NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Pope Innocent X

Pope Innocent X (May 6, 1574 – January 7, 1655), born Giovanni Battista Pamphilj (or Pamphili), was Pope from 1644 to 1655^[1]. Born in Rome of a family from Gubbio in Umbria who had come to Rome during the pontificate of Pope Innocent IX, he graduated from the Collegio Romano and followed a conventional cursus honorum, following his uncle Girolamo Pamphilj as auditor of the Rota, and like him, attaining the dignity of cardinal, in 1629. Trained as a lawyer, a member of the congregations of the Council of Trent and the Roman Inquisition, he succeeded Pope Urban VIII (1623–44) on September 15, 1644, as one of the most politically shrewd pontiffs of the era, who much increased the temporal power of the Vatican. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 498 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (2024 Ã— 2434 pixel, file size: 448 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... September 15 is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ... January 7 is the 7th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events March 25 - Saturns largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christian Huygens. ... Pope Urban VIII (April 1568 â€“ July 29, 1644), born Maffeo Barberini, was Pope from 1623 to 1644. ... Alexander VII, nÃ© Fabio Chigi (February 13, 1599 â€“ May 22, 1667) was Pope from April 7, 1655 until his death in 1667. ... May 6 is the 126th day of the year (127th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1574 was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area - City 1,285 kmÂ² (580 sq mi) - Urban 5... January 7 is the 7th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events March 25 - Saturns largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christian Huygens. ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area - City 1,285 kmÂ² (580 sq mi) - Urban 5... There have been thirteen popes named Innocent. ... May 6 is the 126th day of the year (127th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1574 was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... January 7 is the 7th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events March 25 - Saturns largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christian Huygens. ... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Wycliffe Tyndale Â· Luther Â· Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Pope Â· Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box: The Pope of Rome... // Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ... Events March 25 - Saturns largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christian Huygens. ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area - City 1,285 kmÂ² (580 sq mi) - Urban 5... Gubbio is a town and comune in the far northeastern part of the Italian province of Perugia, (Umbria), . At 522 m (1713 ft) above sea-level, it clings to the first slope of Mt. ... Umbria is a region of central Italy, bordered by Tuscany to the west, the Marche to the east and Lazio to the south. ... Pope Innocent IX (July 20, 1519 â€“ December 30, 1591), born Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti, who was born to a modest working family in the mountainous comune of Cravegna, in the diocese of Novara, northern Italy, was a Canon Lawyer, diplomat, and chief administrator during the reign of Pope Gregory XIV (1590... The North American College at the Gregorian The Pontifical Gregorian University is a Roman Catholic theological seminary in Rome. ... Ordinary Magistrates Extraordinary Magistrates Titles and Honors Emperor Politics and Law The cursus honorum (Latin: course of honour) was the sequential order of public offices held by aspiring politicians in both the Roman Republic and the early Empire. ... A cardinal is an official of the second-highest rank of the Roman Catholic Church, inferior in rank only to the Pope. ... Events March 4 - Massachusetts Bay Colony is granted a Royal charter. ... A lawyer, according to Blacks Law Dictionary, is a person learned in the law; as an attorney, counsel or solicitor; a person licensed to practice law. ... The Council of Trent is the Nineteenth Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. ... The Roman Inquisition began in 1542 when Pope Paul III established the Holy Office as the final court of appeal in trials of heresy and served as an important part of the Counter-Reformation. ... Pope Urban VIII (April 1568 â€“ July 29, 1644), born Maffeo Barberini, was Pope from 1623 to 1644. ... September 15 is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Papal nuncio

Pope Gregory XV (1621–23) sent him as nuncio to the court of Naples. Urban VIII sent him to accompany his nephew, Francesco Barberini, whom he had accredited as nuncio, first in France and then in Spain, where Pamphilj had the firsthand opportunities of forming an intense animosity towards Barberini. In reward of his labors, Giovanni Battista was made apostolic nuncio at the court of Philip IV of Spain (1621–65). Gregory XV, born Alessandro Ludovisi (January 9, 1554 â€“ July 8, 1623), Pope (1621-1623), born at Bologna, succeeded Paul V on February 9, 1621. ... Nuncio is an ecclesiastical diplomatic title, derived from the ancient Latin Nuntius, meaning any envoy. ... â€œNapoliâ€ redirects here. ... Urban VIII, né Maffeo Barberini (April 1568 - July 29, 1644) was pope from 1623-1644. ... Nuncio is an ecclesiastical diplomatic title, derived from the ancient Latin Nuntius, meaning any envoy. ... Philip IV (), (April 8, 1605 â€“ September 17, 1665) was King of Spain from 1621 to 1665 and also King of Portugal until 1640. ...

Papacy

Election

The conclave for the election of a successor to Urban VIII was long and stormy, lasting from August 9 to September 15, 1644. The French faction objected to the Spanish candidate, as an enemy of Jules Cardinal Mazarin – who guided French policy – but found Pamphilj an acceptable compromise, though he had served as legate to Spain. Mazarin himself, bearing the French veto of Cardinal Pamphilj, arrived too late, and the election was accomplished [1]. Image File history File links Innocenzo_X.jpg http://www. ... Image File history File links Innocenzo_X.jpg http://www. ... conÂ·clave (knklv, kng-) n. ... Jules Mazarin, French diplomat and statesman, by Pierre-Louis Bouchart. ...

