Coordinates: 41°54′15″N, 12°27′9″E The Pontifical Academy of Sciences was founded in 1936 under its current name by Pope Pius XI and is placed under the protection of the reigning Supreme Pontiff (the current Pope). Its aim is to promote the progress of the mathematical, physical and natural sciences and the study of related epistemological problems. The Academy has its origins in the Accademia dei Lincei ("Academy of Lynxes") established in Rome in 1603, under Pope Clement VIII by the learned Roman Prince, Federico Cesi (1585-1630) who was a young botanist and naturalist, and which claimed Galileo Galilei as its president. The current president is the physicist Nicola Cabibbo. The Academy is headquartered in the Casina Pio IV at the heart of the Vatican Gardens. Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Pope Pius XI (Latin: ) (May 31, 1857 – February 10, 1939), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti, reigned as Pope from February 6, 1922 and sovereign of Vatican City from 1929 until his death on February 10, 1939. ... In Rome, the title of Supreme Pontiff (in Latin, Pontifex Maximus), belongs to the chief religious official of the city. ... The Accademia dei Lincei, (literally the Academy of the Lynxes, but also known as the Lincean Academy), is located at the Palazzo Corsini on the Via della Lungara in Rome, Italy. ... Year 1603 (MDCIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Clement VIII, born Ippolito Aldobrandini (Fano, Italy, February 24, 1536 – March 3, 1605 in Rome) was Pope from January 30, 1592 to March 3, 1605. ... KDFSAJFKASJDKFJASDKLJFDKLASJFLKJASKLFJLAKSJFLKSJALFKJSKLJFto the Sun-centered solar system which Galileo supported. ... ... Nicola Cabibbo is an Italian physicist, best known for work on the weak nuclear interaction. ... The Casina Pio IV (or Villa Pia) is a patrician villa in Rome which is now home to Academy of Social Sciences and the Pontifical Academy of St Thomas Aquinas. ...

Historical Background

Cesi wanted his Academicians to create a method of research based upon observation, experiment, and the inductive method. He thus called this Academy "dei Lincei" because the scientists which adhered to it had to have eyes as sharp as lynxes (the lynx is a large cat) in order to penetrate the secrets of nature, observing it at both microscopic and macroscopic levels. The leader of the first academy was the famous scientist Galileo Galilei. It was dissolved after the death of its founder and re-created by Pope Pius IX in 1847 and given the name Accademia Pontificia dei Nuovi Lincei ("Pontifical Academy of the New Lynxes"), and was re-founded in 1936 by Pope Pius XI and given its current name. Pope Paul VI in 1976 and Pope John Paul II in 1986 subsequently updated its statutes. Type species Felis lynx Linnaeus, 1758 The overall range of Lynx species. ... Galileo can refer to: Galileo Galilei, astronomer, philosopher, and physicist (1564 - 1642) the Galileo spacecraft, a NASA space probe that visited Jupiter and its moons the Galileo positioning system Life of Galileo, a play by Bertolt Brecht Galileo (1975) - screen adaptation of the play Life of Galileo by Bertolt Brecht... Pope Pius IX (May 13, 1792 – February 7, 1878), born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, reigned as Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from his election in June 16, 1846, until his death more than 31 years later in 1878, making him the longest-reigning Pope since the Apostle St. ... Pope Pius XI (Latin: ) (May 31, 1857 – February 10, 1939), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti, reigned as Pope from February 6, 1922 and sovereign of Vatican City from 1929 until his death on February 10, 1939. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Coat of Arms of Pope John Paul II. The Letter M is for Mary, the mother of Jesus, to whom he held strong devotion Pope John Paul II (Latin: , Italian: Giovanni Paolo II) born   [] (May 18, 1920, Wadowice, Poland – April 2, 2005, Vatican City) reigned as Pope of the Catholic...

