Pius X

Name Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto Papacy began August 4, 1903 Papacy ended August 20, 1914 Predecessor Leo XIII Successor Benedict XV Born June 2, 1835 Place of birth Riese, Italy Died August 20, 1914 Place of death Apostolic Palace, Vatican City

Pope Saint Pius X, born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto (2 June 1835 – 20 August 1914), was Pope from 1903 to 1914, succeeding Pope Leo XIII. He was the first pope since the Counter-Reformation Pope St. Pius V to be canonized. Despite this, the pontificate of Pope St. Pius X was one of the more controversial of modern papacies. Nevertheless, he is considered by many to have been one of the greatest Pontiffs ever to reign. Pope Pius X. This work is copyrighted. ... August 4 is the 216th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (217th in leap years), with 149 days remaining. ... 1903 has the latest occurring solstices and equinoxes for 400 years, because the Gregorian calendar hasnt had a leap year for seven years or a century leap year since 1600. ... August 20 is the 232nd day of the year (233rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1914 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Pope Leo XIII, born Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Pecci (March 2, 1810–July 20, 1903), was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, having succeeded Blessed Pius IX on February 20, 1878 and reigning until his own death. ... His Holiness Pope Benedict XV, born Giacomo della Chiesa (November 21, 1854 – January 22, 1922), reigned as Pope of the Roman Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City from September 3, 1914 to 1922; he succeeded Pope Saint Pius X. // Early life Arms of Benedict XV Della Chiesa was born... 2 June is the 153rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (154th in leap years), with 212 days remaining. ... 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... August 20 is the 232nd day of the year (233rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1914 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... The Apostolic Palace , also called the Papal Palace or the Palace of the Vatican, is the official residence of the Pope in the Vatican City. ... 2 June is the 153rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (154th in leap years), with 212 days remaining. ... 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... August 20 is the 232nd day of the year (233rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1914 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... The Pope is the Catholic Bishop and patriarch of Rome, and head of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches. ... 1903 has the latest occurring solstices and equinoxes for 400 years, because the Gregorian calendar hasnt had a leap year for seven years or a century leap year since 1600. ... 1914 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Pope Leo XIII, born Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Pecci (March 2, 1810–July 20, 1903), was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, having succeeded Blessed Pius IX on February 20, 1878 and reigning until his own death. ... The Counter-Reformation or the Catholic Reformation was a strong reaffirmation of the doctrine and structure of the Catholic Church, climaxing at the Council of Trent, partly in reaction to the growth of Protestantism. ... Saint Pius V, né Antonio Ghislieri, from 1518 called Michele Ghislieri (January 17, 1504 - May 1, 1572) was pope from 1566 to 1572 and is a saint of the Catholic Church. ... Canonization is the process of making someone into a saint and involves proving that a candidate has lived in such a way that he or she is worthy of sainthood. ...

Early Life & Ministry

Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto was born 2 June 1835 in Riese, Province of Treviso, in Venice, Italy. He was the second born of ten children of Giovanni Battista Sarto (1792-1852) and Margarita Sanson (1813-1894). He was baptized 3 June 1835. Giuseppe's childhood was one of poverty, being the son of the village postman (his father) and seamstress (his mother). From his youth, however, Giuseppe felt the call of the priesthood. Treviso is a town (population 83,598 as of 1991) in the Veneto region of Italy. ... Venice (Italian Venezia), the city of canals, is the capital of the region of Veneto, population 271,663 (census estimate 2004-01-01). ... 1792 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1813 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1894 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

A Young Giuseppe Sarto

At a young age, Giuseppe studied Latin with his village priest, and then went on to study at the gymnasium of Castelfranco Veneto. "In 1850 he received the tonsure from the Bishop of Treviso, and was given a scholarship [from] the Diocese of Treviso" to attend the Seminary of Padua "where he finished his classical, philosophical, and theological studies with distinction" [[1]]. Photo of Giuseppe Sarto, later Pope Pius X. This work is copyrighted. ... Photo of Giuseppe Sarto, later Pope Pius X. This work is copyrighted. ... Latin is the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... 1850 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Tonsure is the practice of some Christian churches of cutting the hair from the scalp of clerics as a symbol of their renunciation of worldly fashion and esteem. ... Location within Italy Tronco Maestro Riviera: a pedestrian walk along a section of the inland waterway or naviglio interno of Padua The city of Padua (Lat. ...