Relations with France

Soon after his accession, Innocent X (as he chose to be called) initiated legal action against the Barberini for misappropriation of public funds, an easily demonstrated crime in 17th-century courts anywhere. Antonio and Francesco Barberini fled to Paris, where they found a powerful protector in Mazarin. Innocent X confiscated their property, and on February 19, 1646, issued a bull ordaining that all cardinals who might leave the Papal States for six months without express papal permission, should be deprived of their benefices and eventually of their cardinalate itself. The French parliament declared the papal ordinance void in France, but Innocent X did not yield until Mazarin prepared to send troops to Italy. Henceforth the papal policy towards France became more friendly, and somewhat later the Barberini were rehabilitated. The Barberini family was a powerful Italian family, originally of Tuscan extraction, who settled in Florence during the early part of the eleventh century. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700 in the Gregorian calendar. ... February 19 is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1646 (MDCXLVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Papal bull of Pope Urban VIII, 1637, sealed with a leaden bulla. ... Coat of arms Map of the Papal States; the reddish area was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy in 1860, the rest (grey) in 1870. ... Originally a benefice was a gift of land for life as a reward (Latin beneficium, means to do well) for services rendered. ...

Relations with Parma

The death of Pope Urban VIII is said to have been hastened by chagrin at the result of the First War of Castro, a war he had undertaken against Odoardo Farnese, the Duke of Parma. Hostilities between the papacy and the Duchy of Parma resumed in 1649, and forces loyal to Pope Innocent X destroyed the city of Castro on September 2, 1649. Pope Innocent X, on whose orders the city of Castro was destroyed on September 2, 1649. ... Odoardo Farnese (1573-1626), Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in Italy. ... The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, as a fief for Pope Paul IIIs illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese, centered around the city of Parma. ... The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, as a fief for Pope Paul IIIs illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese, centered around the city of Parma. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... Castro was an ancient city, believed to have been originally founded by the Latins, on the west side of Lake Bolsena in present-day Italy. ... September 2 is the 245th day of the year (246th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ...

Peace of Westphalia

Innocent X objected to the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia, against which his nuncio in his name vainly protested, and against which he issued the bull Zelo Domus Dei in November 1648, which was ignored by the European Powers. The most important of his doctrinal decisions was his condemnation of five disputed Jansenist propositions, May 31, 1653. Ratification of the Treaty of MÃ¼nster The Peace of Westphalia refers to the pair of treaties (the Treaty of MÃ¼nster and the Treaty of OsnabrÃ¼ck) signed in October and May 1648 which ended both the Thirty Years War and the Eighty Years War. ... Nuncio is an ecclesiastical diplomatic title, derived from the ancient Latin Nuntius, meaning any envoy. ... 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Jansenism was a branch of Catholic thought tracing itself back to Cornelius Otto Jansen (1585 â€“ 1638), a Flemish theologian. ... May 31 is the 151st day of the year (152nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events February 2 - New Amsterdam (later renamed New York City) is incorporated. ...

English Civil War

During the Civil War (1642–49) in England and Ireland, Innocent X strongly supported the independent Confederate Ireland, over the objections of Mazarin and the Queen Mother, Henrietta Maria, exiled in Paris. The Pope sent as nuncio extraordinary to Ireland, Giovanni Battista Rinuccini, archbishop of Fermo, who arrived at Kilkenny with a large quantity of arms and military supplies including twenty thousand pounds of gunpowder with a very large sum of money.^[2] At Kilkenny Rinuccini was received with great honours, asserting in his Latin declaration that the object of his mission was to sustain the King, but above all to rescue from pains and penalties the Catholic people of Ireland in securing the free and public exercise of the Catholic religion, and the restoration of the churches and church property. But in the end Oliver Cromwell restored Ireland to the Parliamentarian side, with great bloodshed, and Rinuccini returned to Rome in 1649, after four fruitless years. The English Civil War consisted of a series of armed conflicts and political machinations that took place between Parliamentarians (known as Roundheads) and Royalists (known as Cavaliers) between 1642 and 1651. ... Kilkenny Castle, where the Confederate General Assembly met. ... Henrietta Maria Henrietta Maria (November 25, 1609 - September 10, 1669) was Queen Consort of England, Scotland and Ireland (June 13, 1625 - January 30, 1649) through her marriage to Charles I. The U.S. state of Maryland (in Latin, Terra Maria) was so named in her honour by Cæcilius Calvert... Giovanni Battista Rinuccini (1592-1653) was a Roman Catholic Archbishop in the mid seventeenth century. ... Oliver Cromwell (April 25, 1599â€“September 3, 1658) was an English military and political leader best known for making England a republic and leading the Commonwealth of England. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ...

Olympia Maidalchini

Olympia Maidalchini, who had been married to his late brother, was accounted Innocent X's mistress because her influence with him in matters of promotion and politics were so complete, a state of affairs alluded to in the Encyclopaedia Britannia 9th edition (1880):

St. ... St. ... Archangels are superior or higher-ranking angels. ... Guido Renis archangel Michael (in the Capuchin church of Sta. ... For other uses, see Satan (disambiguation). ...