Since 1936 the Pontifical Academy of Sciences has been concerned both with investigating specific scientific subjects belonging to individual disciplines and with the promotion of interdisciplinary co-operation. It has progressively increased the number of its Academicians and the international character of its membership. The Academy is an independent body within the Holy See and enjoys freedom of research. From the statutes of 1976:

"The Pontifical Academy of Sciences has as its goal the promotion of the progress of the mathematical, physical and natural sciences, and the study of related epistemological questions and issues."

Work of the Academy

Since the Academy and its membership is not influenced by factors of a national, political, or religious character it represents a valuable source of objective scientific information which is made available to the Holy See and to the international scientific community. Today the work of the Academy covers six main areas:

(a) fundamental science,

(b) the science and technology of global questions and issues,

(c) science in favor of the problems of the Third World,

(d) the ethics and politics of science,

(e) bioethics,

(f) epistemology.

The disciplines involved are sub-divided into nine fields: the disciplines of physics and related disciplines; astronomy; chemistry; the earth and environmental sciences; the life sciences (botany, agronomy, zoology, genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, the neurosciences, surgery); mathematics; the applied sciences; and the philosophy and history of sciences.

Members of the Academy

The new members of the Academy are elected by the body of Academicians and chosen from men and women of every race and religion based on the high scientific value of their activities and their high moral profile. They are then officially appointed by the Roman Pontiff. The Academy is governed by a President, appointed from its members by the Pope, who is helped by a scientific Council and by the Chancellor. Initially made up of 80 Academicians, 70 who were appointed for life, in 1986 John Paul II raised the number of members for life to 80, side by side with a limited number of Honorary Academicians chosen because they are highly qualified figures, and others who are Academicians because of the posts they hold, including: the Chancellor of the Academy, the Director of the Vatican Observatory, the Prefect of the Vatican Apostolic Library, and the Prefect of the Vatican Secret Archives. Official papal image of John Paul II. His Holiness Pope John Paul II, né Karol Józef Wojtyła (born May 18, 1920 in Wadowice, Poland), is the current Pope — the Bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church. ... The Vatican Observatory (Specola Vaticana) is the astronomical research and educational institution of the Holy See. ... Pope Sixtus IV appoints Bartolomeo Platina prefect of the Vatican Library, fresco by Melozzo da Forlì, c. ... The Vatican Secret Archives (Latin: Archivum Secretum Apostolicum Vaticanum; Italian: Archivio Segreto Vaticano), located in Vatican City, is the central repository for all of the acts promulgated by the Holy See. ...

Current members

• Werner Arber
• Antonio M. Battro
• Gary S. Becker
• Daniel A. Bekoe
• Enrico Berti
• Günter Blobel
• Thierry Boon-Falleur
• Nicola Cabibbo
• Luís A. Caffarelli
• Luigi Cavalli-Sforza
• Te-Tzu Chang
• Bernardo M. Colombo
• Suzanne Cory
• Georges M.M. Cottier
• George V. Coyne
• Hector R. Croxatto
• Carlo Enrico Di Rovasenda
• Albert Eschenmoser
• Raffaele Farina
• Antonio García-Bellido
• Paul Germain
• Stephen W. Hawking
• Michael Heller
• Raymond Hide
• Stanley L. Jaki
• Fotis C. Kafatos
• Vladimir I. Keilis-Borok
• Nicole M. Le Douarin
• Joshua Lederberg
• Tsung-Dao Lee
• Jean-Marie Lehn
• Pierre J. Léna
• Jean-Michel Maldamé
• Félix Wa Kalenga Malu
• Yuri I. Manin
• Carlo Maria Martini
• M. Govind K. Menon
• Beatrice Mintz
• Jürgen Mittelstrass
• Mario J. Molina
• Marcos Moshinsky
• Rudolf Muradian
• Sergey P. Novikov
• Ryoji Noyori
• Czeslaw Olech
• Sergio B. Pagano
• Crodowaldo Pavan
• Frank Press
• Giampietro Puppi
• Yves Quéré
• Chintamani N.R. Rao
• Joseph Ratzinger (Pope Benedict XVI)
• Peter H. Raven
• Martin J. Rees
• Alexander Rich
• C. Rubin Vera
• Roald Z. Sagdeev
• Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo
• Michael Sela
• Maxine F. Singer
• Wolf J. Singer
• Richard Southwood
• Andrzej Szczeklik
• Walter E. Thirring
• Hans Tuppy
• Rafael Vicuña
• Robert J. White
• Edward Witten
• Ahmed H. Zewail
• Antonino Zichichi

