The neutrality and factual accuracy of this article are disputed. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page.

The neutrality of this article's title and/or subject matter is disputed. This is a dispute over the neutrality of viewpoints implied by the title, or the subject matter within its scope, rather than the actual facts stated. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page.

A procession of deported Greeks at Elazığ (Source: National Geographic Magazine 11/25).

A photograph of dead inhabitants of Giresun.

Under a much larger headline referring to the Armenian Genocide, a New York Times article reports that Trebizond's entire Christian population, including Greeks and other, was "wiped out". The general pattern of related New York Times reporting for the period concerned can be captured here [1].

The Pontian Greek Genocide (Greek: Γενοκτονία των Ελλήνων του Πόντου, Turkish: Pontus Rumları Soykırımı) is a term used to refer to the alleged genocide by the Young Turk administration of the Ottoman Empire of Pontian Greek populations in the historical region of Pontus, the Black Sea provinces of the Ottoman Empire. According to the sources put forth, it started in 1916 and came to the final stage in 1919 although some sources have stated that it was planned during the administration of the (non-existent) "Turkish Prime Minister Siker Pasha". The number of lost lives is uncertain (the maximum number of deaths forwarded is 353,000 ^[1]. Survivors fled to nearby Russia, especially Georgia, and to Greece after the Greco–Turkish War of 1919–1922. Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Image File history File links Circle-question-red. ... Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1140x708, 315 KB) Summary A photograph of a procession of deported Greeks taken at Elazığ. Licensing This work is copyrighted and unlicensed. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1140x708, 315 KB) Summary A photograph of a procession of deported Greeks taken at Elazığ. Licensing This work is copyrighted and unlicensed. ... Elazığ is a city in the Elazig Province of eastern Turkey. ... The National Geographic Society was founded in the USA on January 27, 1888, by 33 men interested in organizing a society for the increase and diffusion of geographical knowledge. ... Image File history File links Giresundead. ... Image File history File links Giresundead. ... Giresun (Greek: Κερασούντα)is a town in north-eastern Turkey with 90,000 inhabitants (2003 estimate) on the Black Sea. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Pontiangreeks. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Pontiangreeks. ... Armenian Genocide photo. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... Genocide is defined by the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) Article 2 as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, as such: Killing members of the group; Causing... The Young Turks (Turkish Jöntürk (singular), Jöntürkler (plural), from French Jeunes Turcs) were a Turkish patriotic constitutionalist society, officially known as the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) (Ä°ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti in Turkish) — whose leaders led a rebellion against Sultan Abdul Hamid II (who was... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah... Traditional rural Pontic house The Pontic Greeks, Pontians, or Black Sea Greeks (Greek Πόντιοι, Ποντιακοί) are Greeks from the shores of the Black Sea, the Pontus. ... Traditional rural Pontic house A man in traditional clothes from Trabzon, illustration Pontus is the name which was applied, in ancient times, to extensive tracts of country in the northeast of Asia Minor (modern Turkey) bordering on the Euxine (Black Sea), which was often called simply Pontos (the main), by... Map of the Black Sea. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Grand viziers Chief ministers Grand viziers Jun 1882 - November 1882 Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (1st time) (s. ... Combatants Greece Turkish Revolutionaries Commanders Gen Leonidas Paraskevopoulos, Gen Anastasios Papoulas, Gen Georgios Hatzianestis Ali Fethi Okyar, Ismet Inonu, Mustafa Kemal Strength 120,000 men 450,000 men [1] Casualties 30,000 dead; 20,820 captured 20,000 dead; 10,000 wounded The Greco–Turkish War of 1919–1922, also...