Death and legacy

A measure of the rivalry between two arriviste papal families, the Barberini and the Pamphilj, can be judged from Guido Reni's painting of the Archangel Michael, trampling Satan in which the features of the Pamphilj are immediately recognized. The less-than-subtle political statement still hangs in a side chapel of the Capuchin friars' Church of the Conception (Santa Maria della Concezione) in Rome. During the papacy of Pope Urban VIII, whose princely rival among the College of Cardinals was Giovanni Battista Pamphilj. Antonio Barberini, the Pope's brother, was a Cardinal who had begun his career with the Capuchin brothers. About 1635, at the height of the Thirty Years' War in Germany, in which the Papacy was intricately involved, Cardinal Antonio commissioned a painting of the combative archangel Michael, trampling Satan (the source of heresy and error) for the church of his old Order. The Barberini family was a powerful Italian family, originally of Tuscan extraction, who settled in Florence during the early part of the eleventh century. ... The Pamphili (often with the final long i orthography, Pamphilj) are one of the Papal families deeply entrenched in Roman politics of the 16th and 17th centuries. ... Autoportrait Abduction of Deianira, 1620-21 Guido Reni (November 4, 1575, Calvenzano di Vergato, near Bologna - August 18, 1642, Bologna) was a prominent Italian painter of high-Baroque style. ... Guido Renis archangel Michael (in the Capuchin church of Sta. ... For other uses, see Satan (disambiguation). ... The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (OFM Cap) is an order of friars in the Roman Catholic Church, the chief and only permanent offshoot of the Franciscans. ... Front second ossuarys chaptel. ... Pope Urban VIII (April 1568 â€“ July 29, 1644), born Maffeo Barberini, was Pope from 1623 to 1644. ... The Sacred College of Cardinals is the body of all Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church established by Pope St. ... Events February 10 - The AcadÃ©mie franÃ§aise in Paris is expanded to become a national academy for the artistic elite. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The use of the term heresy in the context of Christianity is less common today, with some notable exceptions: see for example Rudolf Bultmann and the character of debates over ordination of women and gay priests. ...

The legend that the high-living patrician painter Guido Reni, whose personal dash was at least as great as his brilliant drawing and brushwork, had been insulted by rumors circulated, he thought, by Cardinal Pamphilj, serves to place on the painter's shoulders the vengeful act that could not have been overlooked – or discouraged – by his Barberini patron. Though when a few years later Pamphilj was raised to the Papacy, Antonio Barberini fled to France on the embezzlement charges that have been mentioned, the Capuchins held fast to their chapel altarpiece. Autoportrait Abduction of Deianira, 1620-21 Guido Reni (November 4, 1575, Calvenzano di Vergato, near Bologna - August 18, 1642, Bologna) was a prominent Italian painter of high-Baroque style. ...

In 1650, Innocent X celebrated a Jubilee. He embellished Rome with inlaid floors and Bas-relief in Saint Peter's, erected Bernini's Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi in Piazza Navona, the Pamphilj stronghold in Rome, and ordered the construction of Palazzo Nuovo at the Campidoglio. Year 1650 (MDCL) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... The concept of the Jubilee is a special year of remission of sins and universal pardon. ... Bas relief is a method of sculpting which entails carving or etching away the surface of a flat piece of stone or metal. ... Interior view, with the nave of the Cattedra in the back St. ... Detail of the Fountain of the Four Rivers The Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi or The Fountain of the Four Rivers, erected in 1651 in the central Roman Piazza Navona, is considered a masterpiece of public sculpture by Gianlorenzo Bernini. ... Fountain of the four Rivers with Egyptian obelisk, in the middle of Piazza Navona Piazza Navona is a square in Rome. ... The Capitoline Hill (Capitolinus Mons), between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the most famous and smallest of the seven hills of Rome. ... The Capitoline Hill (Capitolinus Mons), between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the famous seven hills of Rome, the site of a temple for the Capitoline Triad: the gods Jupiter, his wife Juno and their daughter Minerva. ...

Innocent X is also the subject of a famous portrait by Diego Velázquez, housed in the family gallery of Palazzo Doria (Galleria Doria Pamphilj). This portrait inspired the 'Screaming Pope' paintings by 20th century painter Francis Bacon. Diego RodrÃguez de Silva y VelÃ¡zquez (June 6, 1599 â€“ August 6, 1660), commonly referred to as Diego VelÃ¡zquez, was a Spanish painter, the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV. He was an individualistic artist of the contemporary baroque period, important as a portrait artist. ... 1650 portrait of Pope Innocent X, a member of the Pamphilj family, whose portrait by Velázquez is in the Doria Pamphilj collection The Doria Pamphilj Gallery, in Rome is a large privately owned art collection housed in the Palazzo Doria Pamphilj. ... Francis Bacon (28 October 1909 â€“ 28 April 1992) was an English figurative painter. ...

Innocent X died January 7, 1655, and was succeeded by Pope Alexander VII. January 7 is the 7th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events March 25 - Saturns largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christian Huygens. ... Alexander VII, nÃ© Fabio Chigi (February 13, 1599 â€“ May 22, 1667) was Pope from April 7, 1655 until his death in 1667. ...

See also

The Portrait of Pope Innocent X is the famous portrait by the Spanish painter Diego VelÃ¡zquez, which he finished during a trip to Italy around 1650. ...

External links

References

Giovanni Battista Rinuccini (1592-1653) was a Roman Catholic Archbishop in the mid seventeenth century. ...