Werner Arber (born June 3, 1929) is a Swiss microbiologist. ... Gary Stanley Becker (born December 2, 1930) is an American economist. ... Günter Blobel (born May 21, 1936) is a German biologist. ... Nicola Cabibbo is an Italian physicist, best known for work on the weak nuclear interaction. ... Map of human genetic diversity, from the dust jacket of The History and Geography of Human Genes, 1994 Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza (born January 25, 1922) is an Italian population geneticist born in Genoa, who has been a professor at Stanford University since 1970 (now emeritus). ... Professor Suzanne Cory, AC, FAA, FRS (born 11 March 1942) is an Australian biologist. ... Fr. ... Paul Germain (born in 1959) is an American animation screenwriter and producer. ... Stephen Hawking. ... Michael Heller, (birth: October 14, 1936 - USA) is a professor of philosophy at the Pontifical Academy of Theology in Cracow, Poland, and an adjunct member of the Vatican Observatory staff. ... Fotis C. Kafatos (born in Heraklion,Crete, Greece) is a prominent Greek biologist. ... Joshua Lederberg speaking at a conference in 1997 Joshua Lederberg (born May 23, 1925) is an American molecular biologist who is known for his work in genetics, artificial intelligence, and space exploration. ... U.S. government photo Tsung-Dao Lee (李政道 Pinyin: Lǐ Zhèngdào) (born November 24, 1926) is a Chinese American physicist who did work on high energy particle physics, symmetry principles, and statistical mechanics. ... Jean-Marie Lehn (born September 30, 1939) is a French chemist. ... Yuri Ivanovitch Manin (born 1937) is a Russian-born mathematician, known for work in algebraic geometry and diophantine geometry, and many expository works ranging from mathematical logic to theoretical physics. ... His Eminence Carlo Maria Cardinal Martini, S.J. (born 15 February 1927) is an Italian clergyman. ... Jürgen Mittelstraß (* Born October 11th 1936 in Düsseldorf/Germany) is a German philosopher especially interested in theory of science. ... Mario Molina (left) with Luis E. Miramontes Mario José Molina Henríquez (born March 19, 1943) was awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his role in elucidating the threat to the Earths ozone layer of chlorofluorocarbon gases (or CFCs). ... Marcos Moshinsky (born April 20, 1921) is a Mexican physicist of Ukrainian origin whose work in the field of elementary particles won him the Prince of Asturias Prize for Scientific and Technical Investigation in 1988. ... Ryoji Noyori (野依良治) (born September 3, 1938) won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2001. ... Crodowaldo Pavan (b. ... Dr. Frank Press (born December 4, 1924) is an American geophysicist. ... Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger (b. ... Peter H. Raven Botanist and environmentalist. ... Martin John Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow, PC, PRS (born 23 June 1942) is a British astronomer and astrophysicist. ... Alexander Rich, MD (American; born 1925) is a biologist and biophysicist. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Sir Richard Southwood, DL, FRS, is emeritus professor of the University of Oxfords department of zoology. ... Hans Tuppy (born 22 July 1924 in Vienna) is a biochemist who was minister for science and research in the Austrian government during the chancellorship of Franz Vranitzky, until 24. ... Robert J. White (born 1925) is a United States surgeon, best known for his successful head transplants on monkeys. ... Edward Witten (born August 26, 1951) is an American mathematical physicist, Fields Medalist, and professor at the Institute for Advanced Study. ... Ahmed Zewail Ahmed Hassan Zewail (Arabic: أحمد زويل) (born February 26, 1946) is an Egyptian American chemist, and the winner of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on femtochemistry. ... Antonino Zichichi is an Italian physicist who has worked in the field of nuclear physics. ...

