NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Pop rock

Pop rock is a hybrid of pop music and rock music that uses catchy pop style, with light lyrics over top of guitar-based songs. There are varying definitions of the term, ranging from it being classed as an "upbeat variety of rock music" to a subgenre of pop music. Scholars have noted that pop and rock are usually depicted as opposites; the detractors of pop often deride it as a slick, commercial product, whereas advocates of rock claim that rock music is a more authentic, sincere form of music. The term pop rock may also refer to: Pop Rocks, a carbonated candy Pop Rock (horse), a Japanese racehorse Category: ... This article is about the genre of popular music. ... This article is about the genre. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1958 to the end of 1974. ... For other uses, see Guitar (disambiguation). ... A sunburst-colored Fender Precision Bass The electric bass guitar (or electric bass[1][2]; pronounced , as in base) is a bass stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers (either by plucking, slapping, popping, or tapping) or using a pick. ... For other kinds of drums, see drum (disambiguation). ... In music a singer or vocalist is a type of musician who sings, i. ... An electronic keyboard. ... The term synthesiser is also used to mean frequency synthesiser, an electronic system found in communications. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the music genre. ... For other uses, see British Invasion (disambiguation). ... Glam rock (also known as glitter rock), is a rock music style that developed in the UK in the post-hippie early 1970s which was performed by singers and musicians wearing outrageous clothes, makeup, hairstyles, and platform-soled boots. ... New Wave was a music genre that existed during the late 1970s and the early-to-mid 1980s. ... In the early 1960s, one of the most popular forms of rock and roll was surf rock. ... Synthpop is a subgenre of New Wave in which the synthesizer is the dominant musical instrument. ... Look up emo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Popular culture, or pop culture, is the vernacular (peoples) culture that prevails in a modern society. ... This article is about the genre of popular music. ... This article is about the genre. ...

Definitions

The textbook American Popular Music defines pop rock as an "upbeat variety of rock music represented by artists such as Elton John, Paul McCartney, Rod Stewart, Chicago, and Peter Frampton."^[1] In contrast, music reviewer George Starostin defines it as a subgenre of pop music that uses catchy pop songs that are mostly guitar-based. Starostin argues that most of what is traditionally called 'power pop' falls into the pop rock subgenre. He claims that the lyrical content of pop rock is "normally secondary to the music." ^[2] This article is about the genre of popular music. ...

Critic Philip Auslander argues that the distinction between pop and rock is more pronounced in the US than in the UK. He claims in the US, pop has roots in white crooners such as Perry Como, whereas rock is rooted in African-American-influenced forms such as Rock and Roll. Auslander points out that the concept of pop rock, which blends pop and rock is at odds with the typical conception of pop and rock as opposites. Auslander and several other scholars such as Simon Frith and Grossberg argue that pop music is often depicted as an inauthentic, cynical, "slickly commercial" and formulaic form of entertainment. In contrast, rock music is often heralded as an authentic, sincere, and anti-commercial form of music, which emphasizes songwriting by the singers and bands, instrumental virtuosity, and a "real connection with the audience". ^[3] Pierino Ronald Como (May 18, 1912 â€“ May 12, 2001) was an American crooner. ... Simon Frith is a former rock critic and a sociologist who specializes in popular music culture, and the brother of guitarist Fred Frith and psychologist Chris Frith. ...

Simon Frith's analysis of the history of popular music from the 1950s to the 1980s has been criticized by B. J. Moore-Gilbert, who argues that Frith and other scholars have over-emphasized the role of "rock" in the history of popular music by naming every new genre using the "rock" suffix. Thus when a folk-oriented style of music developed in the 1960s, Frith terms it "folk rock", and the pop-infused styles of the 1970s were called "pop rock." Moore-Gilbert claims that this approach unfairly puts rock at the apex, and makes every other influence become an add-on to the central core of rock. ^[4]

Examples

The categorization of groups as "pop rock" is subjective, and music critics and journalists have differing opinions on which category a band should be placed in. Billboard magazine provides one perspective on how to categorize "pop rock" groups from the 1970s to the 2000s. Other perspectives from other magazines and individual music journalists and critics are also provided.

