NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Pope Pius II

Pope Pius II, born Enea Silvio Piccolomini (Latin Aeneas Sylvius), (October 18, 1405 – August 14, 1464) was Pope from 1458 until his death. Pius II, "whose character reflects almost every tendency of the age in which he lived", was born at Corsignano in the Sienese territory of a noble but decayed family. His longest and most enduring work is the story of his life, Commentaries, which is the only autobiography ever written by a reigning Pope. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1576x2478, 450 KB) Description: Title: de: Freskenzyklus zu Leben und Taten des Enea Silvio Piccolomini, Papst Pius II. in der Dombibliothek zu Siena, Szene: E. S. Piccolomini wird mit dem Namen Pius II. zum Papst ernannt, Detail: Segnender Papst Technique: de... August 19 is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events January 24 - Matthias I Corvinus becomes king of Hungary Foundation of Magdalen College, University of Oxford George of Podebrady becomes king of Bohemia Pope Pius II becomes pope Turks sack the Acropolis Births February 15 - Ivan the Young, Ruler of Tver (d. ... August 14 is the 226th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (227th in leap years), with 139 days remaining. ... Events February - Christian I of Denmark and Norway who was also serving as King of Sweden is declared deposed from the later throne. ... Calistus and Calixtus III redirect here. ... Pope Paul II (February 23, 1417 â€“ July 26, 1471), born Pietro Barbo, was Pope from 1464 until his death. ... October 18 is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years). ... Events May 29 - Ralph Neville, Earl of Westmoreland, meets Archbishop Richard Scrope of York and Earl of Norfolk Thomas Mowbray in Shipton Moor, tricks them to send their rebellious army home and then imprisons them June 8 - Archbishop Richard Scrope of York and Thomas Mowbray, Earl of Norfolk, executed in... The former name of the hilltown in Tuscany, currently Pienza, of where Pope Pius II (Aeneas Silvio Piccolomini) was born and raised. ... August 14 is the 226th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (227th in leap years), with 139 days remaining. ... Events February - Christian I of Denmark and Norway who was also serving as King of Sweden is declared deposed from the later throne. ... Ancona is a city and a seaport in the Marche, a region of central Italy, population 101,909 (2005). ... There were 12 Popes of the Roman Catholic Church who were named Pius Pope Pius I Pope Pius II Pope Pius III Pope Pius IV Pope Pius V Pope Pius VI Pope Pius VII Pope Pius VIII Pope Pius IX Pope Pius X Pope Pius XI Pope Pius XII There... Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... October 18 is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years). ... Events May 29 - Ralph Neville, Earl of Westmoreland, meets Archbishop Richard Scrope of York and Earl of Norfolk Thomas Mowbray in Shipton Moor, tricks them to send their rebellious army home and then imprisons them June 8 - Archbishop Richard Scrope of York and Thomas Mowbray, Earl of Norfolk, executed in... August 14 is the 226th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (227th in leap years), with 139 days remaining. ... Events February - Christian I of Denmark and Norway who was also serving as King of Sweden is declared deposed from the later throne. ... The current Pope is Benedict XVI (born Joseph Alois Ratzinger), who was elected at the age of 78 on 19 April 2005. ... Events January 24 - Matthias I Corvinus becomes king of Hungary Foundation of Magdalen College, University of Oxford George of Podebrady becomes king of Bohemia Pope Pius II becomes pope Turks sack the Acropolis Births February 15 - Ivan the Young, Ruler of Tver (d. ... The former name of the hilltown in Tuscany, currently Pienza, of where Pope Pius II (Aeneas Silvio Piccolomini) was born and raised. ... Siena is a city in Tuscany, Italy. ...

Early life

After studying at the universities of Siena and Florence, he settled in the former city as a teacher, but in 1431 accepted the post of secretary to Domenico Capranica, bishop of Fermo, then on his way to the Council of Basel (1431–39) to protest against the injustice of the new Pope Eugene IV (1431–47), in refusing him the cardinalate for which he had been designated by Pope Martin V (1417–31). Arriving at Basel after numerous adventures, he successively served Capranica and several other masters. The University of Siena (Università di Siena, UNISI) in Tuscany is one of the older universities of Italy, founded in the 13th century, initially as a Studium. ... The University of Florence (UniversitÃ degli Studi di Firenze, UNIFI) is one of the largest and oldest universities in Italy. ... Events February 21 - The trial of Joan of Arc March 3 - Eugenius IV becomes Pope May 30 - In Rouen, France, 19-year old Joan of Arc is burned at the stake. ... Two bishops assist at the Exhumation of Saint Hubert, who was a bishop too, at the Ã©glise Saint-Pierre in LiÃ¨ge. ... Fermo (ancient: Firmum Picenum) is a town and archiepiscopal see of the Marche, Italy, in the province of Ascoli Piceno, on a hill with a fine view, 1046 ft. ... The Council of Basel was a council of bishops and other ecclesiastics of the Roman Catholic Church that was held at Basel, Switzerland. ... Eugenius IV, né Gabriel Condulmer (1383 - February 23, 1447) was pope from March 3, 1431 to his death. ... A cardinal is an official of the second-highest rank of the Roman Catholic Church, inferior in rank only to the Pope. ... Martin V, nÃ© Oddone Colonna or Odo Colonna (1368 â€“ February 20, 1431), Pope from 1417 to 1431, was elected on St. ... Basel (British English traditionally: Basle and more recently Basel , German: Basel , French: BÃ¢le , Italian: Basilea ) is Switzerlands third most populous city (166,563 inhabitants (2004); 690,000 inhabitants in the conurbation stretching across the immediate cantonal and national boundaries made Basel Switzerlands second-largest urban area as...

In 1435 he was sent by Cardinal Albergati, Eugene IV's legate at the council, on a secret mission to Scotland, the object of which is variously related even by himself. He visited England as well as Scotland, underwent many perils and vicissitudes in both countries, and has left a valuable account of each. This mission left Aeneas afflicted with pain in his legs. Upon his return to Basel, Aeneas sided actively with the council in its conflict with the Pope, and, although still a layman, obtained a leading share in the direction of its affairs. He supported the creation of the antipope Felix V (1439–49), Amadeus, Duke of Savoy Aenas then withdrew to the Emperor Frederick III's (1440–93) court at Vienna. He was crowned imperial poet laureate, and obtained the patronage of the Emperor's chancellor, Kaspar Schlick. Some identify the love adventure at Siena Aeneas related in his romance, Euryalus and Lucretia or Italic textStory of Two LoversItalic text with an escapade of the Chancellor. For other uses, see number 1435. ... Niccolo Albergati was born in Bologna, Italy, in 1357, and became a Carthusian monk in 1394. ... Motto: (Latin for No one provokes me with impunity)1 Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official language(s) English, Gaelic, Scots 2 Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair MP - First Minister Jack McConnell MSP Unification - by Kenneth I... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: God Save the King/Queen Capital London (de facto) Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Unification - by Athelstan AD 927 Area - Total 130,395 kmÂ² (1st in UK) 50,346 sq mi Population - 2006 est. ... Amadeus VIII (1383 - November 7, 1451), surnamed the Peaceful was the Count of Savoy from 1391 to 1416 and the Duke of Savoy from 1416 to 1440. ... Antipope Felix V, the last historical Antipope. ... Detail of Aeneas Piccolomini Introduces Eleonora of Portugal to Frederick III by Pinturicchio (1454-1513) Frederick III of Habsburg (Innsbruck, September 21, 1415 â€“ August 19, 1493 in Linz) was elected as German King as the successor of Albert II in 1440. ... Inhabitants according to official census figures: 1800 to 2005 Vienna in 1858 Vienna (German: Wien ) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Aeneas' character had hitherto been that of an easy man of the world, with no pretence to strictness in morals or consistency in politics. He now began to be more regular in the former respect, and in the latter adopted a decided line by making his peace with Rome. Being sent on a mission to Rome in 1445, with the ostensible object of inducing Eugenius to convoke a new council, he was absolved from ecclesiastical censures, and returned to Germany under an engagement to assist the Pope. This he did most effectually by the diplomatic dexterity with which he smoothed away differences between the papal court of Rome and the German imperial electors; and he had a leading part in the compromise by which, in 1447, the dying Eugene IV accepted the reconciliation tendered by the German princes, and the council and the antipope were left without support. He had already taken orders, and one of the first acts of Eugene IV's successor Pope Nicholas V (1447–55) was to make him bishop of Trieste. He later served as bishop of Siena. Events Discovery of Senegal and Cape Verde by Dinas Diaz Births March 1 - Sandro Botticelli, Italian painter (died 1510) March 16 - Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg, Swiss-born preacher (died 1510) Albert Brudzewski, Polish astronomer (died 1497) Nicolas Chuquet, French mathematician Deaths June 5 - Leonel Power, English composer June 11 - Henry... Censure is a process by which a formal reprimand is issued to an individual by an authoritative body. ... Events March 6 - Nicholas V becomes Pope. ... Nicholas V, nÃ© Tomaso Parentucelli (November 15, 1397 â€“ March 24, 1455) was Pope from March 6, 1447, to his death. ... Trieste (Italian: Trieste; Slovenian and Croatian: Trst; German: Triest; Hungarian: Trieszt; Latin: Tergeste; Serbian: Ð¢Ñ€ÑÑ‚ or Trst) is a city and port in northeastern Italy right on the border with Slovenia. ...