The only country to officially recognize it as genocide by is Greece and 19 May was set as the date of commemoration of the event (in 1994). It was also recognized by the states of South Carolina ^[2], New Jersey ^[3], Florida ^[4], Massachusetts ^[5], Pennsylvania ^[6] and Illinois ^[7] in the United States, although it should be noted that states within the United States of America do not make nor promote their own foreign policies. May 19 is the 139th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (140th in leap years). ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ... Official language(s) English Capital Charleston(1670-1789) Columbia(1790-present) Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Greenville-Spartanburg Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32°430N to 35°12... Official language(s) None, English de facto Capital Trenton Largest city Newark Area  Ranked 47th  - Total 8,729 sq mi (22,608 km²)  - Width 70 miles (110 km)  - Length 150 miles (240 km)  - % water 14. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Official language(s) English Capital Boston Largest city Boston Area  Ranked 44th  - Total 10,555 sq mi (27,360 km²)  - Width 183 miles (295 km)  - Length 113 miles (182 km)  - % water 13. ... Official language(s) None Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Area  Ranked 33rd  - Total 46,055 sq mi (119,283 km²)  - Width 160 miles (255 km)  - Length 280 miles (455 km)  - % water 2. ... Official language(s) English Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Area  Ranked 25th  - Total 57,918 sq mi (149,998 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 390 miles (629 km)  - % water 4. ...

Turkey maintains that this event was not of a genocidal nature, and the selection of the date of May 19, which is a national holiday in Turkey, is considered by some Turkish politicians to be a provocation. Genocide is defined by the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) Article 2 as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, as such: Killing members of the group; Causing...

Pontian Greeks who remained in what became the Soviet Union, also suffered under Stalin, when they were forced to change their Greek surnames and were scattered across the country and many deported to Siberia ^[8]. In 1942, thousands were deported to the desert of Kazakhstan (according to the 1999 Kazakh census, there was a Greek community numbering 12,703 people in the country ^[9]). Many of the survivors, their children and grandchildren eventually found refuge in Greece after 1990. Stalin redirects here. ... Siberian Federal District (dark red) and the broadest definition of Siberia (red) Siberia (Russian: , Sibir’; Tatar: Seber) is a vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan constituting almost all of Northern Asia. ...

Background

One of the methods used in the systematic elimination of the Greek population was the Labour Battalions (Turkish: Amele Taburu, Greek: Τάγματα Εργασίας Tagmata Ergasias) ^[10]. In them, mostly young and stronger people were captured and forced to do exhausting labour by the Ottoman Administration during the First World War and the Turkish Government after the creation of the Turkish Republic. Amongst the survivors was the well-known writer-novelist Elias Venezis, who later described the situation in his work the Number 31328 (Το Νούμερο 31328). Another method used by the Turks was to force the weaker population, including women and children, to walk for hundreds of kilometres until they died. This was known as the "White Death" ^[11]. Elias Venezis Elias Venezis was a greek writer. ...

An academic approach to Labour Battalions has been provided by Sabancı University Associate Professor Leyla Neyzi who, by her studies on the diary of Yaşar Paker, who was issued from the tiny Jewish community of early-20th century Ankara, and who had actually been enrolled in the Labour Battalions not once but twice, the first time during the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922) and the second time during the Second World War in which Turkey did not take part. One of her studies, published in Jewish Social Studies in the Fall of 2005, presents an overall picture for the conditions in these battalions which were composed entirely of non-Muslims. According to Leyla Neyzi, "one of the main reasons for the formation of these units was to ensure that local non-Muslims (...particularly local Greeks) would leave their regions of origin and not join the forces fighting the Turks". Paker, enrolled in the Labour Battalions after their formation on 2 March 1921, was dispatched for work to Kastamonu first, and then to Eastern Anatolia with other non-Muslims. Despite harsh conditions (Paker mentions that they were only given four loaves of bread and a cone full of black olives at the departure from Kastamonu towards Erzincan), His account and the study of his experience does not point to nor hint at acts of a genocidal nature, in the full course of the Greco-Turkish War when "the enemy had come as close as Haymana (a town near Ankara)" ^[12]. Sabancı University is a private research institution located in Istanbul, Turkey. ... Leyla Neyzi Leyla Neyzi, (born July 29, 1961) is a Turkish academician (anthropologist/sociologist/historian) who is currently working in Sabancı University, Istanbul. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the countrys second largest city after Istanbul. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان) is an adherent of Islam. ... March 2 is the 61st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (62nd in leap years). ... 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Kastamonu is the capitol district of the Kastamonu Province, Turkey. ... Anatolia lies east of the Bosphorus, between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Anatolia or Anatolian Peninsula is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to the Asian portion of Turkey, as opposed to the European portion, (Eastern) Thrace; tr:Trakya. ... English page about Erzincan will be add next a little time. ... Haymana, Turkey is a town, approximately 70km south of the capital Ankara. ...