1970s

Billboard magazine considers the pop/rock performers or groups from this era to include The Jackson 5, Three Dog Night, Elton John, Diana Ross, Bee Gees, Fleetwood Mac, Donna Summer, Billy Joel, and Olivia Newton-John, among others.^[5] The Encyclopedia Britannica calls the Bee-Gees an "English-Australian pop-rock band that embodied the disco era of the late 1970s."^[6] A university course on the history of popular music claims that Three Dog Night were "one of the most popular bands of the late Sixties early Seventies; pop rock, singles-oriented sound with soul-influences". ^[7] It has been suggested that Billboard be merged into this article or section. ... The Jackson 5 (also spelled The Jackson Five or The Jackson 5ive, abbreviated as J5, and later known as The Jacksons) was an American popular music quintet (and briefly a sextet and quartet) from Gary, Indiana. ... Three Dog Night is an American rock band, best known for their music from 1968â€“1975 but still making live appearances as of 2008. ... Sir Elton Hercules[1] John CBE[2] (born Reginald Kenneth Dwight on 25 March 1947) is a five-time Grammy and one-time Academy Award-winning English pop/rock singer, composer and pianist. ... For the author-illustrator, see Diana Ross (author). ... The Bee Gees were a singing trio of brothers â€” Barry, Robin, and Maurice Gibb â€” that became one of the most successful musical acts of the 20th century. ... This article is about the band. ... Donna Summer (born LaDonna Adrian Gaines on December 31, 1948) is an American singer, songwriter, and artist, best known for a string of dance hits in the late 1970s that earned her the title Queen Of Disco and as one of the few disco-based artists to have longevity on... William Joseph Martin Billy Joel (born May 9, 1949) is an American pianist and singer-songwriter. ... Olivia Newton-John AO OBE (born 26 September 1948) is a Grammy Award-winning and Golden Globe-nominated English-born Australian pop singer, songwriter and actress. ... Three Dog Night is an American rock band, best known for their music from 1968â€“1975 but still making live appearances as of 2008. ...

1980s

From the perspective of Billboard magazine, the pop/rock performers or groups from the early 1980s include Queen, Daryl Hall and John Oates, Stevie Wonder, Michael Jackson, and Phil Collins.^[8] In 1980, with the demise of disco, the "music industry floundered in 1980 looking for something to fill the void" and help to boost falling sales. For a period, "easy listening" pop was the top seller. Music critic Michael Gross called it "commercial cotton candy": "Magic" by Olivia Newton-John; "Sailing" by Christopher Cross; "You've Lost That Lovin' Feeling" by Hall and Oates, and others. The "syrupy pop-rock of Air Supply" hits such as "All Out Of Love" "best exemplified the formula for chart success" during this period. ^[9] Look up Queen in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Hall & Oates is the popular music duo made up of Daryl Hall and John Oates. ... Stevie Wonder (born Steveland Hardaway Judkins on May 13, 1950, name later changed to Steveland Hardaway Morris)[1] is an American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and record producer. ... Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958), commonly known as MJ as well as the King of Pop, is an American musician, entertainer, and pop icon whose successful career and controversial personal life have been a part of pop culture for the last three decades. ... For other uses, see Phil Collins (disambiguation). ... This article is about the music genre. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Olivia Newton-John AO OBE (born 26 September 1948) is a Grammy Award-winning and Golden Globe-nominated English-born Australian pop singer, songwriter and actress. ... Christopher Cross (born Christopher Geppert, 3 May 1951, San Antonio, Texas) is an Oscar, Golden Globe and five-time Grammy winning, American singer-songwriter. ... Daryl Hall and John Oates. ... Air Supply is a duo of soft rock musicians who had a succession of hits worldwide through the late 1970s and early 1980s. ...

