 Polysomnographic record of REM Sleep . EEG highlighted by red box. Eye movements highlighted by red line. Polysomnography or PSG is a multi-parametric test used in the study of sleep. The name is derived from Greek and Latin roots: 'Polys' (many), 'somnus' (sleep), and 'graphein' (to write). Image File history File links Download high resolution version (821x601, 999 KB) Summary This is a screenshot of a polysomnographic record representing Rapid Eye Movement Sleep. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (821x601, 999 KB) Summary This is a screenshot of a polysomnographic record representing Rapid Eye Movement Sleep. ...
Rapid eye movement (REM) is the stage of sleep during which the most vivid (though not all) dreams occur. ...
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Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ...
Normal patterns of human sleep were first discovered by Loomis, Harvey and Hobart in 1935. In 1952, the discovery and documentation of REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep was accomplished by William C. Dement, Eugene Aserinsky, Nathaniel Kleitman and graduate students at the University of Chicago in the 1950s. It has since been codified by the adoption in 1968 of A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques, and Scoring Systems for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects, edited by Allan Rechtschaffen and Anthony Kales. Rapid eye movement (REM) is the stage of sleep during which the most vivid (though not all) dreams occur. ...
William C. Dement (born 1928), is a pioneering sleep researcher, and founder of the worlds first sleep laboratory at Stanford University. ...
Eugene Aserinsky (1921 – 1998) was a graduate student at University of Chicago in 1953 when he discovered REM sleep. ...
The University of Chicago is a private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. ...
The 1950s was the decade spanning the years 1950 to 1959. ...
1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ...
Even though Aserinsky and Kleitman's discovery of REM sleep was published in 1953, no other sleep laboratory findings were published until 1959.
Polysomnography is a comprehensive recording of the biophysiological changes that occur during sleep. Polysomnography is usually performed at night during sleep. This diagnostic test monitors many body functions including brain (EEG), eye movements (EOG), muscle activity or skeletal muscle activation (EMG), heart rhythm (ECG), and breathing function or respiratory effort during sleep. In animals, the brain, or encephalon (Greek for in the head), is the control center of the central nervous system. ...
Electroencephalography is the neurophysiologic measurement of the electrical activity of the brain by recording from electrodes placed on the scalp or, in special cases, subdurally or in the cerebral cortex. ...
gonfly]].]] In most vertebrates and some mollusks, the eye works by allowing light to enter it and project onto a light-sensitive panel of cells known as the retina at the rear of the eye, where the light is detected and converted into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to...
Electrooculography (EOG) is a medical technique for measuring the resting potential of the retina, the resulting signal is called electrooculogram. ...
A top-down view of skeletal muscle Skeletal muscleis a type of striated muscle, attached to the skeleton. ...
Electromyography (EMG) is a medical technique for evaluating and recording physiologic properties of muscles at rest and while contracting. ...
The heart and lungs, from an older edition of Grays Anatomy. ...
Lead II An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG, abbreviated from the German Elektrokardiogramm) is a graphic produced by an electrocardiograph, which records the electrical voltage in the heart in the form of a continuous strip graph. ...
For a polysomnogram, the EEG will generally consist of four "exploring" electrodes and two "reference" electrodes (unless a seizure disorder is suspected, in which case more electrodes will be applied to document the appearance of seizure activity). The exploring electrodes are usually attached to the scalp near the central and occipitial portions of the brain via a paste that will conduct electrical signals originating from the neurons of the cortex. These electrodes will provide a readout of the brain activity that can be "scored" into different stages of sleep (1, 2, 3, 4, REM, and Wakefulness).
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x683, 676 KB) Summary A pediatrics patient prepared for a polysomnogram by a respiratory therapist, Childrens Hospital (Saint Louis), Saint Louis, Missouri, 2006. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x683, 676 KB) Summary A pediatrics patient prepared for a polysomnogram by a respiratory therapist, Childrens Hospital (Saint Louis), Saint Louis, Missouri, 2006. ...
Pediatrics (also spelled paediatrics) is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents (from newborn to age 18-21). ...
A patient is any person who receives medical attention, care, or treatment [1]. A patient is often ill or injured and is being treated by, or in need of treatment by, a physician or other medical professional. ...
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What is Measured The EOG or electrooculogram consists of two electrodes; one that is placed slightly out from and above the outer canthus of the right eye and one that is placed slightly out and below the outer canthus of the left eye. These electrodes will pick up the activity of the eyes in virtue of the electropotential difference between the cornea and the retina (the cornea is positively charged relative to the retina). This essentially aids in determining when sleep occurs, as well as when REM Sleep occurs; of which rapid eye movements are characteristic. Front of left eye with eyelids separated to show medial canthus. ...
The EMG or electromyogram typically uses four electrodes to measure muscle tension in the body as well as to monitor for an excessive amount of leg movements during sleep (which may be indicitive of Periodic Limb Movement Disorder). Two leads are placed on the chin with one above the jaw line and one below. This, like the EOG, helps determine when sleep occurs as well as REM sleep. This is because when we fall asleep, we generally become more relaxed and so a marked decrease in muscle tension will occur. Also, we become partially paralyzed when we enter REM sleep so that we do not act out our dreams (of course people that do not have this paralysis can suffer from REM Behavior Disorder). Finally, two more leads are placed on the anterior tibialis of each leg to measure leg movements. Periodic Limb Movement Disorder, also called nocturnal myoclonus is a sleep disorder where the patient moves involuntarily during sleep. ...
Though a typical ECG (or EKG for Electrokardiogram) would use twelve electrodes, three are used for a polysomnogram. They can either be placed under the collar bone on each side of the chest, or one under the collar bone and the other six inches above the waist on either side of the body. These electrodes record the electrical activity of the heart as it contracts and expands, resulting in several indentifiable features such as the "P" wave, "QRS" complex, and "T" wave that can be analyzed for any abnormalities that might be indicitive of an underlying heart pathology.
Nasal and oral airflow can be measured using pressure transducers, and/or a thermocouple. This allows the clinician/researcher to measure rate of respiration or help to diagnose sleep apnea. Respiratory effort is also measured in concert with nasal/oral airflow. Sleep apnea (alternatively sleep apnoea) is a common sleep disorder characterized by brief interruptions of breathing during sleep. ...
Pulse Oxymetry helps determine changes in blood oxygen levels that often occur with sleep apnea and other respiratory problems. A portable saturometer (for emergencies) Measure by optic properties through the nail A pulse oximeter is a medical device that indirectly measures the amount of oxygen in a patients blood. ...
In the 1970s, respiratory airflow and respiratory effort indicators were added along with peripheral pulse oximetry following the identification of the sleep disorder Sleep apnea. Polysomnography is used to diagnose many types of sleep disorders including narcolepsy, restless legs syndrome, REM behavior disorder, parasomnias, and sleep apnea. The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, inclusive. ...
Respiration is the process by which an organism obtains energy by reacting oxygen with glucose to give water, carbon dioxide and ATP (energy). ...
Sleep apnea (alternatively sleep apnoea) is a common sleep disorder characterized by brief interruptions of breathing during sleep. ...
Increasingly, polysomnography is being supplemented or replaced by Actigraphy in cases where longitudinal or large scale data sets need to be generated, or when PSG is not a cost-efficient option Actigraphy is a method of study of circadian rhythm and wake-sleep patterns. ...
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