Categories: 1574 births | 1655 deaths | Popes | Italian popes | Diplomats of the Holy See | People from Rome (city) The Latin Patriarch of Antioch was an office established in the aftermath of the First Crusade by Bohemund, the first Prince of Antioch. ... Pope Urban VIII (April 1568 â€“ July 29, 1644), born Maffeo Barberini, was Pope from 1623 to 1644. ... Popes buried in St. ... Alexander VII, nÃ© Fabio Chigi (February 13, 1599 â€“ May 22, 1667) was Pope from April 7, 1655 until his death in 1667. ... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Wycliffe Tyndale Â· Luther Â· Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Pope Â· Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box: The Pope of Rome... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Wycliffe Tyndale Â· Luther Â· Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Pope Â· Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box: The Roman Catholic Church... Image File history File links Emblem_of_the_Papacy. ... Saint Peter, also known as Shimon Keipha Ben-Yonah/Bar-Yonah, Simon Peter, Cephas and Keipha â€” original name Shimon or Simeon (Acts 15:14) â€” was one of the Twelve Apostles whom Jesus chose as his original disciples. ... Pope Saint Linus (d. ... Anacletus, or Anencletus, was the third pope (after St Peter and St Linus). ... 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Saint Gregory II, pope from 715 or 716 to February 11, 731, succeeded Pope Constantine, his election being variously dated May 19, 715, and March 21, 716. ... Pope Gregory III, pope (731-741), a Syrian by birth, succeeded Gregory II in March 731. ... Pope Zachary (in Greek : Zacharias), pope (741-752), from a Greek family of Calabria, appears to have been on intimate terms with Gregory III, whom he succeeded (November 741). ... Stephen, elected pope in March of 752 to succeed Pope Zacharias, died of apoplexy three days later, before being consecrated. ... Paul I was Pope from May 29, 757- June 28, 767. ... Stephen III (d. ... Adrian, or Hadrian I, (died December 25, 795) was pope from 772 to 795. ... Leo III (died June 12, 816) was Pope from 795 to 816. ... Stephen IV, (720 â€“ January 24, 772), pope August 1, 768 â€“ January 24, 772, was a native of Sicily. ... Saint Paschal I was pope from 817 to February 11, 824. ... Eugene II, (or Eugenius), pope (824-827) was a native of Rome and was chosen to succeed Paschal I. Another candidate, Zinzinnus, was proposed by the plebeian faction, and the presence of Lothar, son of the Frankish emperor Louis the Pious was necessary in order to maintain the authority of... Valentinus, or Valentine, pope for thirty or forty days in 827, was a Roman by birth, and, according to the Liber Pontificalis, was first made a deacon by Paschal I (817-824). ... Gregory IV, pope (827-844), was chosen to succeed Valentinus in December 827, on which occasion he recognized the supremacy of the Frankish emperor Louis the Pious in the most unequivocal manner. ... Sergius II, was Pope from 844-847. ... Leo IV, pope from 847 to 855, was a Roman by birth, and was unanimously chosen to succeed Sergius II. His pontificate was chiefly distinguished by his efforts to repair the damage done by the Saracens during the reign of his predecessor to various churches of the city, especially those... Benedict III was Pope from 855 to 7 April 858. ... Nicholas I,(Rome c. ... Adrian II (also known as Hadrian II), (792â€“872), pope from 867 to 872, was a member of a noble Roman family, and became pope in 867, at an advanced age. ... John VIII was pope from 872 to 882. ... Marinus I (or Martin II), Pope between December 16, 882- May 15, 884. ... Adrian III (also known as Hadrian III) was Pope from May 17, 884 to September, 885. ... Stephen V, Pope from June 816-January 817, succeeded Leo III, whose policy he continued. ... Jean-Paul Laurens, Le Pape Formose et Etienne VII (1870). ... Boniface VI, pope, a native of Rome, was elected in April 896 as a result of riots soon after the death of Pope Formosus. ... Stephen VI, pope (885-891), succeeded Pope Adrian III, and was in turn succeeded by Pope Formosus. ... Romanus was Pope from August to November 897. ... Theodore II was the son of Photius. ... John IX, Pope from 898 to 900, not only confirmed the judgment of his predecessor Pope Theodore II (897) in granting Christian burial to Pope Formosus (891â€“896), but at a council held at Ravenna decreed that the records of the synod which had condemned him should be burned. ... Benedict IV was pope from ca. ... Leo V, a native of Ardea, was Pope for some thirty days in 903 after the death of Pope Benedict IV (900â€“903). ... Pope Sergius III, scion of Benedictus, of a noble Roman family, reigned in two intervals between 897 and April 14, 911, during a period of feudal violence and disorder in central Italy, where the Papacy was a pawn of warring aristocratic factions. ... Anastasius III (died November 913) was Pope from September 911 to November 913, was a Roman by birth. ... Pope Lando was elected pope in either July or August of 913, and was therefore Bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church. ... John X, Pope from 914 to 928, was deacon at Bologna when he attracted the attention of Theodora, the wife of Theophylact, Count of Tusculum, the most powerful noble in Rome, through whose influence he was elevated first to the see of Bologna and then to the archbishopric of Ravenna. ... The Roman Leo VI succeeded John X as pope in 928, and reigned seven months and a few days -- the exact dates are not known. ... Stephen VII, was Pope from May 896 to July or August 897. ... John XI (910?