For the later part of the 1980s, Billboard claims that Bryan Adams, Billy Ocean, U2, Michael Jackson, Def Leppard, and Bon Jovi, among others, are "pop/rock" performers. Madonna was notable in that she was a prominent pop-rock artist during the entire decade. ^[10] For other persons of the same name, see Brian Adams. ... Billy Ocean (born Leslie Sebastian Charles, 21 January 1950, Fyzabad, Trinidad[1] [2]) is a UK-based popular music performer who had a string of rhythm and blues-tinged international pop hits in the 1970s and 1980s. ... This article is about the Irish rock band. ... Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958), commonly known as MJ as well as the King of Pop, is an American musician, entertainer, and pop icon whose successful career and controversial personal life have been a part of pop culture for the last three decades. ... Def Leppard are an English hard rock band from Sheffield who formed in 1977 as part of the New Wave of British Heavy Metal movement. ... Bon Jovi is a hard rock band originating from Sayreville, New Jersey. ... This article is about the American entertainer. ...

1990s

Billboard magazine considers the pop/rock performers or groups from the 1990s to include Janet Jackson, Mariah Carey, Boyz II Men, SWV (Sisters With Voices), Ace Of Base, Whitney Houston. For the later part of the decade, the magazine lists Mariah Carey, Toni Braxton, Gin Blossoms,R&B artists Monica and TLC, and hip-hop artists Puff Daddy, Dr. Dre, and Jay-Z. ^[11] This article is about the singer. ... This article is about the singer. ... Boyz II Men is an American R&B/soul singing group from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ... Ace of Base is a dance-pop band from Gothenburg, Sweden, comprised of Ulf Ekberg (Buddha) and siblings Jonas Berggren (Joker), Linn Berggren, and Jenny Berggren. ... Whitney Elizabeth Houston (born August 9, 1963) is a six-time Grammy award winning, American R&B singer, soprano, pianist, actress, film producer, and former model. ... This article is about the singer. ... This article is about the singer. ... This article is about the band Gin Blossoms; for the medical condition known by the term, see Rosacea. ... Monica Denise Arnold (born October 24, 1980), professionally known as Monica, is an American R&B singer, songwriter, and occasional actress. ... TLC was an American music group, whose repertoire spans R&B, hip hop and pop. ... Sean John Combs (born November 4, 1969 aka P. Diddy, Puff Daddy, Sean Puffy Combs) is an American record producer and CEO and founder of Bad Boy Entertainment, one of the driving forces in hip hop in the mid to late 1990s. ... For the New York radio and television presenter, see Doctor Dre. ... Jay-Z (aka the Jigga, HOV and Hova, born Shawn Carter on December 4, 1970 in Brooklyn, New York) is an African American rapper/hip hop artist and record label executive; one of the most popular and successful rappers of the late 1990s and early 2000s. ...

2000s

Billboard magazine considers the pop/rock performers or groups from this era to include singers such as Kelly Clarkson, Madonna, Christina Aguilera, and Nelly Furtado, pop punkers Blink-182, and ska rockers No Doubt. Other groups include U2, Backstreet Boys, Daughtry, Paramore,and Kutless among others. ^[12] | accessdate = 2006-12-22 }}</ref> Clarksons third album, entitled My December, was released on June 26, 2007. ... This article is about the American entertainer. ... This article is about the singer. ... Nelly Kim Furtado (born December 2, 1978) is a Grammy, Juno Award, ECHO and BRIT Award winning Canadian singer, songwriter, record producer, and instrumentalist, who also holds a Portuguese citizenship. ... Pop punk is used for two separate subgenres of punk rock music: the kind typically found on Lookout! Records, which stray very little from the three-chord formula that The Ramones pioneered, as well as a newer subgenre of melodic, more emotional punk, which includes by bands like NOFX and... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... For other uses, see No Doubt (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Irish rock band. ... This article is about the band. ... Daughtry may refer to: Daughtry (band), a post-grunge rock band Daughtry (album) self-titled debut album of the aforementioned artist Chris Daughtry, American Idol finalist and lead vocalist for DAUGHTRY Dean Daughtry, American keyboardist with the Atlanta Rhythm Section N. Leo Daughtry, American state senator from North Carolina (Republican... Paramore (pronounced Par-a-mour (IPA: )) is an American pop rock[3] band that formed in Franklin, Tennessee in 2005. ... Kutless is a Christian rock band from Portland, Oregon. ...