In 1450 Aeneas was sent as ambassador by the Emperor Frederick III to negotiate his marriage with the princess Eleonore of Portugal, which object he successfully achieved; in 1451 he undertook a mission to Bohemia, and concluded a satisfactory arrangement with the Hussite leader George of Podebrady; in 1452 he accompanied Frederick III to Rome, where the Emperor wedded Leonora and was crowned King of the Romans. In August 1455 Aeneas again arrived in Rome on an embassy to proffer the obedience of Germany to the new Pope Calixtus III (1455–58). He brought strong recommendations from the Emperor and King Ladislaus of Hungary for his nomination to the cardinalate, but delays arose from the Pope's resolution to promote his own nephews first, and he did not attain the object of his ambition until December in the following year. He achieved temporarily the bishopric of Warmia (Ermeland). Events March - French troops under Guy de Richemont besiege the English commander in France, Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, in Caen April 15 - Battle of Formigny. ... Leonor of Portugal (English: Eleanor), was a Princess of Portugal, daughter of King Edward of Portugal and his wife Leonor of Aragon. ... // Events February 3 - Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Mehmed II. April 11 - Celje acquires market-town status and town rights by orders from the Celje count Frederic II. June 30 - French troops under the Comte de Dunois invade Guyenne and capture... Flag of Bohemia Bohemia (Czech: ; German: ) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western and middle thirds of the Czech Republic. ... The Hussites comprised a Christian movement following the teachings of the reformer Jan Hus (circa 1369â€“1415), who was influenced by John Wyclif and became one of the forerunners of the Protestant Reformation. ... George of Podebrady - statue in KunÅ¡tÃ¡t (Czech Republic). ... Events October - English troops under John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, land in Guyenne, France, and retake most of the province without a fight. ... ... no changes . ... Callixtus III, né Alphonso de Borgia (December 31, 1378 - August 6, 1458) was born in Xàtiva, Valencia, Spain and was pope from April 8, 1455 to August 6, 1458. ... Ladislaus Posthumus (22 February 1440 - 23 November 1457), Archduke, king of Hungary as LÃ¡szlÃ³ V (or VI); king of Bohemia as Ladislav I; duke of Austria, the only son of Albert II, Holy Roman Emperor, and of Elizabeth, daughter of the emperor Sigismund, was born at Komarom four months... Warmia in 1547 Warmia (Polish: , German: , Latin: Varmia, also historically known as Ermeland) is a region between Pomerania and Masuria in northeastern Poland. ...

Election to Papacy

Calixtus III died on August 6, 1458. On August 10, the cardinals entered into conclave. According to Aeneas' account, the wealthy cardinal of Rouen, though a Frenchman and of exceptionable character, seemed certain to be elected. Aeneas has told us in a passage of his own history of his times, long retrenched from that work but printed clandestinely in the Conclavi de' Pontifici Romani, by what art, energy and eloquence he frustrated this false step. It seemed appropriate to Aeneas that the election should fall upon himself: although the sacred college included a few men of higher moral standard, he believed his abilities made him most worthy of the tiara. It was the peculiar faculty of Aeneas to accommodate himself perfectly to whatever position he might be called upon to occupy; it was his peculiar good fortune that every step in life had placed him in circumstances appealing more and more to the better part of his nature, an appeal to which he had never failed to respond. The party pamphleteer had been more respectable than the private secretary, the diplomatist than the pamphleteer, the cardinal than the diplomatist; now the unscrupulous adventurer and licentious novelist of a few short years ago seated himself quite naturally in the chair of St. Peter, and from the resources of his versatile character produced without apparent effort all the virtues and endowments becoming his exalted station. After allying himself with Ferdinand, the Aragonese claimant to the throne of Naples, his next important act was to convene a congress of the representatives of Christian princes at Mantua for joint action against the Turks. His long progress to the place of assembly resembled a triumphal procession; and the congress, a complete failure as regarded its ostensible object, at least showed that the impotence of Christendom was not owing to the Pope. On his return from the congress, Pius II spent a considerable time in his native district of Siena, and has described his delight and the charm of a country life in very pleasing language. He was recalled to Rome by the disturbances occasioned by Tiburzio de Maso, who was ultimately seized and executed. The papal states were at this time greatly troubled by rebellious barons and marauding condottieri, but these evils gradually abated. The Neapolitan war was also terminated by the success of the Pope's ally Ferdinand. Pius II tried also mediations in the war between Poland and the Teutonic Knights, and when he failed to achieve success, he put a curse on the Prussians and Poles. August 6 is the 218th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (219th in leap years), with 147 days remaining. ... Events January 24 - Matthias I Corvinus becomes king of Hungary Foundation of Magdalen College, University of Oxford George of Podebrady becomes king of Bohemia Pope Pius II becomes pope Turks sack the Acropolis Births February 15 - Ivan the Young, Ruler of Tver (d. ... August 10 is the 222nd day of the year (223rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Rouen Cathedral The entrance to Rouen Cathedral Abbey church of Saint-Ouen, (chevet) in Rouen Rouen, medieval house Rouen (pronounced in French, sometimes also ) is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on the River Seine, and presently the capital of the Haute-Normandie (Upper Normandy) rÃ©gion. ... The Papal Tiara, also known as the Triple Tiara, or in Latin as the Triregnum, and in Italian as the Triregno, is the three-tiered jewelled papal crown, supposedly of Byzantine and Persian origin, that is a symbol of the Roman Catholic papacy. ... According to tradition, Peter was crucified upside-down, as shown in this painting by Caravaggio. ... Ferdinand II of Aragon. ... Capital Zaragoza Official language(s) Spanish; Aragonese and Catalan also used Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th 47,719 kmÂ² 9. ... Mantua (in Italian Mantova, in the local dialect of Emiliano-Romagnolo language Mantua) is an important city in Lombardy, Italy and capital of the province with the same name. ... This T-and-O map, which abstracts the known world to a cross inscribed within an orb, remakes geography in the service of Christian iconography. ... Map of the Papal States. ... Condottieri (singular condottiere or condottiero) were mercenary leaders employed by Italian city-states from the late Middle Ages until the mid-sixteenth century. ... A Neapolitan is a resident of Naples, Italy or the language of Naples, the surrounding region of Campania, and most of southern Italy. ... The Thirteen Years War (also called the War of the Cities) started out as an uprising by Prussian cities and the local nobility with the goal of gaining independence from the Teutonic Knights. ... Hermann von Salza (c. ... The Prussian people, or (old) Prussians, were Indo-European Balts inhabiting the area around the Curonian and Vistula Lagoons (i. ...