General conclusions

While the loss of the Pontian Greek presence in the Black Sea coast of modern Turkey is not disputed, for the sake of use of Elias Venezis, who was enrolled in the Labor Battalions "after the Turkish return to Asia Minor", as a reference, it should be noted that his events corresponded to a period when the Ottoman Empire had disintegrated and the government of Greece decided to take this opportunity to make territorial gains in Ottoman territories that had significant Greek and other Christian populations. When the Greek invasion started, the Ottoman capital of Istanbul was invaded by the Allies and the Ottoman Sultan was about to sign the Treaty of Sèvres which relinquished control of much of the ethnically Turkish territory of the Ottoman Empire to the Allied Powers of Britain, France and Italy to colonize. Greece was allowed to invade the vilayet of Smyrna and eastern Thrace as a prize for entering the World War I on the Allied side. The Greek intervention sparked the nationalist Turkish movement led by Kemal Ataturk which eventually led to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey. The ensuing Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922) resulted in the loss of many lives. The estimates of these losses go up to 350,000 for Greek and 15,000 for Turkish ^[13]. In the aftermath, an population exchange between Greece and Turkey resulted in a near-complete elimination of the Greek ethnic presence in Anatolia and a similar elimination of the Turkish ethnic presence in much of Greece. It is impossible to know how many Greek inhabitants of Pontus and Smyrna died during the conflict and how many ethnic Greeks of Anatolia were deported to Greece or fled to the Soviet Union ^[14]. The fact that these events took place at a time when a well-organized Greek Army was invading a geographically contiguous land, not populated by a majority of Greeks except for two pockets (Smyrna and Pontus), complicates the picture. Elias Venezis Elias Venezis was a greek writer. ... Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to the Asian portion of Turkey. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah... Istanbul (Turkish: , Greek: , see other names) is Turkeys most populous city, and its cultural, and economic centre. ... In general, allies are people or groups that have joined an alliance and are working together to achieve some common purpose. ... The Treaty of Sèvres of August 10, 1920, was a peace treaty between the Entente and Associated Powers[1] and the Ottoman Empire after World War I. The treaty was signed by the Ottoman Government, but Sultan Mehmed VI never signed that treaty. ... For other meanings of Smyrna, see Smyrna (disambiguation). ... Thrace (Greek Θράκη, ThrákÄ“, Latin: Thracia or Threcia, Turkish Trakya, Bulgarian Тракия, Trakiya) is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe. ... Combatants Allied Powers: British Empire France Italy Russian Empire Kingdom of Serbia United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria German Empire Ottoman Empire Commanders Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Ferdinand Foch Nikolay II Nikolay Yudenich Radomir Putnik Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Reinhard Scheer Franz Josef I Oskar Potiorek Ä°smail... Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881 – November 10, 1938), Turkish soldier and statesman, was the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey. ... Combatants Greece Turkish Revolutionaries Commanders Gen Leonidas Paraskevopoulos, Gen Anastasios Papoulas, Gen Georgios Hatzianestis Ali Fethi Okyar, Ismet Inonu, Mustafa Kemal Strength 120,000 men 450,000 men [1] Casualties 30,000 dead; 20,820 captured 20,000 dead; 10,000 wounded The Greco–Turkish War of 1919–1922, also... Cartoon The 1923 Exchange of Populations between Greece and Turkey refers to the first large scale population exchange, or agreed mutual expulsion in the 20th century. ... Asia Minor lies east of the Bosporus, between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. ... For other meanings of Smyrna, see Smyrna (disambiguation). ... Traditional rural Pontic house A man in traditional clothes from Trabzon, illustration Pontus is the name which was applied, in ancient times, to extensive tracts of country in the northeast of Asia Minor (modern Turkey) bordering on the Euxine (Black Sea), which was often called simply Pontos (the main), by...