Nobel Prize Members

During its various decades of activity, the Academy has had a number of Nobel Prize winners amongst its members, many of whom were appointed Academicians before they received this prestigious international award. These include: The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: ) are awards in Physics, Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physiology or Medicine and Economics. ...

Ernest Rutherford (Chemistry, 1908)

Guglielmo Marconi (Physics, 1909)

Alexis Carrel (Physiology, 1912)

Max von Laue (Physics, 1914)

Max Planck (Physics, 1918)

Niels Bohr (Physics, 1922)

Werner Heisenberg (Physics, 1932)

Paul Dirac (Physics, 1933)

Erwin Schrödinger (Physics, 1933)

Peter J.W. Debye (Chemistry, 1936)

Otto Hahn (Chemistry, 1944)

Sir Alexander Fleming (Physiology, 1945)

Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee (Physics, 1957)

Joshua Lederberg (Physiology, 1958)

Rudolf Mössbauer (Physics, 1961)

Max F. Perutz (Chemistry, 1962)

John Carew Eccles (Physiology, 1963)

Charles H. Townes (Physics, 1964)

Manfred Eigen and George Porter (Chemistry, 1967)

Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall W. Nirenberg (Physiology, 1968)

Christian de Duve (Physiology, 1974)

George Emil Palade (Physiology, 1974)

David Baltimore (Physiology, 1975)

Aage Bohr (Physics, 1975)

Abdus Salam (Physics, 1979)

Paul Berg (Chemistry, 1980)

Kai Siegbahn (Physics, 1981)

Sune Bergstrom (Physiology, 1982)

Carlo Rubbia (Physics, 1984)

Rita Levi-Montalcini (Physiology, 1986)

John C. Polanyi (Chemistry, 1986)

Jean-Marie Lehn (Chemistry, 1987)

Joseph E. Murray (Physiology, 1990)

Gary S. Becker (Economics, 1992)

Paul J. Crutzen and Mario J. Molina (Chemistry, 1995)

Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (Physics, 1997)

Ahmed H. Zewail (Chemistry, 1999)

Günter Blobel (Physiology, 1999)

Ryoji Noyori (Chemistry, 2001)