In July 1461, Pius II canonized Saint Catherine of Siena, and in October of the same year he gained at first what appeared to be a most brilliant success by inducing the new King of France, Louis XI (1461–83), to abolish the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, by which the Pope's authority in France had been grievously impaired. But Louis XI had expected that Pius II would in return espouse the French cause in Naples, and when he found himself disappointed he virtually re-established the Pragmatic Sanction by royal ordinances. Pius II was also engaged in a series of disputes with the Bohemian King George Podiebrady and the count of Tyrol, and he was engaged in a prolongued conflict with Sigismondo Malatesta of Rimini. Image File history File links Pius_II_coa. ... Image File history File links Pius_II_coa. ... Events February 2 - Battle of Mortimers Cross - Yorkist troops led by Edward, Duke of York defeat Lancastrians under Owen Tudor and his son Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke in Wales. ... Saint Catherine of Siena (born March 25, 1347 in Siena, Italy, died April 29, 1380 in Rome) was a Dominican Tertiary or lay-affiliate of the Dominican Order. ... Louis XI the Prudent (French: Louis XI le Prudent) (July 3, 1423 â€“ August 30, 1483), also informally nicknamed luniverselle aragne (old French for universal spider), or the Spider King, was King of France (1461â€“1483). ... The Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, issued by King Charles VII of France, on July 7, 1438, required a General Church Council, with authority superior to that of the pope, to be held every ten years, required election rather than appointment to ecclesiastical offices, prohibited the pope from bestowing, and profiting... The Bay of Naples Naples (Italian: , Neapolitan: NÃ pule, from Greek ÎÎµÎ¬Ï€Î¿Î»Î· < ÎÎÎ± Î ÏŒÎ»Î¹Ï‚ NÃ©a PÃ³lis New City) is the largest city in southern Italy and capital of the Campania region and the Province of Naples. ... The Tyrol is a historical region in Western Central Europe, which includes the Austrian state of Tyrol (consisting of North Tyrol and East Tyrol) and the Italian regions known as the South Tyrol and Trentino. ...

The crusade for which the Congress of Mantua had been convoked made no progress. The Pope did his best: he addressed an eloquent letter to the sultan urging him to become a Christian, a letter that probably never was sent. Not surprisingly, if it was delivered, this invitation was not successful. Pius II succeeded in reconciling the Emperor and the King of Hungary, and derived great encouragement as well as pecuniary advantage from the discovery of mines of alum in the papal territory. But France was estranged; the Duke of Burgundy broke his positive promises; Milan was engrossed with the attempt to seize Genoa; Florence cynically advised the Pope to let the Turks and the Venetians wear each other out. Pius II was unaware he was nearing his end, and his malady probably prompted the feverish impatience with which on June 18, 1464, he assumed the cross and departed for Ancona to conduct the crusade in person. It seemed certain that the issue of such an enterprise could only be ridiculous or disastrous. Pius II's good genius again stepped in, and rendered it pathetic. Sultan (Arabic: Ø³Ù„Ø·Ø§Ù†) is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. ... A crystal of Alum Alum, in chemistry, is a term given to the crystallized double sulfates of the typical formula M+2SO4Â·M3+2(SO4)3Â·24H2O, where M+ is the sign of an alkali metal (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, or caesium), and M3+ denotes one of the trivalent metal... The Duchy of Burgundy, today Bourgogne, has its origin in the small portion of traditional lands of Burgundians west of river SaÃ´ne which in 843 was allotted to Charles the Balds kingdom of West Franks. ... Milano redirects here. ... Genoa (Genova in Italian - Zena in Genoese) is a city and a seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria. ... Venice (Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venexia) is the capital of the Italian regions and has a population of 271,663 (census estimate January 1, 2004). ... June 18 is the 169th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (170th in leap years), with 196 days remaining. ... Events February - Christian I of Denmark and Norway who was also serving as King of Sweden is declared deposed from the later throne. ... Ancona is a city and a seaport in the Marche, a region of central Italy, population 101,909 (2005). ...

Illness and Death

He was suffering from fever when he left Rome. The crusading army melted away at Ancona for want of transport, and when at last the Venetian fleet arrived, the dying Pope could only view it from a window. He expired two days afterwards, August 14, 1464, in his death as in his life a figure picturesque and significant far beyond the wont of Roman pontiffs. He was succeeded by Pope Paul II (1464–71). Pius II's body was buried in Sant'Andrea della Valle, while an empty cenotaph was built in St. Peter's Basilica. Later, the cenotaph was moved in Sant'Andrea. The bodies of Pope Pius II and his nephew, Pope Pius III (1503), were discovered in Sant'Andrea during the works to rebuild the floor, but buried soon later in an unknown place. August 14 is the 226th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (227th in leap years), with 139 days remaining. ... Pope Paul II (February 23, 1417 â€“ July 26, 1471), born Pietro Barbo, was Pope from 1464 until his death. ... The Baroque facade of SantAndrea della Valle The church SantAndrea della Valle in Rome was designed and build by Pier Paolo Olivieri, Francesco Grimaldi, and Carlo Maderno between 1590 in 1650. ... This article is about the famous building in Rome. ...

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2536x3830, 989 KB) Description: Title: de: Freskenzyklus zu Leben und Taten des Enea Silvio Piccolomini, Papst Pius II. in der Dombibliothek zu Siena, Szene: Enea Silvio Piccolomini alias Papst Pius II. trifft in Ancona ein, Detail Technique: de: Fresko Dimensions: Country... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2536x3830, 989 KB) Description: Title: de: Freskenzyklus zu Leben und Taten des Enea Silvio Piccolomini, Papst Pius II. in der Dombibliothek zu Siena, Szene: Enea Silvio Piccolomini alias Papst Pius II. trifft in Ancona ein, Detail Technique: de: Fresko Dimensions: Country...

Reputation

Pius II, indeed, regarded as a man and not merely as an historical personage, is the most interesting of all the successors of St. Peter. He had a healthy, sincere, loving nature, frank and naïve even in his aberrations and defects, which seem after all sufficiently venal. The failings of other Popes have most frequently been those of the priest, and therefore in the true sense of the term "inhuman." It is a refreshing transition to the faults of the adventurer, the diplomatist, the man of letters and pleasure. The leading trait of Pius II's character was his extreme impressionableness. Chameleon-like, he took colour from surrounding circumstances, and could always depend on being what these circumstances required him to be. As, therefore, his prospects widened and his responsibilities deepened, his character widened and deepened too; and he who had entered upon life a shifty character quitted it a model chief shepherd. His virtues were not only great, but the most conspicuous were those especially characteristic of the finer natures. While he vied with any man in industry, prudence, wisdom, and courage, he excelled most men in simplicity of tastes, constancy of attachments, kindly playfulness, magnanimity, and mercy. As chief of the church he was able and sagacious, and showed that he comprehended the conditions on which its monoply of spiritual power could for a season be maintained; his views were far-seeing and liberal; and he was but slightly swayed by personal ends. He is especially interesting as the type of the scholar and publicist who wins his way by intellectual strength, foreshadowing the age to come when the pen should be mightier than the sword; and no less as the figure in whom the medieval and the modern spirit are most distinctly seen to meet and blend, before the latter definitively gains the mastery. Roman Catholic priests in clerical clothing. ... Prudence, by Luca Giordano Allegory of Prudence, by Simon Vouet Look up Prudence, prudence in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Magnanimity is the generosity of the victor to the defeated. ... An illustration of Cardinal Richelieu holding a sword, by H. A. Ogden, 1892, from The Works of Edward Bulwer Lytton The pen is mightier than the sword is an adage coined by Edward Bulwer-Lytton in 1839 for his play Richelieu; Or the Conspiracy. ...