Recognition

The incidents which occurred during that period were officially described as genocide by the Greek Parliament in 1994, through an initiative centered largely around former PASOK Central Committee member, Michalis Charalambidis (described by one Greek source as the ringleader of the recognition of the genocide of Greeks of Pontos ^[15]), and the date of 19 May was instituted as the official date of commemoration. A letter was submitted to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights by the "International League for the Rights and Liberation of Peoples" to request such recognition in 1998 but was not granted. The incidents are also recognized as genocide in some states of the USA, namely South Carolina ^[2], New Jersey ^[3], Florida ^[4] and Massachusetts ^[5], Pennsylvania ^[6] and Illinois ^[7]. A ceremonial non-binding resolution on this issue was also placed by a state representative and a senator in Florida during the 2005 legislative session ^[16]. Genocide is defined by the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) Article 2 as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, as such: Killing members of the group; Causing... The Hellenic Parliament (Greek: Βουλή των Ελλήνων; transliterated Vouli ton Ellinon; literally Council of the Greeks) is the parliament of Greece, located in Syntagma Square in Athens. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ... Party logo The Panhellenic Socialist Movement, better known as PASOK (Greek: Πανελλήνιο Σοσιαλιστικό Κίνημα, Panellinio Sosialistiko Kinima, ΠΑΣΟΚ), is a Greek social democratic political party. ... May 19 is the 139th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (140th in leap years). ... United Nations Commission on Human Rights - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ... Official language(s) English Capital Charleston(1670-1789) Columbia(1790-present) Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Greenville-Spartanburg Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32°430N to 35°12... Official language(s) None, English de facto Capital Trenton Largest city Newark Area  Ranked 47th  - Total 8,729 sq mi (22,608 km²)  - Width 70 miles (110 km)  - Length 150 miles (240 km)  - % water 14. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Official language(s) English Capital Boston Largest city Boston Area  Ranked 44th  - Total 10,555 sq mi (27,360 km²)  - Width 183 miles (295 km)  - Length 113 miles (182 km)  - % water 13. ... Official language(s) None Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Area  Ranked 33rd  - Total 46,055 sq mi (119,283 km²)  - Width 160 miles (255 km)  - Length 280 miles (455 km)  - % water 2. ... Official language(s) English Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Area  Ranked 25th  - Total 57,918 sq mi (149,998 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 390 miles (629 km)  - % water 4. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

In Australia, the issue has been raised in the Parliament of Victoria on May 4 2006, by the Minister for Justice Jenny Mikakos ^{[17] [18]}. The Parliament of Victoria is a bicameral legislature. ... Jenny Mikakos Jenny Mikakos (born January 25, 1969) is an Australian politician representing the Legislative Council province of Jika Jika in the State of Victoria for the Australian Labor Party. ...

In Germany, organizations such as "Verein der Völkermordgegner e.V" (i.e. "Union against Genocide") or the initiative "Mit einer Stimme sprechen" (i.e. "Speaking with One Voice") aim at the official recognition of the genocide of Christian minorities, such as Armenians, Pontian Greeks, and Assyrians in the late Ottoman Empire. Traditional rural Pontic house The Pontic Greeks, Pontians, or Black Sea Greeks (Greek Πόντιοι, Ποντιακοί) are Greeks from the shores of the Black Sea, the Pontus. ... Assyrians are Aramaic-speaking Christians who are indegenous inhabitants of Mesopotamia, and inheritors of the ancient culture of Assyria. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah...

