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Please remove this message once the article has been expanded. | Polyphony is a musical texture consisting of two or more independent melodic voices, as opposed to music with just one voice (monophony) or music with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords (homophony). Image File history File links Wiki_letter_w. ...
In music, the word texture is often used in a rather vague way in reference to the overall sound of a piece of music. ...
Look up Melody in Wiktionary, the free dictionary In music, a melody is a series of linear events or a succession, not a simultaneity as in a chord. ...
In music, the word texture is often used in a rather vague way in reference to the overall sound of a piece of music. ...
The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...
Homophony is a musical term that describes the texture of two or more instruments or parts moving together and using the same rhythm. ...
Overview
The term is usually used in reference to music of the late Middle Ages and Renaissance. Baroque forms such as the fugue which might be called polyphonic are usually described instead as contrapuntal. Also, as opposed to the species terminology of counterpoint, polyphony was generally either "pitch-against-pitch"/"point-against-point" or "sustained-pitch" in one part with melismas of varying lengths in another (van der Werf, 1997). In all cases the conception was likely what Margaret Bent (1999) calls "dyadic counterpoint", with each part being written generally against one other part, with all parts modified if needed in the end. This point-against-point conception is opposed to "successive composition", where voices were written in an order with each new voice fitting into the whole so far constructed, which was previously assumed. A musician plays the vielle in a 14th century medieval manuscript. ...
Renaissance music is European classical music written during the Renaissance, approximately 1400 to 1600. ...
Baroque music describes an era and a set of styles of European classical music which were in widespread use between approximately 1600 to 1750 (see Dates of classical music eras for a discussion of the problems inherent in defining the beginning and end points). ...
In music, a fugue is a type of piece written for counterpoint for several independent musical voices. ...
Counterpoint is a musical technique involving the simultaneous sounding of separate musical lines. ...
In music, melisma is the technique of changing the note (pitch) of a syllable of text while it is being sung. ...
Characteristics Two treatises, both dating from c. 900, are usually considered the oldest surviving part-music though they are note-against-note, voices move mostly in parallel octaves, fifths, and fourths, and they were not intended to be performed. The 'Winchester Tropers', from c. 1000, are the oldest surviving example of practical rather than pedagogical polyphony, though intervals, pitch levels, and durations are often not indicated. (van der Werf, 1997)
Historical Context Polyphony rose out of melismatic organum, the earliest harmonization of the chant. Twelfth century composers, such as Leonin and Perotin developed the organum that was introduced centuries earlier, and also added a third and fourth voice to the now homophonic chant. In the thirteenth century, the chant-based tenor was becoming altered, fragmented, and hidden beneath secular tunes, obscuring the sacred texts as composers continued to play with this new invention called polyphony. The lyrics of love poems might be sung above sacred texts in the form of a trope, or the sacred text might be placed within a familiar secular melody. This article is about a style of music. ...
Leonin (fl. ...
Pérotin was a European composer, believed to be French, who lived around the end of the twelfth and beginning of the thirteenth century. ...
A trope is a rhetorical figure of speech that consists of a play on words, i. ...
These musical innovations appeared in a greater context of societal change. After the first millenium, European monks decided to start translating the works of Greek philosphers into the vernacular, following in the footsteps of the Muslims who did that 500 years earlier. People of the Middle Ages knew of Plato, Socrates, and Hippocrates, but were losing touch with what they actually said as the Greek language faded. The antient works, as well as Muslim commentaries, were translated. Once they were accessible, the philosophies had a great impact on the mind of Western Europe. Faced with new ideas, society was forced to view itself in a different light as secular ideas competed with Christian doctrine. Plato ( Greek: Πλάτων, PlátÅn, wide, broad-shouldered) (c. ...
This article is about the ancient Greek philosopher, for all other uses see: Socrates (disambiguation) Socrates ca. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
This sparked a number of innovations in medicine, science, art, and music.
The oldest surviving piece of six-part music is the English rota Sumer is icumen in (ca. 1240). (Albright, 2004) A rota is a type of song sung round of the 13th and 14th centuries, probably only in England. ...
Sumer Is Icumen In is a traditional English round, and possibly the oldest such example of counterpoint in existence. ...
Polyphony and the Church During the time polyphony was rising, the Popes had no home in Rome. Italy was torn with civil unrest and unsafe for the Holy Father. For nearly 200 years, they roamed Europe before stopping off in Avignon. During this time, the Papal Seat lost much of it's authority. View over the Rhône River to North-East with Mt Ventoux at the rear Palais des papes Square below the Palace of the Popes Paul Vs coat-of-arms on the Palais des papes The Notre Dame des Doms cathedral is located in the heart of Avignon, near...
