive index (or index of refraction) of a material is the factor by which the phase velocity of electromagnetic radiation is slowed in that material, relative to its velocity in a vacuum. ... Many materials have a well-characterized refractive index, but these indices depend strongly upon the wavelength of light. ... A symbol for flammable chemicals Flammability is the ease with which a substance will ignite, causing fire or combustion. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series Nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Atomic mass 15. ... Hydroxyl ion absorption is the absorption in optical fibers of electromagnetic waves, including the near-infrared, due to the presence of trapped hydroxyl ions remaining from water as a contaminant. ... Chemical equilibrium is the state in which the concentrations of the reactants and products have no net change over time. ... ASTM International is an international voluntary standards organization that develops and produces technical standards for materials, products, systems, and services. ... Hydroxyl ion absorption is the absorption in optical fibers of electromagnetic waves, including the near-infrared, due to the presence of trapped hydroxyl ions remaining from water as a contaminant. ... The hour (symbol: h) is a unit of time. ... Radiation resistance is that part of an antennas feedpoint resistance that is caused by the radiation of electromagnetic waves from the antenna. ... Ultraviolet (UV) light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than that of visible light, but longer than soft X-rays. ... Radiation resistance is that part of an antennas feedpoint resistance that is caused by the radiation of electromagnetic waves from the antenna. ... This article is about a physical property. ... giga- (symbol: G) is a prefix in the SI system of units denoting 109, or 1 000 000 000. ... The pascal (symbol Pa) is the SI unit of pressure. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Strength of materials. ... mega- (symbol M) is an SI prefix in the SI system of units denoting a factor of 106, i. ... The pascal (symbol Pa) is the SI unit of pressure. ... Compressive strength is the capacity of a material to withstand axially directed pushing forces. ... mega- (symbol M) is an SI prefix in the SI system of units denoting a factor of 106, i. ... The pascal (symbol Pa) is the SI unit of pressure. ... This article is about the deformation of materials. ... Structural failure refers to loss of the load-carying capacity of a component or member within the structure or of the structure itself. ... When a sample of material is stretched in one direction, it tends to get thinner in the other two directions. ... In materials science, hardness is the characteristic of a solid material expressing its resistance to permanent deformation. ... The Rockwell scale characterises the indentation hardness of materials through the depth of penetration of an indenter, loaded on a material sample and compared to the penetration in some reference material. ... Izod impact strength is an ASTM standard method of determining impact strength. ... The joule (symbol: J) is the SI unit of energy, which is defined as the potential to do work. ... The metre, or meter (US), is a measure of length. ... The Charpy impact test is a standardized test, which determines the amount of energy absorbed by a material during fracture, which is a measure of a given materials toughness. ... Kilo (symbol: k) is a prefix in the SI system denoting 103 or 1000. ... The joule (symbol: J) is the SI unit of energy, which is defined as the potential to do work. ... A square metre (US spelling: square meter) is by definition the area enclosed by a square with sides each 1 metre long. ... ASTM International is an international voluntary standards organization that develops and produces technical standards for materials, products, systems, and services. ... Milli (symbol m) is an SI prefix in the SI system of units denoting a factor of 10-3, or 1/1,000. ... BIC pen cap, about 1 gram. ... A sphere rotating around its axis. ... The resistance to lateral motion when one attempts to slide the surface of one object over another surface is called friction or traction. ... The dissociation of a double-stranded DNA molecule is often referred to as melting because it occurs quickly once a certain temperature has been reached. ... Celsius is, or relates to, the Celsius temperature scale. ... A material’s glass transition temperature, Tg, is the temperature below which molecules have little relative mobility. ... Celsius is, or relates to, the Celsius temperature scale. ... The heat deflection temperature or heat distortion temperature (HDT or HDTUL) is the temperature at which a polymer or plastic sample deforms under a specified load. ... Kilo (symbol: k) is a prefix in the SI system denoting 103 or 1000. ... The newton (symbol: N) is the SI unit of force. ... Celsius is, or relates to, the Celsius temperature scale. ... The heat deflection temperature