Other eminent Academicians include Padre Agostino Gemelli (1878-1959), founder of the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart and President of the Academy after its re-foundation until 1959, and Mons. Georges Lemaitre (1894-1966), one of the fathers of contemporary cosmology who held the office of President from 1960 to 1966, and Brazilian neuroscientist Carlos Chagas Filho. Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson OM PC FRS (30 August 1871 - 19 October 1937), widely referred to as Lord Rutherford, was a nuclear physicist who became known as the father of nuclear physics. ... Guglielmo Marconi, Marchese, GCVO (25 April 1874-20 July 1937) was an Italian inventor, best known for his development of a radiotelegraph system, which served as the foundation for the establishment of numerous affiliated companies worldwide. ... Alexis Carrel Alexis Carrel (June 28, 1873 – November 5, 1944) was a French surgeon and biologist. ... Max von Laue (October 9, 1879 - April 24, 1960) was a German physicist, who studied under Max Planck. ... Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (April 23, 1858 – October 4, 1947 in Göttingen, Germany) was a German physicist. ... Niels (Henrik David) Bohr (October 7, 1885 – November 18, 1962) was a Danish physicist who made fundamental contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1922. ... Werner Karl Heisenberg (December 5, 1901 – February 1, 1976) was a celebrated German physicist and Nobel laureate, one of the founders of quantum mechanics, and acknowledged to be one of the most important physicists of the twentieth century. ... Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, OM, FRS (IPA: [dɪræk]) (August 8, 1902 – October 20, 1984) was a British theoretical physicist and a founder of the field of quantum physics. ... Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger (August 12, 1887 – January 4, 1961) was an Austrian physicist who achieved fame for his contributions to quantum mechanics, especially the Schrödinger equation, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1933. ... Peter Joseph William Debye (March 24, 1884 - November 2, 1966) (born Petrus Josephus Wilhelmus Debije) was a Dutch physical chemist. ... Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner, 1913, at the KWI for Chemistry in Berlin Otto Hahn (March 8, 1879 – July 28, 1968) was a German chemist and received the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. ... Alexander Fleming Sir Alexander Fleming (August 6, 1881 - March 11, 1955) is famous as the discoverer of the antibiotic substance lysozyme and for isolating the antibiotic substance penicillin from the fungus Penicillium notatum. ... Zhen-Ning Franklin Yang (Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) (born 22 September[1], 1922) is a Chinese American physicist who worked on statistical mechanics and symmetry principles. ... U.S. government photo Tsung-Dao Lee (李政道 Pinyin: Lǐ Zhèngdào) (born November 24, 1926) is a Chinese American physicist who did work on high energy particle physics, symmetry principles, and statistical mechanics. ... Joshua Lederberg speaking at a conference in 1997 Joshua Lederberg (born May 23, 1925) is an American molecular biologist who is known for his work in genetics, artificial intelligence, and space exploration. ... Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer (born January 31, 1929) is a German physicist who studied gamma rays from nuclear transitions. ... Max Ferdinand Perutz (May 19, 1914 - February 6, 2002) was an Austrian molecular biologist. ... Sir John Carew Eccles (January 27, 1903 – May 2, 1997) was an Australian neurophysiologist who won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the synapse. ... Charles Hard Townes (born July 28, American physicist and educator. ... Manfred Eigen (born May 9, 1927, Bochum) is a German biophysicist and a former director of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen. ... The Right Honourable George Porter, Baron Porter of Luddenham, OM, FRS (6 December 1920–31 August 2002) was an English chemist. ... Har Gobind Khorana (born January 9, 1922) is of Punjabi origin, a Nobel Prize laureate and a molecular biologist. ... Marshall Nirenberg won a Nobel Prize in 1968 Marshall Warren Nirenberg (born April 10, 1927) was a U.S. biochemist and geneticist. ... Christian de Duve (born October 2, 1917) is a biochemist. ... Dr. Palade won the Nobel Prize in 1974. ... David Baltimore (b. ... Aage Niels Bohr (born in Copenhagen, Denmark on June 19, 1922) is the son of Margrethe and Niels Bohr. ... Abdus Salam at Nobel Prize ceremony with the King of Sweden Dr. Abdus Salam (Urdu: عبد السلام) (January 29, 1926 at Santokdas, Sahiwal in Punjab – 21 November 1996 in Oxford, England) was a Pakistani theoretical physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979 for his work in electroweak theory which... Paul Berg, born June 30, 1926 in Brooklyn, New York, USA, is an American biochemist and professor emeritus at Stanford University. ... Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn (born April 20, 1918) is a Swedish physicist. ... Sune Karl Bergström (January 10, 1916 - August 15, 2004) was a Swedish biochemist. ... Carlo Rubbia (born March 31, 1934) is an Italian physicist. ... Rita Levi Montalcini. ... John Charles Polanyi (born January 23, 1929) is a German/Canadian chemist. ... Jean-Marie Lehn (born September 30, 1939) is a French chemist. ... For the former commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, see Joseph Philip Robert Murray. ... Gary Stanley Becker (born December 2, 1930) is an American economist. ... Paul J. Crutzen (December 3rd, 1933 - ) is a Dutch nobel prize winning atmospheric chemist. ... Mario Molina (left) with Luis E. Miramontes Mario José Molina Henríquez (born March 19, 1943) was awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his role in elucidating the threat to the Earths ozone layer of chlorofluorocarbon gases (or CFCs). ... Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (born April 1, 1933) is a French physicist working at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, France, where he has also studied physics. ... Ahmed Zewail Ahmed Hassan Zewail (Arabic: أحمد زويل) (born February 26, 1946) is an Egyptian American chemist, and the winner of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on femtochemistry. ... Günter Blobel (born May 21, 1936) is a German biologist. ... Ryoji Noyori (野依良治) (born September 3, 1938) won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2001. ... Agostino Gemelli (1878-1959) was an Italian physician, Franciscan friar and psychologist who was also the founder and chancellor of Catholic University at Milan (Università cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano, literally Catholic University of the Sacred Heart at Milan) in 1921. ... Georges-Henri Lemaître (July 17, 1894 – June 20, 1966) was a Belgian Roman Catholic priest and astronomer. ... Carlos Chagas Filho (b. ...