It was not merely polyphony that offended the medieval ears, but the notion of secular music merging with the sacred and making its way into the papal court. It gave church music more of a jocular performance quality removing the solemn worship they were accustomed to. The use of and attitude toward polyphony varied widely in the Avignon court from the beginning to the end of its religious importance in the fourteenth century. Harmony was not only considered frivolous, impious, and lascivious, but an obstruction to the audibility of the words. Instruments, as well as certain modes, were actually forbidden in the church because of their association with secular music and pagan rites. Dissonant clashes of notes give a creepy feeling that was labeled as evil, fueling their argument against polyphony as being the devil’s music. After banishing polyphony from the Liturgy in 1322, Pope John XXII spoke in his 1324 Bull Docta Sanctorum Patrum warning against the unbecoming elements of this musical innovation. Clement VI, however, indulged in it. View over the Rhône River to North-East with Mt Ventoux at the rear Palais des papes Square below the Palace of the Popes Paul Vs coat-of-arms on the Palais des papes The Notre Dame des Doms cathedral is located in the heart of Avignon, near...
Events September 27/September 28 - Battle of Ampfing, often called the last battle of knights, in which Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor defeats Frederick I of Austria Births January 11 - Emperor Komyo of Japan (died 1380) Deaths January 3 - King Philip V of France (born 1293) March 16 - Humphrey de...
Pope John XXII, né Jacques dEuse (1249 - December 4, 1334), was elected to the papacy in 1316 and reigned until his death in 1334. ...
Events Publication of Defensor pacis by Marsilius of Padua Mansa Kankan Musa I, ruler of the Mali Empire arrives in Cairo on his hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca. ...
Clement VI, né Pierre Roger (1291 - December 6, 1352), pope (1342-1352), the fourth of the France, and he further evinced his French sympathies by refusing a solemn invitation to return to Rome, and by purchasing the sovereignty of Avignon from Joanna, queen of Naples, for 80,000 crowns. ...
It was in 1364, during the pontificate of Pope Urban V, that Guillaume de Machaut composed the first polyphonic setting of the mass called Le Masse de Notre Dame. Guillaume de Machaut was himself a priest. Centuries: 13th century - 14th century - 15th century Decades: 1310s 1320s 1330s 1340s 1350s - 1360s - 1370s 1380s 1390s 1400s 1410s Years: 1359 1360 1361 1362 1363 - 1364 - 1365 1366 1367 1368 1369 See also: 1364 state leaders Events Charles V becomes King of France. ...
Urban V, né Guillaume de Grimoald (1310 - December 19, 1370), pope from 1362 to 1370, was a native of Grisae in Languedoc. ...
Guillaume de Machaut (around 1300 – 1377), was a French composer and poet of the late Medieval era. ...
Polyphony, though continually rejected by the church, somehow remained. Today, polyphony is characteristic of modern Christian culture.
Famous works and artists Palestrina (ancient Praeneste) was and is a very ancient city of Latium (modern Lazio) 23 miles (37 km) east of Rome, and was reached by the Via Praenestina (see below). ...
Josquin Des Prez Josquin Des Prez (French rendering of Dutch Josken, diminutive of Joseph; latinized Josquinus Pratensis) (c. ...
William Byrd William Byrd (1540? – July 4, 1623) was one of the most celebrated English composers in the Renaissance. ...
Jacob Obrecht Jacob Obrecht (1457/1458 – late July, 1505) was a Dutch composer of the Renaissance. ...
Guillaume de Machaut (around 1300 – 1377), was a French composer and poet of the late Medieval era. ...
Other kinds of polyphony Incipient polyphony (previously primitive polyphony) includes antiphony and Call and response (music), drones, and parallel intervals. This article is about the musical term. ...
In music, a call and response is a succession of two distinct phrases usually played by different musicians, where the second phrase is heard as a direct commentary on or response to the first. ...
In music, a drone is a harmonic or monophonic effect or accompaniment where a note or chord is continuously sounded throughout much or all of a piece, sustained or repeated, and most often establishing a tonality upon which the rest of the piece is built. ...
See also Micropolyphony is a type of 20th century musical texture involving the use of sustained dissonant chords that shift slowly over time. ...
Sources - Hendrik van der Werf (1997). "Early Western polyphony", Companion to Medieval & Renaissance Music. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198165404.
- Margaret Bent (1999). "The Grammar of Early Music: Preconditions for Analysis", Tonal Structures of Early Music. New York: Garland Publishing. ISBN 0815323883.
- Albright, Daniel (2004). Modernism and Music: An Anthology of Sources. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226012670.
External links - Thirteenth-Century Polyphony
- The Role of the Drone in evolution of Harmony
- Stages in the Evolution of Scales, Melody & Harmony
- Evidence of Harmony in Ancient Music
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