or heat distortion temperature (HDT or HDTUL) is the temperature at which a polymer or plastic sample deforms under a specified load. ... mega- (symbol M) is an SI prefix in the SI system of units denoting a factor of 106, i. ... The pascal (symbol Pa) is the SI unit of pressure. ... Celsius is, or relates to, the Celsius temperature scale. ... The heat deflection temperature or heat distortion temperature (HDT or HDTUL) is the temperature at which a polymer or plastic sample deforms under a specified load. ... mega- (symbol M) is an SI prefix in the SI system of units denoting a factor of 106, i. ... The pascal (symbol Pa) is the SI unit of pressure. ... Celsius is, or relates to, the Celsius temperature scale. ... [[Image:Translational motion. ... Celsius is, or relates to, the Celsius temperature scale. ... [[Image:Translational motion. ... Celsius is, or relates to, the Celsius temperature scale. ... During heat transfer, the energy that is stored in the intermolecular bonds between atoms changes. ... The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale where absolute zero—the lowest possible temperature where nothing could be colder and no heat energy remains in a substance—is defined as zero kelvin (0 K). ... Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat (Symbol: C or c) is the measure of the heat energy required to raise the temperature of a specific quantity of a substance (thus, the name “specific” heat) by certain amount, usually one kelvin. ... Kilo (symbol: k) is a prefix in the SI system denoting 103 or 1000. ... The joule (symbol: J) is the SI unit of energy, which is defined as the potential to do work. ... The international prototype, made of platinum-iridium, which is kept at the BIPM under conditions specified by the 1st CGPM in 1889. ... The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale where absolute zero—the lowest possible temperature where nothing could be colder and no heat energy remains in a substance—is defined as zero kelvin (0 K). ... In physics, thermal conductivity, k, is the intensive property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct heat. ... Celsius is, or relates to, the Celsius temperature scale. ... The watt (symbol: W) is the SI derived unit of power, equal to one joule per second. ... The metre, or meter (US), is a measure of length. ... The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale where absolute zero—the lowest possible temperature where nothing could be colder and no heat energy remains in a substance—is defined as zero kelvin (0 K). ... The heat transfer coefficient is used as a fudge factor in calculating heat transfer in thermodynamics. ... The watt (symbol: W) is the SI derived unit of power, equal to one joule per second. ... A square metre (US spelling: square meter) is by definition the area enclosed by a square with sides each 1 metre long. ... The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale where absolute zero—the lowest possible temperature where nothing could be colder and no heat energy remains in a substance—is defined as zero kelvin (0 K). ... The dielectric constant εr (represented as or K in some cases) is defined as the ratio: where εs is the static permittivity of the material in question, and ε0 is the vacuum permittivity. ... mega- (symbol M) is an SI prefix in the SI system of units denoting a factor of 106, i. ... The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the SI unit of frequency. ... Permittivity is a physical quantity that describes how an electric field affects and is affected by a dielectric medium and is determined by the ability of a material to polarize in response to an applied electric field, and thereby to cancel, partially, the field inside the material. ... mega- (symbol M) is an SI prefix in the SI system of units denoting a factor of 106, i. ... The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the SI unit of frequency. ... The farad (symbol: F) is the SI unit of capacitance. ... The metre, or meter (US), is a measure of length. ... In electromagnetism, permeability is the degree of magnetisation of a material that responds linearly to an applied magnetic field. ... mega- (symbol M) is an SI prefix in the SI system of units denoting a factor of 106, i. ... The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the SI unit of frequency. ... In electromagnetism, permeability is the degree of magnetisation of a material that responds linearly to an applied magnetic field. ... mega- (symbol M) is an SI prefix in the SI system of units denoting a factor of 106, i. ... The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the SI unit of frequency. ... Micro is a SI prefix in the SI system of units denoting a factor of 10−6 (one millionth). ... The newton (symbol: N) is the SI unit of force. ... A multimeter can be used to measure current The ampere (symbol: A) is the SI base unit of electric current. ... In physics, the term dielectric strength has the following meanings: Of an insulating material, the