Pius II was a versatile and voluminous author, one of the best and most industrious of his period. His most important and longest work is his autobiography Commentaries in 13 books, first published in 1584 by Cardinal Francesco Bandini Piccolomini, a distant relative. Piccolomini altered it to some extent, removing words, phrases and whole passages that were unflattering to his relative. Piccolomini published it under the name of scribe Gobellinus, who was then misattributed as the author, a natural mistake because Pius chose to write Commentaries from the third-person perspective. Notable recent translations include an English version by Florence Alden Gragg (1984) and an edition by The I Tatti Renaissance Library (2003). Pius II's Commentaries are delightful reading, and their historical value is very great. Pius II was also the author of numerous erotic poems and an obscene comedy titled Chrysis (such ethics were not unusual for his period). 1584 was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... The I Tatti Renaissance Library is a book series published by the Harvard University Press, which aims to present important works of Renaissance Latin Literature to a modern audience by printing the original Latin text on each left-hand leaf, and an English translation on the facing page. ...

His Epistles, which were collected by himself, are also an important source of historical information. The most valuable of his minor historical writings are his histories of Bohemia and of the Emperor Frederick III, the latter partly autobiographical. He sketched biographical treatises on Europe and Asia, and in early and middle life produced numerous tracts on the political and theological controversies of his day, as well as on ethical subjects. Pius II was greatly admired as a poet by his contemporaries, but his reputation in belles lettres rests principally upon his Eurialus and Lucretia, which continues to be read to this day, partly from its truth to nature, and partly from the singularity of an erotic novel being written by a Pope. He also composed some comedies, one of which alone is extant. All these works are in Latin. Pius was not an eminent scholar: his Latin is frequently incorrect, and he knew little Greek; but his writings have high literary qualities, and will always be prized as vivid and accurate reproductions of the spirit of a very remarkable age. World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ... Ethics is a general term for what is often described as the science (study) of morality. In philosophy, ethical behavior is that which is good or right. ... Belles lettres are works of writing that are appreciated for their visual appearance (such as the calligraphy employed), as much as or more so than their actual content. ... Historia de duobus amantibus was one of the bestselling books of the fifteenth century, even before its author, Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini, became Pope Pius II. It is one of the earliest examples of an epistolary novel, full of erotic imagery, and hilarious. ... Eroticism is an aesthetic focused on sexual desire, especially the feelings of anticipation of sexual activity. ... Comedy is the use of humour in the performing arts. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ...

Pope Pius II inspired the urbanistic order, perhaps the first planning action at all, of his splendid town which is now by his name called Pienza (Siena province, Tuscany). Pienza is town and commune in the province of Siena, in the Val dOrcia in Tuscany (central Italy), between the towns of Montepulciano and Montalcino. ... Siena (Italian: Provincia di Siena) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. ... Tuscany (Italian: ) is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. ...

References

The EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica is a general encyclopedia published by EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica Inc. ... The I Tatti Renaissance Library is a book series published by the Harvard University Press, which aims to present important works of Renaissance Latin Literature to a modern audience by printing the original Latin text on each left-hand leaf, and an English translation on the facing page. ...