â€“936) was a pope from 931 to 936. ... Leo VII (died July 13, 939), Pope from January 3, 936 until his death in 939, was preceded by Pope John XI (931â€“935), and followed by Pope Stephen VIII (939â€“942). ... Stephen VII (VIII), pope (December, 928-931). ... Marinus II (Martin III), born in Rome, was Pope from 942 to 946. ... Agapetus II (died November 8, 955) was Pope from May 10, 946 until his death in 955, at the time when Alberic, son of Marozia, was governing the independent republic of Rome under the title of prince and senator of the Romans. ... John XII (born in Rome circa 937, died May 14, 964), was Pope from 955 to 963, was the son of Alberic II, whom he succeeded as patrician of Rome in 954, being then only eighteen years of age. ... Leo VIII (died 965), Pope from 963 to 964, a Roman by birth, held the lay office of protoserinus when he was elected to the papal chair at the instance of Otto the Great, by the Roman synod which deposed John XII in December 963. ... Benedict V (born in Rome; died July 4, 965), Pope (22 May 964 - 23 June 964), was elected by the Romans on the death of John XII. However the Roman emperor Otto I did not approve of the choice and had him deposed after only a month, and the ex... John XIII of Crescenzi family (born in Rome; died September 6, 972) served as Pope from October 1, 965 until his death. ... Benedict VI, Pope (born in Rome, 972 - 974), was chosen with great ceremony and installed as pope under the protection of the Emperor Otto the Great. ... Benedict VII (born in Rome, the son of David, and previously Bishop of Sutri; died 983) belonged to the noble family of the counts of Tusculum. ... John XIV (died August 20, 984), Pope from 983 to 984, successor to Benedict VII, was born at Pavia, and before his elevation to the papal chair was imperial chancellor of Otto II, and was the latters second choice. ... John XV, pope from 984 to 996, generally recognized as the successor of Boniface VII, the pope John who was said to have ruled for four months after John XIV, being now omitted by the best authorities. ... Gregory V, nÃ© Bruno ( 972 â€“ February 18, 999), Pope from May 3, 996 to February 18, 999, son of the Salian Otto I, Duke of Carinthia, who was a grandson of the Emperor Otto I the Great (936â€“973). ... Sylvester II, or Silvester II (c. ... John XVII, né Sicco (died November 6, 1003), was a native of Rome who succeeded Silvester II as pope on June 13, 1003, but died less than five months later. ... John XVIII, born Fasanius (died June 1009), the son of a Roman priest named Leo, was pope from 1003 to 1009, was, during his whole pontificate, the mere creature of the current head of the Crescentii clan who controlled Rome, the patricius (an aristocratic military leader) Johannes Crescentius III. The... Sergius IV, nÃ© Pietro Boccapecora (born in Rome, died May 12, 1012) was pope from July 31, 1009 until his death. ... Benedict VIII, nÃ© Theophylactus (born in Rome, died April 9, 1024), pope (1012-1024), of the noble family of the counts of Tusculum (son of Gregory, Count of Tusculum, and Maria, and brother of John XIX), descended from Theophylact, Count of Tusculum like his predecessor Benedict VI, was opposed by... John XIX (born in Rome, died October 1032), born Romanus, was Pope from 1024 to 1032. ... Benedict IX, nÃ© Theophylactus (Rome, c. ... Silvester III (or Sylvester), nÃ© John (born in Rome; probably died in 1062 or 1063); was pope in 1045. ... Benedict IX, nÃ© Theophylactus (Rome, c. ... For the antipope of the same name, see antipope Gregory VI Gregory VI, nÃ© John Gratian, date of birth unknown; elected 1 May 1045; abdicated at the Council of Sutri on 20 December 1046; died probably at Cologne, in the beginning of 1048. ... Clement II, nÃ© Suidger of Morsleben (born Hornburg, Lower Saxony, Germany, 1005 â€“ died October 9, 1047), Pope from December 25, 1046 to October 9, 1047). ... Benedict IX, nÃ© Theophylactus (Rome, c. ... Damasus II (died August 9, 1048), born Poppo, Pope from July 17, 1048 to August 9, 1048, was the second of the German pontiffs nominated by Emperor Henry III (1039â€“56). ... Leo IX, born Bruno of Eguisheim-Dagsburg (June 21, 1002 â€“ April 19, 1054) was Pope from February 12, 1049 to his death. ... Victor II (c. ... Pope Stephen IX, orignally Archdeacon Frederick of Leige was a native of Germany, was pope from about July 14, 939 until his death towards the end of October, 942. ... Nicholas II, born GÃ©rard de