maximum electric field strength that it can withstand intrinsically without breaking down, , without experiencing failure of its insulating properties. ... Kilo (symbol: k) is a prefix in the SI system denoting 103 or 1000. ... Josephson junction array chip developed by NIST as a standard volt. ... A millimetre (American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is an SI unit of length that is equal to one thousandth of a metre. ... The dissipation factor is a measure of the loss of power which takes place in virtually all dielectric materials, usually in the form of heat. ... mega- (symbol M) is an SI prefix in the SI system of units denoting a factor of 106, i. ... The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the SI unit of frequency. ... Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current. ... Ohm may refer to: The scientist Georg Ohm. ... Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current. ... Ohm may refer to: The scientist Georg Ohm. ... The metre, or meter (US), is a measure of length. ... Image of a small dog taken in mid-infrared (thermal) light (false color) Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength longer than that of visible light, but shorter than that of radio waves. ... In the fields of optics and spectroscopy, transmittance is the fraction of incident light at a specified wavelength that passes through a sample. ... Legend: γ = Gamma rays HX = Hard X-rays SX = Soft X-Rays EUV = Extreme ultraviolet NUV = Near ultraviolet Visible light NIR = Near infrared MIR = Moderate infrared FIR = Far infrared Radio waves: EHF = Extremely high frequency (Microwaves) SHF = Super high frequency (Microwaves) UHF = Ultra high frequency VHF = Very high frequency HF = High... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (3345x2250, 170 KB) Transmittance in the NIR region for polycarbonate lenses (UVEX ultraspec goggles) taken using an Ocean Optics near IR (NIR-512) temperature-regulated InGaAs detector spectrometer [1]. The wiggly region between 860 and 1060 nm is likely due to... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (3345x2250, 170 KB) Transmittance in the NIR region for polycarbonate lenses (UVEX ultraspec goggles) taken using an Ocean Optics near IR (NIR-512) temperature-regulated InGaAs detector spectrometer [1]. The wiggly region between 860 and 1060 nm is likely due to... For other uses, see Acid (disambiguation). ... In chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance. ... For other uses, see Acid (disambiguation). ... In chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance. ... Functional group of an alcohol molecule. ... In chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: al-qaly) is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or alkali earth metal element. ... An aromatic hydrocarbon (abbreviated as AH) or arene [1] is a hydrocarbon, the molecular structure of which incorporates one or more planar sets of six carbon atoms that are connected by delocalised electrons numbering the same as if they consisted of alternating single and double covalent bonds. ... Grease is a lubricant of higher initial viscosity than oil, consisting originally of a calcium, sodium or lithium soap jelly emulsified with mineral oil. ... Natural olive oil Synthetic motor oil Oil, in a general sense, is a chemical compound that is not miscible with water, and is in a liquid state at ambient temperatures. ... The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes) are a group of chemical compounds, consisting of alkanes, such as methane or ethane, with one or more halogens linked, such as chlorine or fluorine, making them a type of organic halide. ... The halogens exist as diatomic molecules in the gas, liquid and solid phases. ... Ketone group A ketone is either the functional group characterized by a carbonyl group linked to two other carbon atoms or a chemical compound that contains this functional group. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... The international prototype, made of platinum-iridium, which is kept at the BIPM under conditions specified by the 1st CGPM in 1889. ... A thermoplastic is a material that is plastic or deformable, melts to a liquid when heated and freezes to a brittle, glassy state when cooled sufficiently. ... SEM picture of a bend in a high surface area polyester fiber with a seven-lobed cross section Polyester is a category of polymers, or, more specifically condensation polymers, which contain the ester functional group in their main chain. ... Injection Molding (United Kingdom Injection moulding) is a manufacturing technique for making parts from thermoplastic material. ... A vacuum/pressure assist thermoforming machine with molds visible in the lower right. ... Household items made out of plastic. ... Manufacturing, a branch of industry which accounts for about one-quarter of the worlds economic activity, is the application of tools and a processing medium to the transformation of raw materials into finished goods for sale. ...