See also

Categories: Popes | Diplomats of the Holy See | German diplomats | Italian writers | Natives of Tuscany | 1405 births | 1464 deaths | Italian popes | Renaissance Latin authors Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... Pius III, born Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini (May 9, 1439 â€“ October 18, 1503), was [Pope]] from September 22 to October 18, 1503. ... Prince Bishops / Bishops of Warmia: 1250-1274 Anselm of Meissen 1278-1300 Heinrich I Fleming 1301-1326 Eberhard of Neisse 1327-1328 Jordan 1329-1334 Heinrich II Wogenap 1337-1349 Herman of Prague 1350-1355 Joannes I of Meissen 1355-1373 Joannes II Stryprock 1373-1401 Heinrich III Sorbom 1401... Callixtus III, né Alphonso de Borgia (December 31, 1378 - August 6, 1458) was born in Xàtiva, Valencia, Spain and was pope from April 8, 1455 to August 6, 1458. ... Popes buried in St. ... Pope Paul II (February 23, 1417 â€“ July 26, 1471), born Pietro Barbo, was Pope from 1464 until his death. ... The current Pope is Benedict XVI (born Joseph Alois Ratzinger), who was elected at the age of 78 on 19 April 2005. ... The name Catholic Church can mean a visible organization that refers to itself as Catholic, or the invisible Christian Church, viz. ... Image File history File links Emblem_of_the_Papacy. ... Saint Peter, also known as Simon ben Jonah/BarJonah, Simon Peter, Cephas and Kepha â€” original name Simon or Simeon (Acts 15:14) â€” was one of the Twelve Apostles whom Jesus chose from among his original disciples. ... Pope Linus (d. ... Anacletus, or Anencletus, was the third pope (after St Peter and St Linus). ... Saint Clement I, the bishop of Rome also called Clement of Rome and Clemens Romanus, was either the third or fourth pope, before or after Anacletus. ... Evaristus was Pope from about 98 to 105 (99 to 108 in the Vaticans Annuario Pontificio of 2003). ... Alexander I was Pope from about 106 to 115. ... Sixtus I was a second-century pope for about ten years, succeeding Pope Alexander I. In the oldest documents, Xystus is the spelling used for the first three popes of that name. ... Telesphorus (feast day: January 5) was Pope from about 126 to about 137. ... Hyginus (feast day: January 11) was Pope from about 138 to about 140. ... Pope Pius I was pope, perhaps from 140 to 154, though the Vaticans 2003 Annuario Pontificio lists 142 or 146 to 157 or 161. ... Anicetus was pope from about 154 to about 167 (the Vaticans list cites 150 or 157 to 153 or 168). ... Soter, sometimes known as the Pope of Charity, was pope from 166 to 174 (the Vatican cites 162 or 168 to 170 or 177). ... Eleuterus or Eleutherius was pope from about 175 to 189 (the Vatican cites 171 or 177 to 185 or 193). ... Saint Victor I was Pope from 189 to 199 (the Vatican cites 186 or 189 to 197 or 201). ... Pope Zephyrinus was pope from about 199 to 217. ... Callixtus I (also Callistus I) was pope from about 217 to 222, during the reigns of the Roman Emperors Elagabalus and Alexander Severus. ... Saint Urban, pope (222-230), came to The See in the year that Roman Emperor Heliogabalus was assassinated and served under the reign of Emperor Alexander Severus. ... Pontian (or Pontianus), was pope from July 21, 230 to September 28, 235. ... Pope Anterus, the 19th Pope (Reign: November 21, 235 - January 3, 236), succeeded Pope Pontian, who had been deported from Rome along with the antipope Hippolytus to Sardinia. ... Saint Fabian (died 250; feast day: January 20), pope and martyr, was chosen pope, or bishop of Rome, in January 236 in succession to Pope Anterus. ... Cornelius was elected pope on either March 6 or March 13, 251 during the lull in the persecution of the Roman Emperor Decius. ... Lucius I was pope for eight months (253-254). ... Stephen I, pope (about March 12, 254 to August 2, 257). ... Sixtus II was pope from August 30, 257 to August 6, 258, following Stephen I as bishop of Rome in 257. ... Pope Dionysius was pope from July 22, 259 to December 26, 268. ... Felix I, pope (January 5, 269 - December 30, 274), a Roman by birth, succeeded Dionysius after his death on December 26, 268 as Pope, being elected in January 269. ... Eutychian or Eutychianus was pope from January 4, 275 to December 7, 283 (according to the Annuario Pontificio of 2003). ... Saint Caius or Gaius was pope from 283 until his death in 296. ... Saint Marcellinus, Pope, according to the Liberian Catalogue, became bishop of Rome on June 30, 296; his predecessor was Pope Caius. ... Marcellus I, pope, succeeded Marcellinus, after a considerable interval, most probably in May 307; under Maxentius he was banished from Rome in 309 on account of the tumult caused by the severity of the penances he had imposed on Christians who had lapsed under the recent persecution. ... Eusebius (Greek word: euseves=pious) was a Pope in the year 309 or 310. ... Miltiades, or Melchiades (other forms of the name being Meltiades, Melciades, Milciades, and Miltides) was Pope from July 10, 310 or 311 to January 10 or 11, 314. ... Pope Silvester I (or Sylvester) was pope from January 314 to December 31, 335, succeeding Pope Miltiades. ... Mark (in Latin : Marcus) was pope in the year 336. ... Julius I, pope from 337 to 352, was a native of Rome and was chosen as successor of Marcus after the Roman see had been vacant four months. ... Liberius, pope from May 17, 352 to September 24, 366, was the earliest pope who did not become a saint. ... Pope Damasus I ( 305-383) was Pope from 366. ... St. ... Anastasius I was pope from November 27, 399-401. ... Saint Innocent I, pope (402 - 417), was, according to his biographer in the Liber Pontificalis, the son of a man called Innocent of Albano; but according to his contemporary Jerome, his father was Pope Anastasius I, whom he was called by the unanimous voice of the clergy and laity to... This article is on the pope. ... Boniface I was pope from 418 to 422. ... Saint Celestine I was pope from 422 to 432. ... Sixtus III (d. ... Pope Leo I was a Roman aristocrat who was Pope from 440 to 461. ... Pope Hilarius (also Hilarus, Hilary) was Pope from 461 to February 28, 468). ... Simplicius was pope from 468 to March 10, 483. ... Felix III was pope from March 13, 483 to 492. ... Gelasius I was Pope (492 - 496). ... Anastasius II (died November 16, 498) was pope from November 24, 496 to his death. ... Symmachus was pope from 498 to 514. ... Pope Hormisdas was Pope from July 20, 514 to 523. ... John I was Pope from 523 to 526. ... Felix IV was Pope from 526 to 530. ... Boniface II was Pope from 530 to 532. ... John II (born Mercurius) was Pope from 533 to 535. ... Agapetus I, or Agapitus I, pope (535 - 536), was the son of Gordian, a priest who had been slain during the riots in the days of Pope Symmachus. ... Silverius, Pope (536 - 537), was a legitimate son of Pope Hormisdas, born before his father entered the priesthood. ... Vigilius was Pope from 537 to 555. ... Pelagius I, Pope (556 - 561 March 3), came from a Roman noble family. ... John III was pope from 561 to 574. ... Benedict I (died July 30, 579) was pope from June 2, 575 to his death. ... Pelagius II was pope from 579 to 590. ... Saint Gregory redirects here. ... Sabinian (died February 22, 606) was pope from 604 to 606. ... Boniface III was Pope from February 19 to November 12, 607. ... Boniface IV (ca. ... St. ... Boniface V (died October 25, 625) was pope from 619 to 625. ... Honorius I (died October 12, 638) was pope from 625 to 638. ... Severinus was pope in the year 640. ... John IV was a native of Dalmatia, and the son of the scholasticus (advocate) Venantius. ... Theodore I (d. ... Martin I, born near Todi, Umbria in the place now named after him Pian S. Martino, was pope from 649 to 655, succeeding Theodore I in June or July 649. ... Eugene I, pope (655-657), was a native of Rome. ... Vitalianus (died January 27, 672) was Pope from 657 - 672. ... Adeodatus (also known as Adeodatus II) reigned as pope from 672 to 676. ... Pope Donus Donus (died April 11, 678) was pope from November 2, 676 to his death. ... Agatho (born 577?, died 10 January 681) was pope from 678 to 681. ... Leo II, pope from August 682 to July 683, was a Sicilian by birth, and succeeded Agatho. ... Pope Benedict II was pope from 684 to 685. ... John V, pope from 685 to August 2, 686, was a Syrian by birth, and on account of his knowledge of Greek had in 680 been named papal legate to the Sixth