Bourgogne (died July 19 or July 27, 1061), Pope from 1059 to July 1061, was at the time of his election Bishop of Florence. ... Alexander II (died April 21, 1073), born Anselmo da Baggio , Pope from 1061 to 1073, was a native of Milan. ... Pope Gregory VII (c. ... The Blessed Victor III, born as Dauferius (Benevento, 1026? â€“ September 16, 1087), Pope (May 24, 1086 until his death), was the successor of Pope Gregory VII (1073â€“85). ... Pope Urban II (1042 â€“ July 29, 1099), born Otho of Lagery (alternatively: Otto or Odo), was a Pope from 1088 to July 29, 1099. ... Paschal II, nÃ© Ranierius (born in Bleda, near ForlÃ¬, Romagna - d. ... Gelasius II (died January 29, 1119), born Giovanni Coniulo, was Pope from January 24, 1118 to January 29, 1119. ... Callixtus II (or Calistus II), born Guido of Vienne (died December 13, 1124), the son of William I, Count of Burgundy (1057â€“87), was elected Pope on February 2, 1119, after the death of Pope Gelasius II (1118â€“19). ... Pope Honorius II should not be confused with Antipope Honorius II, otherwise known as Peter Cadalus. ... Pope Innocent II (died September 24, 1143), born Gregorio Papareschi, was Pope from 1130 to 1143, and was probably one of the clergy in personal attendance on the antipope Clement III (Guibert of Ravenna). ... Celestine II, born Guido di Castello (d. ... Lucius II, neÃ© Gherardo Caccianemici dal Orso (died February 15, 1145) was Pope from March 12, 1144 until his death. ... The Blessed Eugene III, né Bernardo Pignatelli (d. ... Anastasius IV, nÃ© Corrado di Suburra or della Suburra (d. ... Pope Adrian IV (c. ... Alexander III, nÃ© Orlando Bandinelli (c. ... Lucius III, nÃ© Ubaldo Allucingoli (1097 â€“ November 25, 1185), was pope from September 1, 1181 to his death. ... Urban III, nÃ© Uberto Crivelli (d. ... Pope Gregory VIII (ca. ... Clement III, born Paulino Scolari (or Paolo) (b. ... Celestine III, nÃ© Giacinto Bobone (Rome, ca. ... Pope Innocent III (c. ... Honorius III, nÃ© Cencio Savelli (Rome, 1148 â€“ March 18, 1227 in Rome), was Pope from 1216 to 1227. ... Pope Gregory IX, born Ugolino dei Conti, was pope from 1227 to August 22, 1241. ... Pope Celestine IV (died November 10, 1241 in Rome), born Goffredo da Castiglione, was pope from October 25, 1241 to November 10, 1241. ... Pope Innocent IV (Manarola, 1180/90 â€“ Naples, December 7, 1254), born Sinibaldo de Fieschi, Pope from 1243 to 1254, belonged to the feudal nobility of Liguria, the Fieschi, counts of Lavagna. ... Alexander IV, nÃ© Rinaldo Conti (Anagni, ca. ... Urban IV, born Jacques PantalÃ©on (Troyes, ca. ... Clement IV, nÃ© Gui Faucoi le Gros ( Guy Foulques the Fat or Guido le Gros) (Saint-Gilles-du-Gard, November 23, year uncertain â€“ Viterbo, November 29, 1268), was elected Pope February 5, 1265, in a conclave held at Perugia that took four months, while cardinals argued over whether to call... Gregory X, nÃ© Theobald Visconti (Piacenza, ca. ... Innocent V, nÃ© Pierre de Tarentaise (Hamlet of Friburge - Champagny en Vanoise, Savoy, ca. ... Adrian V (also known as Hadrian V), nÃ© Ottobuono de Fieschi (c. ... Pope John XXI (1215 â€“ May 20, 1277), born Pedro JuliÃ£o, a Portuguese also called Pedro Hispano (Latin, Petrus Hispanus), was Pope from 1276 until his death. ... . Nicholas III, nÃ© Giovanni Gaetano Orsini (Rome, ca. ... Martin IV, nÃ© Simon de Brion (ca. ... Honorius IV, nÃ© Giacomo Savelli (Rome, ca. ... Nicholas IV, nÃ© Girolamo Masci (Lisciano, a small village near Ascoli Piceno, September 30, 1227 â€“ April 4, 1292), was Pope from February 22, 1288 to April 4, 1292. ... Pope Celestine V (1215 â€“ May 19, 1296), born Pietro Angelerio, also known as Pietro del Morrone (according to some sources Angelario or Angelieri or Angelliero or Angeleri), was elected Pope in the year 1294. ... Pope Boniface VIII (c. ... Pope Benedict XI (Treviso, 1240 â€“ July 7, 1304), born Nicholas Boccasini, Pope from 1303 to 1304, succeeded Pope Boniface VIII (1294â€“1303), but was unable to carry out his policies. ... Clement V, born Bertrand de Goth (also occasionally spelled Gouth and Got) (1264 â€“ April 20, 1314), was Pope from 1305 to his death. ... Pope John XXII, born Jacques DuÃ¨ze or dEuse (1249 â€“ December 4, 1334), was the son of a shoemaker in Cahors. ... Benedict XII, nÃ© Jacques Fournier ( 1280s â€“ April 25, 1342), was Pope from 1334 to 1342. ... Clement VI, nÃ© Pierre Roger (1291 â€“ December 6, 1352), the fourth of the Avignon Popes, was elected in May 1342, and reigned until his death. ... Innocent VI, nÃ© Ã‰tienne Aubert (1282 or 1295 â€“ September 12, 1362), Pope at Avignon from 1352 to 1362, the successor of Pope Clement VI (1342â€“52), was a native of the hamlet of Les Monts, diocese of Limoges (today part of the commune of Beyssac, dÃ©partement of CorrÃ¨ze... Blessed Urban V, nÃ© Guillaume Grimoard (1310 â€“ December 19, 1370), Pope from 1362 to 1370, was a native of Grizac in Languedoc (today part of the commune of Le Pont-de-Montvert, dÃ©partement of LozÃ¨re). ... Gregory XI, nÃ© Pierre Roger de Beaufort (ca. ... Pope Urban VI (Naples