Chemistry

Polycarbonates got their name because they are polymers having functional groups linked together by carbonate groups (-O-(C=O)-O-) in a long molecular chain. Also carbon monoxide was used as a C1-synthon on an industrial scale to produce diphenyl carbonate, being later trans-esterificated with a diphenolic derivative affording poly(aromatic carbonate)s. Taking into consideration the C1-synthon we can divide polycarbonates into poly(aromatic carbonate)s and poly(aliphatic carbonate)s. The second one, poly(aliphatic carbonate)s are a product of the reaction of carbon dioxide with epoxides, which owing to the thermodynamical stability of carbon dioxide requires the use of catalyst. The working systems are based on porphyrins, alkoxides, carboxylates, salens and beta-diiminates as organic, chelating ligands and aluminium, zinc, cobalt and chromium as the metal centres. Poly(aliphatic carbonate)s display promising characteristics, have a better biodegradability than the aromatic ones and could be employed to develop other specialty polymers. Polymer is a term used to describe large molecules consisting of repeating structural units, or monomers, connected by covalent chemical bonds. ... A carbonate ester is a functional group in organic chemistry consisting of a carbonyl group flanked by two alkoxy groups. ... Carbon monoxide,with the chemical formula CO, is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas. ... A synthon is a concept in retrosynthetic analysis. ... Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ... An epoxide is a cyclic ether with only three ring atoms. ... Thermodynamics (Greek: thermos = heat and dynamic = change) is the physics of energy, heat, work, entropy and the spontaneity of processes. ... Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Catalysis. ... A porphyrin is a heterocyclic macrocycle made from 3 pyrrole subunits and one pyrroline subunit, and linked on opposite sides through 4 methine bridges. ... An alkoxide has an organic group bonded to a negatively charged oxygen atom, they are generally basic. ... Structure of a carboxylic acid Carboxylic acids, also known as alkanoic acids, are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group and have the general chemical formula R-C(=O)-OH, also written as R-COOH, where R is a hydrogen or an alkyl group. ... Salen could be one of two villages in Scotland : Salen, Ardnamurchan is a village on the Ardnamurchan penninsula in the Highland region of Scotland. ... In chemistry, a ligand is an atom, ion, or molecule (see also: functional group) that generally donates one or more of its electrons through a coordinate covalent bond to, or shares its electrons through a covalent bond with, one or more central atoms or ions (these ligands act as a... General Name, Symbol, Number aluminium, Al, 13 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 13, 3, p Appearance silvery Atomic mass 26. ... General Name, Symbol, Number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Atomic mass 65. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... General Name, Symbol, Number chromium, Cr, 24 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 6, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Atomic mass 51. ... Biodegradation is the decomposition of organic material by microorganisms. ...

The most common type of polycarbonate plastic is one made from Bisphenol A, in which groups from Bisphenol A are linked together by carbonate groups in a polymer chain. This polycarbonate is characterized as a very durable material, and can be laminated to make bullet-proof "glass", though “bullet-resistant” would be more accurate. Although polycarbonate has high impact-resistance, it has low scratch-resistance and so a hard coating is applied to polycarbonate eyewear lenses. The characteristics of polycarbonate are quite like those of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA; acrylic), but polycarbonate is stronger and more expensive. This polymer is highly transparent to visible light and has better light transmission characteristics than many kinds of glass. CR-39 is a specific polycarbonate material - although it is usually referred to as CR-39 plastic - with good optical and mechanical properties, frequently used for eyeglass lenses. This article needs to be wikified. ... Bulletproof glass is usually transparent material, such as polycarbonate thermoplastic (i. ... Structure of methyl methacrylate, the monomer that makes up PMMA Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) or poly(methyl 2-methylpropenoate) is the synthetic polymer of methyl methacrylate. ... Structure of methyl methacrylate, the monomer that makes up PMMA Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) or poly(methyl 2-methylpropenoate) is the synthetic polymer of methyl methacrylate. ... Structure of methyl methacrylate, the monomer that makes up PMMA Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) or poly(methyl 2-methylpropenoate) is the synthetic polymer of methyl methacrylate. ... Polymer is a term used to describe large molecules consisting of repeating structural units, or monomers, connected by covalent chemical bonds. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The optical spectrum (light or visible spectrum) is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. ... Glass can be made transparent and flat, or into other shapes and colors as shown in this sphere from the Verrerie of Brehat in Brittany. ... CR-39, or allyl diglycol polycarbonate, is a plastic polymer commonly used in the manufacture of eyeglass lenses. ...

Polycarbonate has :

• a density of 1.20 g/cm³
• a use range from −100 °C to +135 °C
• a melting point around 250 °C
• a refractive index equal to 1.585 ± 0.001
• a light transmission index equal to 90% ± 1%
• poor weathering in an ultraviolet (UV) light environment

Density (symbol: ρ - Greek: rho) is a measure of mass per volume. ... Celsius is, or relates to, the Celsius temperature scale. ... Celsius is, or relates to, the Celsius temperature scale. ... The melting point of a solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... Celsius is, or relates to, the Celsius temperature scale. ... The refractive index (or index of refraction) of a material is the factor by which the phase velocity of electromagnetic radiation is slowed in that material, relative to its velocity in a vacuum. ... Ultraviolet (UV) light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than that of visible light, but longer than soft X-rays. ...