Ecumenical Council at Constantinople. ... Conon (unknown - September 21, 687) was Pope from October 21, 686 until his death on September 21, 687, in Rome. ... Sergius I (d. ... John VI, pope from 701 to 705, was a native of Greece, and succeeded to the papal chair two months after the death of Sergius I. He assisted the exarch Theophylact, who had been sent to Italy by the emperor Justinian II, and prevented him from using violence against the... John VII, pope from 705 to 707, successor of John VI, was also of Greek nationality. ... Sisinnius (died February 4, 708) was Pope for about three weeks in 708. ... Constantinus (d. ... Saint Gregory II, pope from 715 or 716 to February 11, 731, succeeded Pope Constantine, his election being variously dated May 19, 715, and March 21, 716. ... Pope Gregory III, pope (731-741), a Syrian by birth, succeeded Gregory II in March 731. ... Pope Zachary (in Greek : Zacharias), pope (741-752), from a Greek family of Calabria, appears to have been on intimate terms with Gregory III, whom he succeeded (November 741). ... Stephen, elected pope in March of 752 to succeed Pope Zacharias, died of apoplexy three days later, before being consecrated. ... Paul I was Pope from May 29, 757- June 28, 767. ... Stephen III (d. ... Adrian, or Hadrian I, (died December 25, 795) was pope from 772 to 795. ... Leo III (died June 12, 816) was Pope from 795 to 816. ... Stephen IV, (720 â€“ January 24, 772), pope August 1, 768 â€“ January 24, 772, was a native of Sicily. ... Saint Paschal I was pope from 817 to February 11, 824. ... Eugene II, (or Eugenius), pope (824-827) was a native of Rome and was chosen to succeed Paschal I. Another candidate, Zinzinnus, was proposed by the plebeian faction, and the presence of Lothar, son of the Frankish emperor Louis the Pious was necessary in order to maintain the authority of... Valentinus, or Valentine, pope for thirty or forty days in 827, was a Roman by birth, and, according to the Liber Pontificalis, was first made a deacon by Paschal I (817-824). ... Gregory IV, pope (827-844), was chosen to succeed Valentinus in December 827, on which occasion he recognized the supremacy of the Frankish emperor Louis the Pious in the most unequivocal manner. ... Sergius II, was Pope from 844-847. ... Leo IV, pope from 847 to 855, was a Roman by birth, and was unanimously chosen to succeed Sergius II. His pontificate was chiefly distinguished by his efforts to repair the damage done by the Saracens during the reign of his predecessor to various churches of the city, especially those... Benedict III was Pope from 855 to 7 April 858. ... Nicholas I,(Rome c. ... Adrian II (also known as Hadrian II), (792â€“872), pope from 867 to 872, was a member of a noble Roman family, and became pope in 867, at an advanced age. ... John VIII was pope from 872 to 882. ... Marinus I (or Martin II), Pope between December 16, 882- May 15, 884. ... Adrian III (also known as Hadrian III) was Pope from May 17, 884 to September, 885. ... Stephen V, Pope from June 816-January 817, succeeded Leo III, whose policy he continued. ... Jean-Paul Laurens, Le Pape Formose et Etienne VII (1870). ... Boniface VI, pope, a native of Rome, was elected in April 896 as a result of riots soon after the death of Pope Formosus. ... Stephen VI, pope (885-891), succeeded Pope Adrian III, and was in turn succeeded by Pope Formosus. ... Romanus, was Pope from August 897 to November 897. ... Theodore II was the son of Photius. ... John IX, Pope from 898 to 900, not only confirmed the judgment of his predecessor Pope Theodore II (897) in granting Christian burial to Pope Formosus (891â€“896), but at a council held at Ravenna decreed that the records of the synod which had condemned him should be burned. ... Benedict IV was pope from ca. ... Leo V, a native of Ardea, was Pope for some thirty days in 903 after the death of Pope Benedict IV (900â€“903). ... Pope Sergius III, scion of Benedictus, of a noble Roman family, reigned in two intervals between 897 and April 14, 911, during a period of feudal violence and disorder in central Italy, where the Papacy was a pawn of warring aristocratic factions. ... Anastasius III, pope from September 911 to November 913, was a Roman by birth. ... Pope Lando was elected pope in either July or August of 913, and was therefore Bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church. ... John X, Pope from 914 to 928, was deacon at Bologna when he attracted the attention of Theodora, the wife of Theophylact, Count of Tusculum, the most powerful noble in Rome, through whose influence he was elevated first to the see of Bologna and then to the archbishopric of Ravenna. ... The Roman Leo VI succeeded John X as pope in 928, and reigned seven months and a few days -- the exact dates are not known. ... Stephen VII, was Pope from May 896 to July or August 897. ... John XI (910?â€“936) was a pope from 931 to 936. ... Leo VII (died July 13, 939), Pope from January 3, 936 until his death in 939, was preceded by Pope John XI (931â€“935), and followed by Pope Stephen VIII (939â€“942). ... Stephen VII (VIII), pope (December, 928-931). ... Marinus II (Martin III), born in Rome, was Pope from 942 to 946. ... Agapetus II (died November 8, 955) was Pope from May 10, 946 until his death in 955, at the time when Alberic, son of Marozia, was governing the independent republic of Rome under the title of prince and senator of the Romans. ... John XII (born in Rome circa 937, died May 14, 964), was Pope from 955 to 963, was the son of Alberic II, whom he succeeded as patrician of Rome in 954, being then only eighteen years of age. ... Leo VIII (died 965), Pope from 963 to 964, a Roman by birth, held the lay office of protoserinus when he was elected to the papal chair at the instance of Otto the Great, by the Roman synod which deposed John XII in December 963. ... Benedict V (born in Rome; died July 4, 965), Pope (22 May 964 - 23 June 964), was elected by the Romans on the death of John XII. However the Roman emperor Otto I did not approve of the choice and had him deposed after only a month, and the ex... John XIII of Crescenzi family (born in Rome; died September 6, 972) served as Pope from October 1, 965 until his death. ... Benedict VI, Pope (born in Rome, 972 - 974), was chosen with great ceremony and installed as pope under the protection of the Emperor Otto the Great. ... Benedict VII (born in Rome, the son of David, and previously Bishop of Sutri; died 983) belonged to the noble family of the counts of Tusculum. ... John XIV (died August 20, 984), Pope from 983 to 984, successor to Benedict VII, was born at Pavia, and before his elevation to the papal chair was imperial chancellor of Otto II, and was the latters second choice. ... John XV, pope from 984 to 996, generally recognized as the successor of Boniface VII, the pope John who was said to have ruled for four months after John XIV, being now omitted by the best authorities. ... Gregory V, nÃ© Bruno ( 972 â€“ February 18, 999), Pope from May 3, 996 to February 18, 999, son of the Salian Otto I, Duke of Carinthia, who was a grandson of the Emperor Otto I the Great (936â€“973). ... Gerbert of Aurillac, later known as pope Silvester II, (or Sylvester II), (ca. ... John XVII, né Sicco (died November 6, 1003), was a native of Rome who succeeded Silvester II as pope on June 13, 1003, but died less than five months later. ... John XVIII, born Fasanius (died June 1009), the son of a Roman priest named Leo, was pope from 1003 to 1009, was, during his whole pontificate, the mere creature of the current head of the Crescentii clan who controlled Rome, the patricius (an aristocratic military leader) Johannes Crescentius III. The... Sergius IV, nÃ© Pietro Boccapecora (born in Rome, died May 12, 1012) was pope from July 31, 1009 until his death. ... Benedict VIII, nÃ© Theophylactus (born in Rome, died April 9, 1024), pope (1012-1024), of the noble family of the counts of Tusculum (son of Gregory, Count of Tusculum, and Maria, and brother of John XIX), descended from Theophylact, Count of Tusculum like his predecessor Benedict VI, was opposed by... John XIX (born in Rome, died October 1032), born Romanus, was Pope from 1024 to 1032. ... Benedict IX, nÃ© Theophylactus (Rome, c. ... Silvester III, nÃ© John of Crescenzi â€“ Ottaviani family (born in Rome; probably died in 1062 or 1063); was Pope in 1045. ... Benedict