c. ... Boniface IX, nÃ© Piero Tomacelli (1356 â€“ October 1, 1404), was the second Roman Pope of the Western Schism from November 2, 1389 â€“ until October 1, 1404). ... Innocent VII, nÃ© Cosimo de Migliorati (ca. ... Gregory XII, nÃ© Angelo Correr or Corraro (died October 18, 1417), Pope from 1406 to 1415, succeeded Pope Innocent VII (1404â€“06) on November 30, 1406, having been chosen at Rome by a conclave consisting of only fifteen cardinals, under the express condition that, should antipope Benedict XIII (1394â€“1423... Martin V, nÃ© Oddone Colonna or Odo Colonna (1368 â€“ February 20, 1431), Pope from 1417 to 1431, was elected on St. ... Eugenius IV, né Gabriel Condulmer (1383 - February 23, 1447) was pope from March 3, 1431 to his death. ... Nicholas V, nÃ© Tomaso Parentucelli (November 15, 1397 â€“ March 24, 1455) was Pope from March 6, 1447, to his death. ... Calistus and Calixtus III redirect here. ... Pope Pius II, born Enea Silvio Piccolomini (Latin Aeneas Sylvius), (October 18, 1405 â€“ August 14, 1464) was Pope from 1458 until his death. ... Pope Paul II (February 23, 1417 â€“ July 26, 1471), born Pietro Barbo, was Pope from 1464 until his death. ... Sixtus IV (July 21, 1414 â€“ August 12, 1484), born Francesco della Rovere, was Pope from 1471 to 1484. ... Pope Innocent VIII (1432 â€“ July 25, 1492), born Giovanni Battista Cybo, was Pope from 1484 until his death. ... Pope Alexander VI (1 January 1431 â€“ 18 August 1503), born Roderic Borja (Italian: Borgia), (reigned from 1492 to 1503), is the most controversial of the secular popes of the Renaissance and one whose surname became a byword for the debased standards of the papacy of that era. ... Pope Pius III (May 9, 1439 â€“ October 18, 1503), born Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini, was Pope from September 22 to October 18, 1503. ... Pope Julius II (December 5, 1443 â€“ February 21, 1513), born Giuliano della Rovere, was Pope from 1503 to 1513. ... Pope Leo X, born Giovanni di Lorenzo de Medici (11 December 1475 â€“ 1 December 1521) was Pope from 1513 to his death. ... Pope Adrian VI (Utrecht, March 2, 1459 â€“ September 14, 1523), born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens, son of Floris Boeyens, served as Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1522 until his death. ... For the antipope (1378â€“1394) see antipope Clement VII and other Popes named Clement see Pope Clement. ... Pope Paul III (February 29, 1468 â€“ November 10, 1549), born Alessandro Farnese, was Pope from 1534 to 1549. ... Pope Julius III (September 10, 1487 â€“ March 23, 1555), born Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte, was Pope from February 7, 1550 to 1555. ... Marcellus II, nÃ© Marcello Cervini degli Spannochi (May 6, 1501 â€“ May 1, 1555), cardinal of Santa Croce, a native of the area of Ancona, Italy, was elected pope to succeed Julius III on April 9, 1555. ... Pope Paul IV (June 28, 1476 â€“ August 18, 1559), nÃ© Giovanni Pietro Carafa, was Pope from May 23, 1555 until his death. ... Pius IV, nÃ© Giovanni Angelo Medici (March 31, 1499 â€“ December 9, 1565), pope from 1559 to 1565, was born of humble parentage in Milan, unrelated with the Medicis of Florence. ... Saint Pius V, nÃ© Antonio Ghislieri, from 1518 called Michele Ghislieri (January 17, 1504 â€“ May 1, 1572) was pope from 1566 to 1572 and is a saint of the Catholic Church. ... Gregory XIII, born Ugo Boncompagni (January 7, 1502 â€“ April 10, 1585) was pope from 1572 to 1585. ... Pope Sixtus V (December 13, 1521 â€“ August 27, 1590), born Felice Peretti, was Pope from 1585 to 1590. ... Pope Urban VII (August 4, 1521 â€“ September 27, 1590), born Giovanni Battista Castagna, was Pope for thirteen days in September 1590. ... Pope Gregory XIV (February 11, 1535 â€“ October 16, 1591), born NiccolÃ² Sfondrati, was Pope from December 5, 1590 â€“ October 16, 1591. ... Pope Innocent IX (July 20, 1519 â€“ December 30, 1591), born Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti, who was born to a modest working family in the mountainous comune of Cravegna, in the diocese of Novara, northern Italy, was a Canon Lawyer, diplomat, and chief administrator during the reign of Pope Gregory XIV (1590... Pope Clement VIII (Fano, Italy, February 24, 1536 â€“ March 3, 1605 in Rome), born Ippolito Aldobrandini, was Pope from January 30, 1592 to March 3, 1605. ... Leo XI, nÃ© Alessandro Ottaviano de Medici (June 2, 1535, Florence â€“ April 27, 1605, Rome), was Pope from April 1, 1605 to April 27 of the same year. ... Paul V, nÃ© Camillo Borghese (Rome, September 17, 1552 â€“ January 28, 1621) was Pope from May 16, 1605 until his death. ... Gregory XV, born Alessandro Ludovisi (January 9, 1554 â€“ July 8, 1623), Pope (1621-1623), born at Bologna, succeeded Paul V on February 9, 1621. ... Pope Urban VIII (April 1568 â€“ July 29, 1644), born Maffeo Barberini, was Pope from 1623 to 1644. ... Alexander VII, nÃ© Fabio Chigi (February 13, 1599 â€“ May 22, 1667) was Pope from April 7, 1655 until his death in 1667. ... Clement IX, né