Further reading

References

External links

This article is about the genre of popular music. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Arabesk. ... Baroque pop as a style originated in the mid 1960s as the flipside of sunshine pop. ... Bubblegum pop (bubblegum rock, bubblegum music, youth music, or simply bubblegum) is a genre of pop music. ... Country Pop is a subgenre of country music that first emerged in the 1970s, with roots in both the countrypolitan sound and in soft rock. ... Futurepop is a recently-emerging electronic dance music genre, an outgrowth of electronic body music incorporating influences from synthpop (such as song structure and vocal style) and uplifting trance (grandiose and arpeggiated synthesizer melodies). ... Pop punk is used for two separate subgenres of punk rock music: the kind typically found on Lookout! Records, which stray very little from the three-chord formula that The Ramones pioneered, as well as a newer subgenre of melodic, more emotional punk, which includes by bands like NOFX and... Pop rap (sometimes referred to as hip pop) is the name given to a style of hip hop that has a strong pop music influences. ... Power pop is a long-standing musical genre that draws its inspiration from 1960s British and American pop music. ... Synthpop is a subgenre of New Wave in which the synthesizer is the dominant musical instrument. ... Electropop (also called Technopop) is a form of synth pop music that is made with synthesizers, and which first flourished from 1978 to 1981. ... Indie rock is a subgenre of rock music often used to refer to bands that are on small independent record labels or that arent on labels at all. ... Teen pop is a genre of music which is marketed, but not exclusively, to preteens and teenagers. ... Traditional pop or Classic pop or Standards music denotes, in general, Western (and particularly American) popular music that either wholly predates the advent of rock and roll in the mid-1950s, or to any popular music which exists concurrently to rock and roll but originated in a time before the... Sunshine pop, also known as sunshine rock, is a musical movement originating in California with its most famous exponents being The Beach Boys and The Mamas and the Papas. ... This article is about the Greek music-culture. ... Pop-folk is a music-genre consisting of both pop music and folk music. ... Manufactured music includes the following categories // A natural band is a band where all members knew each other and didnt audition any members, and got their recording contract purely through sending out demo tapes, spotted whilst busking or similar. ... YÃ©-yÃ© is a style of pop music, popular in France in the 1960s. ... For the musical term, see American pop. ... Arabic pop music or Arab pop is a subgenre of Pop music and Arabic music. ... C-pop is an abbreviation for Chinese pop. ... Cantopop (Chinese: ç²µèªžæµè¡Œæ›²) is a colloquial portmanteau for Cantonese popular music. It is also referred to as HK-pop, short for Hong Kong popular music. It is categorized as a subgenre of Chinese popular music within C-pop. ... Mandopop (traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a colloquial abbreviation for Mandarin popular music. It is also referred to as Mandapop. ... Europop refers to a style of pop music that developed in Europe throughout the 1970s which emphasized catchy beats, slick songs and frothy lyrics. ... Austropop is a musical movement, which started in Austria in the middle of the 1970s. ... Nederpop is a Dutch term that was invented by the mid-1970s to describe the pop music scene of the 1960s and 1970s that was gaining worldwide attention, exemplified by bands such as Shocking Blue, Golden Earring and Focus. ... Hong Kong English pop (Chinese: è‹±æ–‡æŒ) are songs sung in the English language in Hong Kong. ... Timeline and Samples Genres Classical (Carnatic and Hindustani) - Folk - Rock - Pop - Hip hop Awards Bollywood Music Awards - Punjabi Music Awards Charts Festivals Sangeet Natak Akademi â€“ Thyagaraja Aradhana â€“ Cleveland Thyagaraja Aradhana Media Sruti, The Music Magazine National anthem Jana Gana Mana, also national song Vande Mataram Music of the states Andaman... Timeline and Samples Genres Classical (Carnatic and Hindustani) - Folk - Rock - Pop - Hip hop Awards Bollywood Music Awards - Punjabi Music Awards Charts Festivals Sangeet Natak Akademi â€“ Thyagaraja Aradhana â€“ Cleveland Thyagaraja Aradhana Media Sruti, The Music Magazine National anthem Jana Gana Mana, also national song Vande Mataram Music of the states Andaman... J-pop is an abbreviation of Japanese pop. ... Picopop is a type of electronic music, similar to