Applications

Main transformation techniques for Polycarbonate resins are:

• injection moulding into ready articles
• extrusion into tubes, rods and other profiles
• extrusion with calenders into sheet (1-15 mm) and film (below 1 mm), which can be used as such, or manufactured into other shapes using thermoforming or secondary fabrication techniques, such as bending, drilling, routing, laser cutting etc.

Polycarbonate is becoming more common in housewares as well as laboratories and in industry, mainly where at least two of its three main features are required: high impact resistance, temperature resistance and optical properties. Typical injected applications are : lighting lenses sunglass/eyeglass lenses, compact discs, DVDs, automotive headlamp lenses, Nalgene bottles. It is also used for animal enclosures and cages used in research... Injection Molding (United Kingdom Injection moulding) is a manufacturing technique for making parts from thermoplastic material. ... Extrusion is a manufacturing process used to create long objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile. ... Extrusion is a manufacturing process used to create long objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile. ... A vacuum/pressure assist thermoforming machine with molds visible in the lower right. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... DVD (sometimes called Digital Versatile Disc, or Digital Video Disc) is an optical disc storage media format that can be used for data storage, including movies with high video and sound quality. ... Nalgene Logo Nalgene (sometimes referred to as Nalge Nunc International) is a distributor and manufacturer of plastic laboratory containers that has diversified into the field of containers for outdoor sports. ...

Typical sheet/film applications are:

• Industry: machined or formed, cases, machine glazing, riot shields, visors, instrument panels
• Advertisement: Signs, displays, poster protection
• Building : domelights, flat or curved glazing, sound walls,

Remark : for use in applications exposed to weathering or UV-radiation, a special surface treatment is needed. This either can be a coating (e.g. for improved abrasion resistance), or a coextrusion for enhanced weathering resistance. Makroclear is a brand of solid polycarbonate sheet ranging from 0. ...

Most common resins are LEXAN® from General Electric, CALIBRE® from DOW Chemicals, MAKROLON® from Bayer and PANLITE® from Teijin Chemical Limited. As being based on bisphenol A, and phenol based on benzene, pricing is much depending on phenol and benzene pricing. Bottles made of Lexan LEXAN® is a registered trademark for General Electric Companys brand of highly-durable polycarbonate resin thermoplastic intended to replace glass where strength justifies its cost. ... GE redirects here. ... Bayer AG (German pronunciation BYE-er, in US usually pronounced BAY-er) (NYSE: BAY, TYO: 4863 ) is a German chemical and pharmaceutical company founded in 1863. ... PANLITE® is a registered trademark for Teijin Chemical Limiteds brand of polycarbonate. ... 1. ...

Potential hazards in food contact applications

Polycarbonate may be appealing to fabricators and purchasers of food storage containers due to its clarity and toughness. Polycarbonate has been described as lightweight and highly break resistant particularly when compared to silica glass. Polycarbonate may be seen in the form of single use and refillable plastic water bottles. Glass can be made transparent and flat, or into other shapes and colors as shown in this sphere from the Verrerie of Brehat in Brittany. ...

More than 100 studies have explored the bioactivity of bisphenol A leachates from polycarbonates. Bisphenol A appeared to be released from polycarbonate animal cages into water at room temperature and that it may have been responsible for enlargement of the reproductive organs of female mice.^[1] This article needs to be wikified. ...

An analysis of the literature on bisphenol A leachate low-dose effects by vom Saal and Hughes published in August 2005 seems to have found a suggestive correlation between the source of funding and the conclusion drawn. Industry funded studies tend to find no significant effects while government funded studies tend to find significant effects.^[2] This article needs to be wikified. ...

One point of agreement among those studying polycarbonate water and food storage containers may be that using sodium hypochlorite bleach and other alkali cleaners to clean polycarbonate is not recommended, as they catalyze the release of the Bisphenol-A. The tendency of polycarbonate to release bisphenol A was discovered after a lab tech used strong cleaners on polycarbonate lab containers. Endocrine disruption later observed on lab rats was traced to exposure from the cleaned containers. This article needs to be wikified. ...