Giulio Rospigliosi (January 28, 1600 - December 9, 1669) was pope from 1667 to 1669. ... Pope Clement X (July 13, 1590 â€“ July 22, 1676), born Emilio Bonaventura Altieri, was Pope from April 29, 1670 to July 22, 1676. ... The Blessed Innocent XI, nÃ© Benedetto Odescalchi (May 16, 1611 â€“ August 12, 1689) was pope from 1676 to 1689. ... Alexander VIII, nÃ© Pietro Vito Ottoboni (April 22, 1610 - February 1, 1691), pope from 1689 to 1691, was born of a noble Venetian family, and was the son of Marco Ottoboni, chancellor of the Republic of Venice. ... Innocent XII, né Antonio Pignatelli (March 13, 1615 - September 27, 1700) pope from 1691 to 1700, was the successor of Alexander VIII. He came of a distinguished Naples family and was educated at the Jesuit college in Rome. ... Clement XI, nÃ© Giovanni Francesco Albani (July 23, 1649 â€“ March 19, 1721) was pope from 1700 to 1721. ... Innocent XIII, nÃ© Michelangelo dei Conti (Poli, near Rome, May 13, 1655 â€“ March 7, 1724 in Rome), pope from 1721 to 1724, became cardinal under Clement XI in 1706. ... For Pedro de Luna, the last of the Avignon popes, see Antipope Benedict XIII. Benedict XIII, O.P., born Pietro Francesco Orsini, later Vincenzo Maria Orsini (Gravina di Puglia, February 2, 1649 â€“ February 21, 1730), was pope from 1724 to 1730. ... Clement XII, born as Lorenzo Corsini (Florence, April 7, 1652 â€“ Rome, February 6, 1740), Pope from 1730 to 1740, had been an aristocratic lawyer and financial manager under preceding pontiffs. ... Benedict XIV, born Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini (Bologna, March 31, 1675 â€“ May 3, 1758 in Rome), was Pope from 17 August 1740 to 3 May 1758. ... Clement XIII, born Carlo della Torre Rezzonico (Venice, March 7, 1693 â€“ Rome, February 2, 1769), was Pope from 1758 to 1769. ... Pope Clement XIV, born Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli (Sant Arcangelo di Romagna, 31 October 1705 â€“ 22 September 1774 in Rome), was Pope from 1769 to 1774. ... Pius VI, born Giovanni Angelo Braschi (December 27, 1717 â€“ August 29, 1799), Pope from 1775 to 1799, was born at Cesena. ... Pope Pius VII, OSB (August 14, 1742â€”August 20, 1823), born Barnaba NiccolÃ² Maria Luigi Chiaramonti, was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from March 14, 1800 to August 20, 1823. ... Pope Leo XII (August 22, 1760 â€“ February 10, 1829), born Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiore Girolamo Nicola della Genga, was Pope from 1823 to 1829. ... Pope Pius VIII (November 20, 1761 â€“ December 1, 1830), born Francesco Saverio Castiglioni, was Pope from 1829 to 1830. ... Pope Gregory XVI (September 18, 1765 â€“ June 1, 1846), born Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari, named Mauro as a member of the religious order of the Camaldolese, was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1831 to 1846. ... Pope Pius IX (May 13, 1792 â€“ February 7, 1878), born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, reigned as Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from his election in June 16, 1846, until his death more than 31 years later in 1878, making him the longest-reigning Pope since the Apostle St. ... Pope Leo XIII (March 2, 1810 â€“ July 20, 1903), born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, having succeeded Pope Pius IX (1846â€“78) on February 20, 1878 and reigning until his death in 1903. ... Pope St. ... Pope Benedict XV (Latin: ), (Italian: Benedetto XV), (November 21, 1854 â€“ January 22, 1922), born Giacomo della Chiesa, reigned as Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from September 3, 1914 to January 22, 1922; he succeeded Pope Pius X (1903â€“14). ... Pope Pius XI (Latin: ) (May 31, 1857 â€“ February 10, 1939), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti, reigned as Pope from February 6, 1922 and sovereign of Vatican City from 1929 until his death on February 10, 1939. ... Pope Pius XII (Latin: ), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (March 2, 1876 â€“ October 9, 1958), reigned as the 260th pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City State, from March 2, 1939 until his death. ... Blessed Pope John XXIII (Latin: ),(Italian: Giovanni XXIII), born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (November 25, 1881 â€“ June 3, 1963), was elected as the 261st Pope of the Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City on October 28, 1958. ... This article cites very few or no references or sources. ... Pope John Paul I (in Latin ), born Albino Luciani (October 17, 1912 â€“ September 28, 1978), reigned as pope and as sovereign of Vatican City from August 26 to September 28, 1978. ... Coat of Arms of Pope John Paul II. The Letter M is for Mary, the mother of Jesus, to whom he held strong devotion Pope John Paul II or Pope John Paul II (The Great) (Latin: , Italian: Giovanni Paolo II, Polish: Jan PaweÅ‚ II) born [] (May 18, 1920, Wadowice, Poland... This article is becoming very long. ...

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