Goals and Hopes of the Academy

The goals and hopes of the Academy were expressed by Pope Pius XI in the Motu Proprio which brought about its re-foundation in 1936: Pope Pius XI (Latin: ) (May 31, 1857 – February 10, 1939), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti, reigned as Pope from February 6, 1922 and sovereign of Vatican City from 1929 until his death on February 10, 1939. ...

"Amongst the many consolations with which divine Goodness has wished to make happy the years of our Pontificate, I am happy to place that of our having being able to see not a few of those who dedicate themselves to the studies of the sciences mature their attitude and their intellectual approach towards religion. Science, when it is real cognition, is never in contrast with the truth of the Christian faith. Indeed, as is well known to those who study the history of science, it must be recognized on the one hand that the Roman Pontiffs and the Catholic Church have always fostered the research of the learned in the experimental field as well, and on the other hand that such research has opened up the way to the defense of the deposit of supernatural truths entrusted to the Church....We promise again that it is our strongly-held intention, that the 'Pontifical Academicians' through their work and our Institution, work ever more and ever more effectively for the progress of the sciences. Of them we do not ask anything else, since in this praiseworthy intent and this noble work in that service in favor of the truth that we expect of them." (Pius XI)

Forty years later (10 November 1979), John Paul II once again emphasized the role and goals of the Academy, on the 100th anniversary (centenary) of the birth of Albert Einstein: Official papal image of John Paul II. His Holiness Pope John Paul II, né Karol Józef Wojtyła (born May 18, 1920 in Wadowice, Poland), is the current Pope — the Bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church. ... Albert Einstein( ) (March 14, 1879 – April 18, 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely considered to have been one of the greatest physicists of all time. ...

"...the existence of this Pontifical Academy of Sciences, of which in its ancient ancestry Galileo was a member and of which today eminent scientists are members, without any form of ethnic or religious discrimination, is a visible sign, raised amongst the peoples of the world, of the profound harmony that can exist between the truths of science and the truths of faith.....The Church of Rome together with all the Churches spread throughout the world, attributes a great importance to the function of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. The title of 'Pontifical' given to the Academy means, as you know, the interest and the commitment of the Church, in different forms from the ancient patronage, but no less profound and effective in character....How could the Church have lacked interest in the most noble of the occupations which are most strictly human -- the search for truth?"

"....Both believing scientists and non-believing scientists are involved in deciphering the palimpsest of nature which has been built in a rather complex way, where the traces of the different stages of the long evolution of the world have been covered over and mixed up. The believer, perhaps, has the advantage of knowing that the puzzle has a solution, that the underlying writing is in the final analysis the work of an intelligent being, and that thus the problem posed by nature has been posed to be solved and that its difficulty is without doubt proportionate to the present or future capacity of humanity. This, perhaps, will not give him new resources for the investigation engaged in. But it will contribute to maintaining him in that healthy optimism without which a sustained effort cannot be engaged in for long." (John Paul II)

At the time of the Pope's October 1996 Statement on Evolution to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 26 of the 80 members (nearly one-third) of the Academy were holders of the Nobel Prize. This article is about evolution in biology. ... The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: ) are awards in Physics, Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physiology or Medicine and Economics. ...

Source

Based on The Pontifical Academy of Sciences: A Historical Profile (in PDF)

External links

• The Pontifical Academy of Science -- The official Vatican site
• Message to the Pontifical Academy of Science on Evolution by Pope John Paul II, 22 October 1996
• History with some pictures