Turkey's stance

Turkey maintains that the incidents referred to cannot be considered to be of a genocidal nature. The choice by Greece of 19 May as the date of commemoration, a national holiday in Turkey as the anniversary of 19 May 1919 when Mustafa Kemal Pasha set foot in Samsun to initiate the Turkish War of Independence, is viewed in Turkey as futile provocation by some Greek politicians. Upon the opening in May 2006 of two commemorative monuments in Thessaloniki, the social-democrat mayor of İzmir, Aziz Kocaoğlu, announced on 12 May 2006 that they were suspending the signing (expected in June 2006) of a sister city agreement between İzmir and Thessaloniki ^[19]. Genocide is defined by the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) Article 2 as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, as such: Killing members of the group; Causing... May 19 is the 139th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (140th in leap years). ... May 19 is the 139th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (140th in leap years). ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–November 10, 1938), Turkish revolutionist, soldier, and anti-imperialist statesman, was the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Combatants Turkish Revolutionaries Triple Entente, Greece, Armenia Commanders Mustafa Kemal Ismet Inonu Kazim Karabekir Ali Fuat Cebesoy Fevzi Çakmak Papoulas Hatzianestis The Turkish War of Independence (Turkish: KurtuluÅŸ Savaşı), or sometimes referred to as birth of a nation was part of the political and military events that began with the... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Social democracy is a political ideology emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from supporters of Marxism who believed that the transition to a socialist society could be achieved through democratic evolutionary rather than revolutionary means. ... Ä°zmir (Greek: Σμύρνη) is the third most populous city of Turkey and the countrys largest port after Ä°stanbul. ... Aziz KocaoÄŸlu, mayor of Metropolitan Ä°zmir Aziz KocaoÄŸlu (1948 Tokat - ) is the mayor of Ä°zmir Metropolitan Municipality (from CHP), Turkeys third largest city. ... May 12 is the 132nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (133rd in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about partnerships between towns distant from each other; see Twin cities for the different concept of physically neighbouring cities. ... Ä°zmir (Greek: Σμύρνη) is the third most populous city of Turkey and the countrys largest port after Ä°stanbul. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Notes

Eyewitness Accounts and Quotes

Reports of German and Austro-Hungarian diplomats that provide evidence of the Genocide.

• “The Turks have decided upon a war of extermination against their Christian subjects.” German Ambassador Wangenheim to German Chancellor von Bulow, quoting Turkish Prime Minister Sefker Pasha, July 24, 1909.
• “The anti-Greek and anti-Armenian persecutions are two phases of one programme - the extermination of the Christian element from Turkey.” Father J. Lepsius, German clergyman, July 31, 1915.
• “...the entire Greek population of Sinope and the coastal region of the county of Kastanome has been exiled. Exile and extermination in Turkish are the same, for whoever is not murdered, will die from hunger or illness.” Herr Kuchhoff, German consul in Amissos in a despatch to Berlin, July 16, 1916.
• “On 26 November, Rafet Bey told me: ‘We must finish off the Greeks as we did with the Armenians’...On 28 November, Rafet Bey told me: ‘Today, I sent squads to the interior to kill every Greek on sight.’ I fear for the elimination of the entire Greek population and a repeat of what occurred last year.” (referring to the Armenian Genocide) Herr Kwiatkowski, Austro-Hungarian consul in Amissos to Baron von Burian, Foreign Minister of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, November 30, 1916
• “Consuls Bergfeld in Samsun and Schede in Kerasun report of displacement of local population and murders. Prisoners are not kept. Villages reduced to ashes. Greek refugee families consisting mostly of women and children being marched from the coasts to Sebasteia. The need is great.” German Ambassador Kuhlman to German Chancellor Hollweg, December 13, 1916.
• Herr Pallavicini, Ambassador of Austria-Hungary to Turkey, writes to Vienna, listing the villages in the region of Amissos that were being burnt to the ground, their inhabitants raped and either murdered or exiled, December 19, 1916:
• “The situation for the displaced is desperate. Death awaits them all. I spoke to the Grand Vizier and told him that it would be sad if the persecution of the Greek element took the same scope and dimension as the Armenian persecution. The Grand Vizier promised that he would influence Talaat Bey and Enver Pasha.” Austro-Hungarian Ambassador Pallavicini to Vienna, January 20, 1917
• “The time is near for Turkey to be finished with the Greeks as we were with the Armenians in 1915.” Talaat Bey as quoted by an Austro-Hungarian agent, January 31, 1917
• “...the indications are that the Turks plan to eliminate the Greek element as enemies of the state, as they did earlier with the Armenians. The strategy implemented by the Turks is of displacing people to the interior, without taking measures for their survival by exposing them to death, hunger and illness. The abandoned homes are then looted and burnt or destroyed. Whatever was done to the Armenians is being repeated with the Greeks.” Chancellor Hollweg of Germany, February 9, 1917.