In 1858, Giuseppe was ordained a priest, and became chaplain at Tombolo. While there, Father Sarto expanded his knowledge of theology, studying both Saint Thomas Aquinas and canon law, while carrying out most of the functions of the parish pastor, who was quite ill. In 1867, he was named Arch-Priest of Salzano. Here he restored the church and expanded the hospital, the funds coming from his own begging, wealth and labor. He became beloved by the people when he unflinchingly worked day and night to assist the sick during the cholera plague that swept into northern Italy in the early 1870s. His physical and spiritual works of mercy translated to many conversions [[2]]. 1858 is a common year starting on Friday. ... Tombolo at Stockton Island, Ashland County, WI A tombolo in Puget Sound A tombolo is a deposition landform such as a spit or bar which forms an isthmus between an island or offshore rock and a mainland shore, or between two islands or offshore rocks. ... Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225 - March 7, 1274) was a Catholic philosopher and theologian in the scholastic tradition, who gave birth to the Thomistic school of philosophy, which was long the primary philosophical approach of the Roman Catholic Church. ... In Western culture, canon law is the law of the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches. ... A parish is a subdivision of a diocese or bishopric within the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Church of Sweden, and of some other churches. ... 1867 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Salzano is a little town of 15000 inhabitants (as of 2000) located 15 kilometres from Venice, Italy. ... Distribution of cholera Cholera (also called Asiatic cholera) is an infectious disease of the gastrointestinal tract caused by the Vibrio cholerae bacterium. ... Events and Trends Technology The invention of the telephone (1876) by Alexander Graham Bell. ...

In 1875 he was made Canon (or Chancellor) of the Cathedral and Diocese of Treviso, holding offices such as spiritual director, rector of the Treviso seminary, and examiner of the clergy. Perhaps one of his more important achievements, and one prophetic of his papacy, as Chancellor was making it possible for public school students to receive religious instruction [[3]]. 1875 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Canon can mean: A rule adopted by an ecumenical council of the Catholic or Eastern Orthodox churches. ... The word rector (ruler, from the Latin regere) has a number of different meanings. ...

In 1878 Bishop Zanelli died, leaving the Bishopric of Mantua vacant. Following Zanelli's death, the canons of cathedral chapters (of which Monsignor Sarto was one) inherited the episcopal jurisdiction as corporate body, and were chiefly responsible for the election of a Vicar-Capitular who would take over the responsibilities of Mantua until a new bishop was named. In 1879, Monsignor Sarto was elected to the position, which he served in from December of that year to June of 1880. 1878 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Mantua (in Italian Mantova) is a city in Lombardy, Italy and capital of the province with the same name. ... A bishop is an ordained member of the Christian clergy who, in certain Christian churches, holds a position of authority. ... 1879 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1880 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

After 1880, Monsignor Sarto taught dogmatic theology and moral theology at the seminary in Mantua.

Bishop of Mantua

Bishop Sarto

Six years after being elected to the position of Vicar-Capitular of Mantua, and four after leaving that post, Monsignor Sarto was, on 10 November 1884, raised to the episcopate as Bishop of Mantua. As Bishop, Sarto was chiefly concerned with turning the condition of Mantua around, which was in a state of turmoil. Committed to his episcopal calling and to the people of Mantua, Bishop Sarto rejected the luxuries afforded to him because of his position, seeking to improve the physical and spiritual lives of his flock. Photo of Bishop Sarto of Mantua, later Pope Pius X. This work is copyrighted. ... Photo of Bishop Sarto of Mantua, later Pope Pius X. This work is copyrighted. ... November 10 is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 51 days remaining. ... 1884 is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar). ...

Bishop Sarto was also motivated to improve the seminary at Mantua, particularly in bringing it more in line with the doctrines and methods of Thomas Aquinas. He also promoted the use of Gregorian Chant. Always watchful of the poor, Bishop Sarto is noted to have provided free copies of the Summa Theologica to the poorer students at the seminary. St. ... Gregorian chant is also known as plainchant or plainsong, and is a form of monophonic, unaccompanied singing, which was developed in the Catholic church, mainly during the period 800-1000. ... The Summa Theologica (also widely known as the Summa Theologiae) is the most famous work of St. ...