Synthesis

Polycarbonate can be synthesized from bisphenol A and phosgene (carbonyl dichloride, COCl₂). The first step in the synthesis of polycarbonate from bisphenol A is treatment of bisphenol A with sodium hydroxide. This deprotonates the hydroxyl groups of the bisphenol A molecule. This article needs to be wikified. ... Phosgene (also known as carbonyl chloride, COCl2) is a highly toxic gas or refrigerated liquid that was used as a chemical weapon in World War I. It has no color, but is detectable in air by its odor, which resembles moldy hay. ... Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye or caustic soda, is a caustic metallic base. ... Hydroxide is a functional group consisting of oxygen and hydrogen: -O−H It has a charge of 1-. The term hydroxyl group is used when the functional group -OH is counted as a substituent of an organic compound. ... In chemistry, a molecule is an aggregate of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement held together by special forces. ...

The deprotonated oxygen reacts with phosgene through carbonyl addition to create a tetrahedral intermediate (not shown here), after which the negatively charged oxygen kicks off a chloride ion (Cl^-) to form a chloroformate. Bisphenol A plus NaOH forms a diphenolate anion in the initiation step of polymerization to form Polycarbonate H Padleckas created this image file in late March 2005 especially for use in the article Polycarbonate in Wikipedia. ... A tetrahedron (plural: tetrahedra) is a polyhedron composed of four triangular faces, three of which meet at each vertex. ... The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine picks up one electron to form the negatively charged ion Cl−. The salts of hydrochloric acid HCl are also called chlorides. ...

The chloroformate is then attacked by another deprotonated bisphenol A, eliminating the remaining chloride ion and forming a dimer of bisphenol A with a carbonate linkage in between. Bisphenolate A end of growing polymer plus Phosgene forms Chloroformate end in a propagation step of polymerization to form Polycarbonate. ...

Repetition of this process yields polycarbonate, a polymer with alternating carbonate groups and groups from bisphenol A. Density starts at about 1.20 g/cm³. Chloroformate end of growing polymer plus diphenolate ion of Bisphenol A forms another Bisphenolate A end in a propagation step to extend a Polycarbonate polymer. ...