electropop, with origins in Japanese experimental bands. ... Shibuya at night Shibuya-kei (æ¸‹è°·ç³» Shibuya-style; also æ¸‹è°·ç³»ã‚µã‚¦ãƒ³ãƒ‰ Shibuya-kei sound) is a variety of Japanese pop music which combines elements of jazz, fusion, traditional music, and other styles. ... K-pop is an abbreviation for Korean popular music, specifically from South Korea (as there is practically no popular music industry in North Korea). ... Pakistanâ€™s first music channel, INDUS MUSIC (â€œIMâ€), is a milestone proving that Pakistani music has a lot to offer. ... -1... SFR Yugoslav Pop Rock scene was the pop and rock music scene of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFR Yugoslavia further in the text), a state that existed until 1991. ... Taiwanese pop is mandarin chinese pop music performed by Taiwanese singers. ... History (Timeline and Samples) Genres: Alternative - Classical - Dance - Folk - Hip hop - Jazz - Military - Ottoman - Opera - Pop - Religious - Rock Music awards Kral - MÃœ-YAP - MGD Charts Powerturk 40 - Kral 20 Annual festivals Istanbul International Music Festival - Istanbul International Jazz Festival - Ankara IMF - Izmir European Jazz Festival - Aspendos International Opera and Ballet... Boyband redirects here. ... The Supremes A Go-Go (1966) was the first album by a female group to reach the top position of the Billboard magazine pop albums chart in the United States. ... For the British television series, see Pop Idol. ... For the music genre, see Pop music. ... Popular culture, or pop culture, is the vernacular (peoples) culture that prevails in a modern society. ... Arena rock, also called stadium rock or anthem rock, is a loosely-defined term describing a rock era. ... Baroque pop as a style originated in the mid 1960s as the flipside of sunshine pop. ... For other uses, see British Invasion (disambiguation). ... Bubblegum pop (bubblegum rock, bubblegum music, youth music, or simply bubblegum) is a genre of pop music. ... Look up emo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Glam metal is a sub-genre of heavy metal music that arose in the late 1970s - early 1980s in the United States. ... Glam punk is glam rock and punk rock music. ... Glam rock (also known as glitter rock), is a rock music style that developed in the UK in the post-hippie early 1970s which was performed by singers and musicians wearing outrageous clothes, makeup, hairstyles, and platform-soled boots. ... Indie rock is a subgenre of rock music often used to refer to bands that are on small independent record labels or that arent on labels at all. ... New Wave was a music genre that existed during the late 1970s and the early-to-mid 1980s. ... Piano rock, sometimes referred to as piano pop, is a term for a style of rock music that is based around the piano, and sometimes around piano-related instruments, such as the Fender Rhodes, the Wurlitzer electric piano, and keyboard-based synthesizers, rather than the guitar as is the case... Power pop is a long-standing musical genre that draws its inspiration from 1960s British and American pop music. ... Pop punk is used for two separate subgenres of punk rock music: the kind typically found on Lookout! Records, which stray very little from the three-chord formula that The Ramones pioneered, as well as a newer subgenre of melodic, more emotional punk, which includes by bands like NOFX and... Soft rock, also referred to as light rock or easy rock, is a style of music which uses the techniques of rock and roll to compose a softer, supposedly more ear-pleasing sound for listening, often at work or when driving. ... Sunshine pop, also known as sunshine rock, is a musical movement originating in California with its most famous exponents being The Beach Boys and The Mamas and the Papas. ... In the early 1960s, one of the most popular forms of rock and roll was surf rock. ... Synthpop is a subgenre of New Wave in which the synthesizer is the dominant musical instrument. ... Defining characteristics of synthpunk (also known as synth-punk) bands include being founded at the same time (late 1970s) and place (California) as many US punk bands, performing with those same punk bands, in those same punk clubs, with records released on those same punk labels, preferring electronic instruments such... This article is about the genre. ... Alternative music redirects here. ... Genres: Alternative - Classical - Dance - Folk - Hip hop - Jazz - Military - Ottoman - Opera - Pop - Religious - Rock Awards Kral MV, MÃœ-YAP, MGD Charts Billboard Charts Music Festivals Istanbul International Music Festival, Istanbul International Jazz Festival, Izmir European Jazz Festival, Aspendos International Opera