Soon the troubles of Mantua were behind them, and Bishop Sarto was highly praised for his involvement. On 19 June 1891, Bishop Sarto served as assistant at the Pontifical Throne, a great honor for anyone. June 19 is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 195 days remaining. ... 1891 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

Cardinal & Patriarch

Cardinal Sarto

Because of his devotion and abilities, moreover, Pope Leo XIII, on 12 June 1893, created Bishop Sarto a cardinal in a secret consistory. He was named Cardinal-Priest of Saint Bernardo alle Terme. Three days after this, Cardinal Sarto was publicly named Patriarch of Venice. Cardinal Sarto, Patriarch of Venice (later Pope Pius X). ... Cardinal Sarto, Patriarch of Venice (later Pope Pius X). ... Pope Leo XIII, born Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Pecci (March 2, 1810–July 20, 1903), was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, having succeeded Blessed Pius IX on February 20, 1878 and reigning until his own death. ... June 12 is the 163rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (164th in leap years), with 202 days remaining. ... 1893 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The word cardinal comes from the Latin cardo for hinge and usually refers to things of fundamental importance, as in cardinal rule or cardinal sins. ... Antiquity Originally, the Latin word consistorium meant simply sitting together, just as the Greek syn(h)edrion (from which the biblical sanhedrin was a corruption). ...

Because a political difficulty arose over his assumption of this office, Cardinal Sarto retained the apostolic administration of Mantua. The difficulty over Sarto's assumption of Patriarch of Venice was that the Royal Italian Government claimed the right of nomination, based on an alleged privilege previously exercised by the Emperor of Austria. The anticlericalism of the Italian Court and the resentment felt by the Roman Curia over the transfer of Rome from papal rule in 1870 complicated relationships. About 1896, the Italian state backed down and Cardinal Sarto was able to assume his post. The Curia, inside the Forum The Curia of ancient Rome was the place where the Senate met to discuss the making of laws and take decisions about the affairs of the Republic. ... 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1896 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

In Venice, Cardinal Sarto found the situation much better than in Mantua, though this did not deter him from pursuing his long-time devotion to pastoral tasks. He supported social works, such as the rural parochial banks, and continued his care and support for the poor in Venice. He was also involved in the seminary, where he established a faculty for canon law. He also promoted Gregorian Chant [[4]].

As Cardinal and Patriarch, Sarto steered clear of political involvement. However, in his first pastoral letter to the Venetians, Cardinal Sarto argued that in matters pertaining to the Pope, "there should be no questions, no subtleties, no opposing of personal rights to his rights, but only obedience."

Papal Election

Pope Pius X wearing the Papal Tiara of Gregory XVI

On 20 July 1903, the much loved and very elderly Pope Leo XIII died, and subsequently (by August) the conclave convened to elect a new Pope. According to historians, the favorite was Leo XIII's secretary of state, Cardinal Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro. On the first ballot, Cardinal Rampolla received 24 votes, Cardinal Gotti had 17 votes, and Cardinal Sarto 5 votes. On the second ballot, Rampolla had gained 5 votes, as did Sarto. The next day, it seemed that Rampolla would be elected. However, the veto against Rampolla's nomination, by Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria-Hungary, was proclaimed. Many among the conclave, including Rampolla, protested the veto, and it was even suggested that he be elected Pope despite the veto. Pope Pius X, from a 1904 Stereopticon card This image is in the public domain in the United States and possibly other jurisdictions. ... Pope Pius X, from a 1904 Stereopticon card This image is in the public domain in the United States and possibly other jurisdictions. ... Pope Leo XIII, born Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Pecci (March 2, 1810–July 20, 1903), was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, having succeeded Blessed Pius IX on February 20, 1878 and reigning until his own death. ... The Sistine Chapel is the location of the conclave. ... Mariano Rampolla (Full name Count Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro) was born on August 17, 1843 in Poizzi, Sicily, and died on December 17, 1913, in Rome. ... Franz Josef I. Tomb of Franz Josef I, flanked by wife Elisabeth and son Rudolf. ...

However, the third vote had already begun, and thus the conclave had to continue with the voting, which resulted in no clear winner, though it did indicate that many of the conclave wished to turn their support to Sarto, who had 21 votes upon counting. The fourth vote showed Rampolla with 30 votes and Sarto with 24. It seemed clear that the cardinals were moving toward Cardinal Sarto.