Interaction with other chemicals

(1) At room temperature. At temperatures above 60°C hydrolysis is more present, degrading the plastic. Degradation depends on time and temperature. In chemistry, acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and β-ketopropane) is the simplest representative of the ketones. ... Acrylonitrile (CH2=CH-C≡N), is a pungent smelling, extremely flammable organic liquid. ... Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. ... Amyl acetate Amyl acetate is an ester CH3COOC5H11 compound that has a similar scent to bananas, it is not detectable by all people. ... Benzene, also known as benzol, is an organic chemical compound with the formula C6H6. ... General Name, Symbol, Number bromine, Br, 35 Chemical series halogens Group, Period, Block 17, 4, p Appearance gas/liquid: red-brown solid: metallic luster Atomic mass 79. ... The chemical compound n-butyl acetate, also known as 1-butyl ethanoate, is commonly used as a solvent in the production of lacquers and other products. ... Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as caustic soda or lye in North America, is a caustic metallic base used in industry (mostly as a strong chemical base) in the manufacture of paper, textiles, and detergents. ... Chloroform, also known as trichloromethane and methyl trichloride, is a chemical compound with formula CHCl3. ... Dimethylformamide (DMF, N,N-dimethylformamide) is a clear liquid, miscible with water and majority of organic solvents. ... The chemical compound hydrochloric acid is the aqueous (water-based) solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl). ... Flash point -37. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iodine, I, 53 Chemical series halogens Group, Period, Block 17, 5, p Appearance violet-dark gray, lustrous Atomic mass 126. ... Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol or wood alcohol, is a chemical compound with chemical formula CH3OH. It is the simplest alcohol, and is a light, volatile, colourless, flammable, poisonous liquid with a distinctive odor that is somewhat sweeter than ethanol (ethyl alcohol). ... 2-Butanone is a manufactured organic chemical but it is also present in the environment from natural sources. ... C8H8 redirects here. ... Tetrachloroethylene Cl2C=CCl2 is a manufactured chemical that is widely used for the dry cleaning of fabrics and for metal-degreasing. ... Toluene, also known as methylbenzene or phenylmethane is a clear water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners, reminiscent of the sweet smell of the related compound benzene. ... Sulfuric acid (British English: sulphuric acid), H2SO4, is a strong mineral acid. ... The term xylenes refers to a group of 3 benzene derivatives which encompasses ortho-, meta-, and para- isomers of dimethyl benzene. ... ... Cyclohexanone is six-carbon cyclic molecule with a ketone functional group. ... Diesel fuel is a specific distillate fraction of fuel oil that is used in a diesel engine invented by German engineer Rudolf Diesel, and perfected by Charles F. Kettering. ... Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest carboxylic acid. ... Gasoline, also called petrol, is a petroleum-derived liquid mixture consisting primarily of hydrocarbons and enhanced with benzene or iso-octane to increase octane ratings, used as fuel in internal combustion engines. ... Glycerin, also known as glycerine and glycerol, and less commonly as 1,2,3-propanetriol, 1,2,3-trihydroxypropane, glyceritol, and glycyl alcohol is a colorless, odorless, hygroscopic, and sweet tasting viscous liquid. ... Heating oil, or burning oil, also known in the United States as No. ... Jet fuel is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in jet-engined aircraft. ... Perchloric acid has the formula HClO4 and is a colorless liquid soluble in water. ... Sulfur dioxide (or Sulphur dioxide) has the chemical formula SO2. ... For the band, click Turpentine (band). ... Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound best recognized for giving vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell. ... Ammonium chloride or Sal Ammoniac (chemically ammonium chloride (NH4Cl); also nushadir salt, zalmiak, sal armagnac, sal armoniac, salmiakki, salmiak and salt armoniack) is, in its pure form, a clear white water-soluble crystalline salt with a biting taste. ... Antimony trichloride (SbCl3) is a chemical compound known to the alchemists as butter of antimony. ... It has been suggested that Sodium boric acid be merged into this article or section. ... Butane, also called n-butane, is the unbranched alkane with four carbon atoms, CH3CH2CH2CH3. ... Calcium chloride is a chemical compound of calcium and chlorine. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Calcium oxy chloride. ... Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ... Carbon monoxide,with the chemical formula CO, is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas. ... Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits. ... Copper (II) sulfate (CuSO4) is the most common copper salt, made by the action of sulfuric acid on the base copper oxide. ... Ethyl alcohol, also known as ethanol or grain alcohol, is a flammable, colorless chemical compound, one of the alcohols that is most often found in alcoholic beverages. ... Ethylene glycol (monoethylene glycol (MEG), IUPAC name: ethane-1,2-diol) is an alcohol with two -OH groups (a diol), a chemical compound widely used as an automotive antifreeze. ... The chemical compound formaldehyde (also known as methanal), is a gas with a strong pungent smell. ... The chemical compound hydrochloric acid is the aqueous (water-based) solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl). ... Flash point -37. ... General Name, Symbol, Number mercury, Hg, 80 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 6, d Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 200. ... Methane is a significant and plentiful fuel which is the principal component of natural gas. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series Nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Atomic mass 15. ... For other uses, see Ozone (disambiguation). ... For the chemical element see: sulfur. ... Urea is an organic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen, with the formula CON2H4 or (NH2)2CO. Urea is also known as carbamide, especially in the recommended International Non-proprietary Names (rINN) in use in Europe. ... Water is a tasteless, odourless substance that is essential to all known forms of life and is known as the universal solvent. ...

Using Sodium hypochlorite Bleach and other alkali cleaners on polycarbonate is not recommended as they cause the release of Bisphenol-A, a known endocrine disrupter. ... Commercial chlorine bleach To bleach something is to remove or lighten its color; a bleach is a chemical that can produce these effects, often via oxidation. ... Bisphenol A is a chemical compound that is prepared by reaction of two equivalents of phenol with one equivalent of acetone. ... The endocrine system is a control system of ductless endocrine glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones that circulate within the body via the bloodstream to affect distant organs. ...

References

2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 7 is the 158th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (159th in leap years), with 207 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 7 is the 158th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (159th in leap years), with 207 days remaining. ...