and Ballet Festival Media Rolling Stone (TÃ¼rkiye), MTV (T... Arena rock, also called stadium rock or anthem rock, is a loosely-defined term describing a rock era. ... Art rock is a term used to describe a subgenre of rock music with experimental or avant-garde influences that emphasizes novel sonic texture. ... It has been suggested that Merseybeat be merged into this article or section. ... Blues Rock or Blues-rock is a fusion genre of music which combines elements of the blues with rock and roll. ... Boogaloo (shing-a-ling, popcorn music) is a genre of Latin music and dance that was very popular in the United States in the late 1960s. ... For other uses, see British Invasion (disambiguation). ... The Canterbury Scene (or Canterbury Sound) is a term used to loosely describe the group of progressive rock musicians that were based around the city of Canterbury, Kent, England during the late 1960s and early 1970s. ... Christian rock (occasionally abbreviated CR) is a form of rock music played by bands whose members are Christian and who often focus the lyrics on matters concerned with the Christian faith. ... Comedy rock is a term used to describe rock music that mixes the music with general comedy. ... For the geological term, see Country rock (geology). ... Bob Dylans folk-rock album, Blonde on Blonde Folk-rock is a musical genre, combining elements of folk music and rock music. ... Frat rock was an early influential American subgenre of rock and roll / roots rock. ... Garage rock is a raw form of rock and roll that was first popular in the United States and Canada from about 1963 to 1967. ... Glam rock (also known as glitter rock), is a rock music style that developed in the UK in the post-hippie early 1970s which was performed by singers and musicians wearing outrageous clothes, makeup, hairstyles, and platform-soled boots. ... Hard Rock redirects here. ... Heavy metal redirects here. ... Instrumental rock and roll is a type of rock and roll music which emphasises musical instruments, and which features no or very little singing. ... The term jam band is commonly used to describe psychedelic rock-influenced bands whose concerts largely consist of bands reinterpreting their songs as springboards into extended improvisational pieces of music. ... Jangle pop is a musical genre that began in United States during the middle of the 1960s, combining angular, chiming guitars and power pop structures. ... Krautrock, also known as Kosmische Musik, is a generic name for the experimental music scene that appeared in Germany in the late 1960s and gained popularity throughout the 1970s. ... Power pop is a long-standing musical genre that draws its inspiration from 1960s British and American pop music. ... For the Swedish political music movement, see progg. ... Psychedelic rock is a style of rock music that attempts to replicate the mind-altering experiences of hallucinogenic drugs. ... Pub rock was a mid- to late-1970s musical movement, largely centred around North London and South East Essex, particularly Canvey Island and Southend on Sea. ... Pub rock is a style of Australian rock and roll popular throughout the 1970s and 1980s, and still influencing contemporary Australian music today. ... Punk rock is an anti-establishment music movement beginning around 1976 (although precursors can be found several years earlier), exemplified and popularised by The Ramones, the Sex Pistols, The Clash and The Damned. ... Rap rock is a hybrid of rap and rock music. ... Rockabilly is one of the earliest styles of rock and roll music, and emerged in the early-1950s. ... Rock and roll (also spelled Rock n Roll, especially in its first decade), also called rock, is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles. ... Samba-rock - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... Soft rock, also referred to as light rock or easy rock, is a style of music which uses the techniques of rock and roll to compose a softer, supposedly more ear-pleasing sound for listening, often at work or when driving. ... Southern rock is a subgenre of rock music. ... Stoner rock and stoner metal are interchangeable terms describing sub-genres of rock and metal music. ... In the early 1960s, one of the most popular forms of rock and roll was surf rock. ... This is a list of music genres derived from rock and roll, including major rock, metal and punk genres: Categories: | ... The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame at sunset. ... The massive popularity and worldwide scope of rock and roll resulted in an unprecedented level of social impact. ...

Contents

Definitions GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");