Bibliography

• Barton, James L. (James Levi). The Near East Relief, 1915-1930. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1943.
• Bierstadt, Edward Hale. The great betrayal; a survey of the near East problem. New York: R. M. McBride & company, 1924.
• Dobkin, Marjorie Housepian. Smyrna 1922: the destruction of a city. New York, NY: Newmark Press, 1998, c1988.
• Henry Morgenthau, Sr.. The murder of a nation. New York: Armenian General Benevolent Union of America, 1974, 1918.
• ---. I was sent to Athens. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran & Co, 1929.
• ---. An international drama. London: Jarrolds Ltd., [1930]
• Murat, Jean De. The great extirpation of Hellenism and Christianity in Asia Minor: the historic and systematic deception of world opinion concerning the hideous Christianity’s uprooting of 1922. Miami, Fla.: [s.n.], (Athens [Greece]: A. Triantafillis) 1999.
• Oeconomos, Lysimachos. The martyrdom of Smyrna and eastern Christendom; a file of overwhelming evidence, denouncing the misdeeds of the Turks in Asia Minor and showing their responsibility for the horrors of Smyrna. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1922.
• Papadopoulos, Alexander. Persecutions of the Greeks in Turkey before the European War: on the basis of official documents. New York: Pub. by Oxford University Press, American branch, 1919.
• Tsirkinidis, Harry. At last we uprooted them…The Genocide of Greeks of Pontos, Thrace, and Asia Minor, through the French archives. Thessaloniki: Kyriakidis Bros, 1999.
• Ward, Mark H. The deportations in Asia Minor, 1921-1922. London: Anglo-Hellenic League, 1922.
• Andreadis, George, Tamama, The Missing Girl of Pontos. Athens: Gordios, 1993.
• Fotiadis, Constantinos Emm. (editor), The Genocide of the Pontus Greeks by the Turks. Volume 13. Herodotus, 2004.
• Halo, Thea, Not Even My Name. New York: Picador USA, 2000.
• Horton, George, The blight of Asia: an account of the systematic extermination of Christian populations by Mohammedans and of the culpability of certain great powers; with a true story of the buring of Smyrna. Indianopolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1926.
• Statistics of Democide, Chapter 5, Statistics of Turkey's Democide - Estimates, Calculations and Sources, by R. J. Rummel

Henry Morgenthau Henry Morgenthau (April 26, 1856 - November 25, 1946), was a U.S. diplomat and businessman, most famous as the American ambassador to the Ottoman Empire during the First World War. ... Categories: Possible copyright violations ... George Horton was the American General Consul in Smyrna in 1922. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Further reading

• Hofmann, Tessa, ed. Verfolgung, Vertreibung und Vernichtung der Christen im Osmanischen Reich 1912-1922. Münster: LIT, 2004. ISBN 3-8258-7823-6. (pp. 177-221 on Pontian Greeks)

External links

• United Nations document acknowledging receipt of a letter by the "International League for the Rights and Liberation of Peoples" titled "A people in continued exodus" (i.e. Pontian Greeks) and putting the letter into internal circulation (Dated 1998-02-24) (PDF file)
• Search United Nations documents, by typing "Pontian Genocide" (if above link doesn't work)
• German and Austrian Ambassadors reports of that time starting from 1909
• State of New Jersey proclamation on 19th of May
• State of South Carolina proclamations of recognition
• Information about the genocide on The Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies
• Hellenic Genocide
• The Pontian Greek Genocide
• Video: Demonstration for the recognition of the Pontian Genocide, 26 May 2006 in Stuttgart, Germany. One of the speakers is Tessa Hofmann