IX, nÃ© Theophylactus (Rome, c. ... For the antipope of the same name, see antipope Gregory VI Gregory VI, nÃ© John Gratian, date of birth unknown; elected 1 May 1045; abdicated at the Council of Sutri on 20 December 1046; died probably at Cologne, in the beginning of 1048. ... Clement II, nÃ© Suidger of Morsleben (born Hornburg, Lower Saxony, Germany, 1005 â€“ died October 9, 1047), Pope from December 25, 1046 to October 9, 1047). ... Benedict IX, nÃ© Theophylactus (Rome, c. ... Damasus II, nÃ© Poppo (died August 9, 1048), Pope from July 17, 1048 to August 9, 1048, was the second of the German pontiffs nominated by Emperor Henry III (1039â€“56). ... Leo IX, born Bruno of Eguisheim-Dagsburg (June 21, 1002 â€“ April 19, 1054) was Pope from February 12, 1049 to his death. ... Victor II (c. ... Pope Stephen IX, orignally Archdeacon Frederick of Leige was a native of Germany, was pope from about July 14, 939 until his death towards the end of October, 942. ... Nicholas II, born GÃ©rard de Bourgogne (died July 19 or July 27, 1061), Pope from 1059 to July 1061, was at the time of his election Bishop of Florence. ... Alexander II (died April 21, 1073), born Anselmo da Baggio , Pope from 1061 to 1073, was a native of Milan. ... Pope Gregory VII (c. ... The Blessed Victor III, born as Dauferius (Benevento, 1026? â€“ September 16, 1087), Pope (May 24, 1086 until his death), was the successor of Pope Gregory VII (1073â€“85). ... Pope Urban II (1042 â€“ July 29, 1099), born Otho of Lagery (alternatively: Otto or Odo), was a Pope from 1088 to July 29, 1099. ... Paschal II, nÃ© Ranierius (born in Bleda, near ForlÃ¬, Romagna - d. ... Gelasius II, nÃ© Giovanni Coniulo (died January 29, 1119), Pope from January 24, 1118 to January 29, 1119, was born at Gaeta of an illustrious family. ... Callixtus II (or Calistus II), born Guido of Vienne (died December 13, 1124), the son of William I, Count of Burgundy (1057â€“87), was elected Pope on February 2, 1119, after the death of Pope Gelasius II (1118â€“19). ... Pope Honorius II should not be confused with Antipope Honorius II, otherwise known as Peter Cadalus. ... Pope Innocent II (died September 24, 1143), born Gregorio Papareschi, was Pope from 1130 to 1143, and was probably one of the clergy in personal attendance on the antipope Clement III (Guibert of Ravenna). ... Celestine II, born Guido di Castello (d. ... Lucius II, neÃ© Gherardo Caccianemici dal Orso (died February 15, 1145) was Pope from March 12, 1144 until his death. ... The Blessed Eugene III, né Bernardo Pignatelli (d. ... Anastasius IV, nÃ© Corrado di Suburra or della Suburra (d. ... Pope Adrian IV (c. ... Alexander III, nÃ© Orlando Bandinelli (c. ... Lucius III, nÃ© Ubaldo Allucingoli (1097 â€“ November 25, 1185), was pope from September 1, 1181 to his death. ... Urban III, nÃ© Uberto Crivelli (d. ... Pope Gregory VIII (ca. ... Clement III, born Paulino Scolari (or Paolo) (b. ... Celestine III, nÃ© Giacinto Bobone (Rome, ca. ... Innocent III, born Lotario de Conti di Segni (Gavignano, near Anagni, ca. ... Honorius III, nÃ© Cencio Savelli (Rome, 1148 â€“ March 18, 1227 in Rome), was Pope from 1216 to 1227. ... Papal Arms of Pope Gregory IX. Gregory IX, nÃ© Ugolino di Conti (Anagni, ca. ... Pope Celestine IV (died November 10, 1241 in Rome), born Goffredo da Castiglione, was pope from October 25, 1241 to November 10, 1241. ... Pope Innocent IV (Manarola, 1180/90 â€“ Naples, December 7, 1254), born Sinibaldo de Fieschi, Pope from 1243 to 1254, belonged to the feudal nobility of Liguria, the Fieschi, counts of Lavagna. ... Alexander IV, nÃ© Rinaldo Conti (Anagni, ca. ... Urban IV, born Jacques PantalÃ©on (Troyes, ca. ... Clement IV, nÃ© Gui Faucoi le Gros ( Guy Foulques the Fat or Guido le Gros) (Saint-Gilles-du-Gard, November 23, year uncertain â€“ Viterbo, November 29, 1268), was elected Pope February 5, 1265, in a conclave held at Perugia that took four months, while cardinals argued over whether to call... Gregory X, nÃ© Theobald Visconti (Piacenza, ca. ... Innocent V, nÃ© Pierre de Tarentaise (Hamlet of Friburge - Champagny en Vanoise, Savoy, ca. ... Adrian V (also known as Hadrian V), nÃ© Ottobuono de Fieschi (c. ... Pope John XXI (1215 â€“ May 20, 1277), born Pedro JuliÃ£o, a Portuguese also called Pedro Hispano (Latin, Petrus Hispanus), was Pope from 1276 until his death. ... . Nicholas III, nÃ© Giovanni Gaetano Orsini (Rome, ca. ... Martin IV, nÃ© Simon de Brion (ca. ... Honorius IV, nÃ© Giacomo Savelli (Rome, ca. ... Nicholas IV, nÃ© Girolamo Masci (Lisciano, a small village near Ascoli Piceno, September 30, 1227 â€“ April 4, 1292), was Pope from February 22, 1288 to April 4, 1292. ... Pope Celestine V (1215 â€“ May 19, 1296), born Pietro Angelerio, also known as Pietro del Morrone (according to some sources Angelario or Angelieri or Angelliero or Angeleri), was elected Pope in the year 1294. ... Boniface VIII, nÃ© Benedetto Caetani (Anagni, c. ... Benedict XI, born Nicholas Boccasini (Treviso, 1240 â€“ July 7, 1304), Pope from 1303 to 1304, succeeded the famous Pope Boniface VIII (1294â€“1303), but was unable to carry out his policies. ... Clement V, born Bertrand de Goth (also occasionally spelled Gouth and Got) (1264 â€“ April 20, 1314), was Pope from 1305 to his death. ... Pope John XXII, born Jacques DuÃ¨ze or dEuse (1249 â€“ December 4, 1334), was the son of a shoemaker in Cahors. ... Benedict XII, nÃ© Jacques Fournier ( 1280s â€“ April 25, 1342), was Pope from 1334 to 1342. ... Clement VI, nÃ© Pierre Roger (1291 â€“ December 6, 1352), the fourth of the Avignon Popes, was elected in May 1342, and reigned until his death. ... Innocent VI, nÃ© Ã‰tienne Aubert (1282 or 1295 â€“ September 12, 1362), Pope at Avignon from 1352 to 1362, the successor of Pope Clement VI (1342â€“52), was a native of the hamlet of Les Monts, diocese of Limoges (today part of the commune of Beyssac, dÃ©partement of CorrÃ¨ze... Blessed Urban V, nÃ© Guillaume Grimoard (1310 â€“ December 19, 1370), Pope from 1362 to 1370, was a native of Grizac in Languedoc (today part of the commune of Le Pont-de-Montvert, dÃ©partement of LozÃ¨re). ... Gregory XI, nÃ© Pierre Roger de Beaufort (ca. ... Pope Urban VI (Naples c. ... Boniface IX, nÃ© Piero Tomacelli (1356 â€“ October 1, 1404), was the second Roman Pope of the Western Schism from November 2, 1389 â€“ until October 1, 1404). ... Innocent VII, nÃ© Cosimo de Migliorati (ca. ... Gregory XII, nÃ© Angelo Correr or Corraro (died October 18, 1417), Pope from 1406 to 1415, succeeded Pope Innocent VII (1404â€“06) on November 30, 1406, having been chosen at Rome by a conclave consisting of only fifteen cardinals, under the express condition that, should antipope Benedict XIII (1394â€“1423... Martin V, nÃ© Oddone Colonna or Odo Colonna (1368 â€“ February 20, 1431), Pope from 1417 to 1431, was elected on St. ... Eugenius IV, né Gabriel Condulmer (1383 - February 23, 1447) was pope from March 3, 1431 to his death. ... Nicholas V, nÃ© Tomaso Parentucelli (November 15, 1397 â€“ March 24, 1455) was Pope from March 6, 1447, to his death. ... Calistus and Calixtus III redirect here. ... Pope Paul II (February 23, 1417 â€“ July 26, 1471), born Pietro Barbo, was Pope from 1464 until his death. ... Sixtus IV, born Francesco della Rovere (July 21, 1414 â€“ August 12, 1484) was Pope from 1471 to 1484. ... Pope Innocent VIII (1432 â€“ July 25, 1492), born Giovanni Battista Cybo, was Pope from 1484 until his death. ... Pope Alexander VI (1 January 1431 â€“ 18 August 1503), born Roderic Borja (Italian: Borgia), (reigned from 1492 to 1503), is the most controversial of the secular popes of the Renaissance and one whose surname became a byword for the debased standards of the papacy of that era. ... Pius III, born Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini (May 9, 1439 â€“ October 18, 1503), was [Pope]] from September 22 to October 18, 1503. ... Julius II, born Giuliano della Rovere (December 5, 1443 â€“ February 21, 1513), was Pope from 1503 to 1513. ... Pope Leo X, born Giovanni di Lorenzo de Medici (11 December 1475 â€“ 1 December 1521) was Pope from 1513 to his death. ... The house where Adrian VI was born Adrian VI (also known as Hadrian VI or Adriano VI), born Adrian dEdel (March 2, 1459 - September 14, 1523), pope from 1522 to 1523, was born in Utrecht, the Netherlands, and studied under the Brethren of the Common Life either at Zwolle... For the antipope (1378â€“1394) see antipope Clement VII and other Popes named Clement see Pope Clement. ... Pope Paul III (February 29, 1468 â€“ November 10, 1549), born Alessandro Farnese, was Pope from 1534 to 1549. ... Pope Julius III (September 10, 1487 â€“ March 23, 1555), born Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte, was Pope from February 7, 1550 to 1555. ... Marcellus II, nÃ© Marcello Cervini degli Spannochi (May 6, 1501 â€“ May 1, 1555), cardinal of Santa Croce, a native of the area of Ancona, Italy, was elected pope to succeed Julius III on April 9, 1555. ... Paul IV, nÃ© Giovanni Pietro Carafa (June 28, 1476 â€“ August 18, 1559) was Pope from May 23, 1555 until his death. ... Pius IV, nÃ© Giovanni Angelo Medici (March 31, 1499 â€“ December 9, 1565), pope from 1559 to 1565, was born of humble parentage in Milan, unrelated with the Medicis of Florence. ... Saint Pius V, nÃ© Antonio Ghislieri, from 1518 called Michele Ghislieri (January 17, 1504 â€“ May 1, 1572) was pope from 1566 to 1572 and is a saint of the Catholic Church. ... Gregory XIII, born Ugo Boncompagni (January 7, 1502 â€“ April 10, 1585) was pope from 1572 to 1585. ... Sixtus V, born Felice Peretti (December 13, 1521 -â€“ August 27, 1590) was pope from 1585 to 1590. ... Pope Urban VII (August 4, 1521 â€“ September 27, 1590), born Giovanni Battista Castagna, was Pope for thirteen days in September 1590. ... Pope Gregory XIV (February 11, 1535 â€“ October 16, 1591), born NiccolÃ² Sfondrati, was Pope from December 5, 1590 â€“ October 16, 1591. ... Pope Innocent IX (July 20, 1519 â€“ December 30, 1591), born Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti, who was born to a modest working family in the mountainous comune of Cravegna, in the diocese of Novara, northern Italy, was a Canon Lawyer, diplomat, and chief administrator during the reign of Pope Gregory XIV (1590... Clement VIII, born Ippolito Aldobrandini (Fano, Italy, February 24, 1536 â€“ March 3, 1605 in Rome) was Pope from January 30, 1592 to March 3, 1605. ... Leo XI, nÃ© Alessandro Ottaviano de Medici (June 2, 1535, Florence â€“ April 27, 1605, Rome), was Pope from April 1, 1605 to April 27 of the same year. ... Paul V, nÃ© Camillo Borghese (Rome, September 17, 1552 â€“ January 28, 1621) was Pope from May 16, 1605 until his death. ... Gregory XV, born Alessandro Ludovisi (January 9, 1554 â€“ July 8, 1623), Pope (1621-1623), born at Bologna, succeeded Paul V on February 9, 1621. ... Pope Urban VIII (April 1568 â€“ July 29, 1644), born Maffeo Barberini, was Pope from 1623 to 1644. ... Innocent X, born Giovanni Battista Pamphili (May 6, 1574 â€“ January 7, 1655) was Pope from 1644 to 1655. ... Alexander VII, nÃ© Fabio Chigi (February 13, 1599 â€“ May 22, 1667) was Pope from April 7, 1655 until his death in 1667. ... Clement IX, né Giulio Rospigliosi (January 28, 1600 - December 9, 1669) was pope from 1667 to 1669. ... Pope Clement X (July 13, 1590 â€“ July 22, 1676), born Emilio Bonaventura Altieri, was Pope from April 29, 1670 to July 22, 1676. ... The Blessed Innocent XI, nÃ© Benedetto Odescalchi (May 16, 1611 â€“ August 12, 1689) was pope from 1676 to 1689. ... Alexander VIII, nÃ© Pietro Vito Ottoboni (April 22, 1610 - February 1, 1691), pope from 1689 to 1691, was born of a noble Venetian family, and was the son of Marco Ottoboni, chancellor of the Republic of Venice. ... Innocent XII, né Antonio Pignatelli (March 13, 1615 - September 27, 1700) pope from 1691 to 1700, was the successor of Alexander VIII. He came of a distinguished Naples family and was educated at the Jesuit college in Rome. ... Clement XI, nÃ© Giovanni Francesco Albani (July 23, 1649 â€“ March 19, 1721) was pope from 1700 to 1721. ... Innocent XIII, nÃ© Michelangelo dei Conti (Poli, near Rome, May 13, 1655 â€“ March 7, 1724 in Rome), pope from 1721 to 1724, became cardinal under Clement XI in 1706. ... For Pedro de Luna, the last of the Avignon popes, see Antipope Benedict XIII. Benedict XIII, O.P., born Pietro Francesco Orsini, later Vincenzo Maria Orsini (Gravina di Puglia, February 2, 1649 â€“ February 21, 1730), was pope from 1724 to 1730. ... Clement XII, born as Lorenzo Corsini (Florence, April 7, 1652 â€“ Rome, February 6, 1740), Pope from 1730 to 1740, had been an aristocratic lawyer and financial manager under preceding pontiffs. ... Benedict XIV, born Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini (Bologna, March 31, 1675 â€“ May 3, 1758 in Rome), was Pope from 17 August 1740 to 3 May 1758. ... Clement XIII, born Carlo della Torre Rezzonico (Venice, March 7, 1693 â€“ Rome, February 2, 1769), was Pope from 1758 to 1769. ... Pope Clement XIV, born Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli (Sant Arcangelo di Romagna, 31 October 1705 â€“ 22 September 1774 in Rome), was Pope from 1769 to 1774. ... Pius VI, born Giovanni Angelo Braschi (December 27, 1717 â€“ August 29, 1799), Pope from 1775 to 1799, was born at Cesena. ... Pius VII, O.S.B., born Barnaba NicolÃ² Maria Luigi Chiaramonti (August 14, 1740 â€“ August 20, 1823), was Pope from March 14, 1800 to August 20, 1823. ... Pope Leo XII (August 22, 1760 â€“ February 10, 1829), born Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiore Girolamo Nicola della Genga, was Pope from 1823 to 1829. ... Pope Pius VIII (November 20, 1761 â€“ December 1, 1830), born Francesco Saverio Castiglioni, was Pope from 1829 to 1830. ... Pope Gregory XVI (September 18, 1765 â€“ June 1, 1846), born Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari, named Mauro as a member of the religious order of the Camaldolese, was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1831 to 1846. ... Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13, 1792 â€“ February 7, 1878), born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, reigned as Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from his election in June 16, 1846, until his death more than 31 years later in 1878, making him the longest-reigning Pope since the Apostle St. ... Pope Leo XIII (March 2, 1810 â€“ July 20, 1903), born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, having succeeded Pope Pius IX (1846â€“78) on February 20, 1878 and reigning until his death in 1903. ... Pope Saint Pius X ( Latin: ) (June 2, 1835 â€” August 20, 1914), born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was Pope from 1903 to 1914, succeeding Pope Leo XIII (1878â€“1903). ... Pope Benedict XV (Latin: ), (Italian: Benedetto XV), (November 21, 1854 â€“ January 22, 1922), born Giacomo della Chiesa, reigned as Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from September 3, 1914 to January 22, 1922; he succeeded Pope Pius X (1903â€“14). ... Pope Pius XI (Latin: ) (May 31, 1857 â€“ February 10, 1939), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti, reigned as Pope from February 6, 1922 and sovereign of Vatican City from 1929 until his death on February 10, 1939. ... Pope Pius XII (Latin: ), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (March 2, 1876 â€“ October 9, 1958), reigned as the 260th pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church, and sovereign of Vatican City State from March 2, 1939 until his death. ... Blessed Pope John XXIII (Latin: ), (Italian: Giovanni XXIII), born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (November 25, 1881 â€“ June 3, 1963), was elected as the 261st Pope of the Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City on October 28, 1958. ... Pope Paul VI (Latin: ), (Italian: Paolo VI), born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini (September 26, 1897 â€“ August 6, 1978), reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church and as sovereign of Vatican City from 1963 to 1978. ... Pope John Paul I (in Latin ), born Albino Luciani (October 17, 1912 â€“ September 28, 1978), reigned as pope and as sovereign of Vatican City from August 26, 1978 to September 28, 1978. ... Coat of Arms of Pope John Paul II. The Letter M is for Mary, the mother of Jesus, to whom he held strong devotion Pope John Paul II (Latin: ), (Italian: Giovanni Paolo II), born (May 18, 1920, Wadowice, Poland â€“ April 2, 2005, Vatican City) reigned as Pope of the Roman... Papal Arms of Pope Benedict XVI. The papal tiara was replaced with a bishops mitre, and pallium of the Pope was added beneath the coat of arms. ...

Contents

Early life GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");