On the following morning, the fifth vote of the conclave was taken, and the count had Rampolla with 10 votes, Gotti with 2 votes, and Sarto with 50 votes [Source]. Thus, on 4 August 1903, Cardinal Sarto was elected to the 257th Pontificate. (See Papal conclave, 1903.) The Papal conclave of 1903 was caused by the death of the 93 year old Pope Leo XIII, who at that stage was the third longest reigning pope in history. ...

At first, it is reported, Sarto declined the nomination, feeling unworthy. Additionally, he had been deeply saddened by the abuse of veto powers and vowed to rescind these powers and excommunicate anyone who leaked information during a conclave. With the cardinals asking him to reconsider, it is further reported, he went into solitude, and after deep prayer, and the urging of his fellow cardinals, he realized it was the Will of God that this simple parish priest should lead the Church at the dawn of the 20th Century. [[5]] The word veto comes from Latin and literally means I forbid. ... Excommunication is religious censure which is used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the...

Cardinal Sarto, accepting his nomination to the Papacy, took as his Papal name Pius X, out of respect for his recent predecessors of the same name, particularly Pius IX, who had courageously resisted persecution and fought against theological errors. Pius X's coronation, using the traditional Papal Tiara, took place on the following Sunday, 9 August 1903. 1834 Tiara of Pope Gregory XVI The Papal Tiara, also known as the Triple Tiara, in Latin as the Triregnum, or in Italian as the Triregno,[1] is the three-tiered jewelled papal crown of Byzantine and Persian origin that is the symbol of the papacy. ... August 9 is the 221st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (222nd in leap years), with 144 days remaining. ... 1903 has the latest occurring solstices and equinoxes for 400 years, because the Gregorian calendar hasnt had a leap year for seven years or a century leap year since 1600. ...

It is important to note, that it was at this conclave that elected Pope Pius X that the vetoes of papal candidates by Catholic powers, such as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, were used for the last time. Pius X, who was saddened and angered at the abuse of the veto powers, subsequently prohibited their use, and threatened to excommunicate anyone who leaked information during a conclave. Official languages Latin, German, Hungarian Established church Roman Catholic Capital & Largest City Vienna pop. ...

Pius X's Papacy

Pope St. Pius X prayer card

The pontificate of Pope St. Pius X was noted for its conservative agenda and as one of the most controversial modern papacies. In what became his motto, Pius X stated in 1903 that his papacy will undertake Instaurare Omnia in Christo, or "to restore all things to Christ." In his first encyclical (E Supremi Apostolatus, October 4, 1903), moreover, he established that overriding policy: "We champion the authority of God. His authority and Commandments should be recognized, deferred to, and respected." Prayer card portrait of Pope Pius X. This work is copyrighted. ... Prayer card portrait of Pope Pius X. This work is copyrighted. ... October 4 is the 277th day of the year (278th in Leap years). ... 1903 has the latest occurring solstices and equinoxes for 400 years, because the Gregorian calendar hasnt had a leap year for seven years or a century leap year since 1600. ... The term God is used to designate a Supreme Being; however, there are other definitions of God. ...

Defense of the Church

Pius X’s political defense of his Church began with the appointment of Rafael Cardinal Merry del Val to begin reversing Leo XIII’s accommodating approach to secular governments. When the President of France (Émile Loubet) visited Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy, to whom the Church had been hostile since the Italian seizure of the Papal States in 1870, Pius X issued a condemnation against the French president. This led to a diplomatic break with France, and in 1906 France issued a Law of Separation, which the Pope denounced. The effect of this separation was the Church’s loss of its material support. Eventually, France expelled the Jesuits. Rafael Cardinal Merry del Val y Zulueta (October 10, 1865-February 26, 1930) was a Roman Catholic Cardinal (Cardinal Priest of Basilica di Santa Prassede) from 1903 until his death. ... Pope Leo XIII Supreme Pontiff (1878-1903) Leo XIII, né Gioacchino Pecci (March 2, 1810 - July 20, 1903) was Pope from 1878 to 1903. ... Painting of French statesman Émile Loubet by Fernand-Anne Piestre Émile François Loubet (December 30, 1838 - December 20, 1929) was a French politician, 7th president of the French republic. ... Victor Emmanuel III (Italian: Vittorio Emanuele III) (November 11, 1869 – December 28, 1947), nicknamed The Soldier, was the King of Italy (July 29, 1900 – May 9, 1946), and claimed the titles Emperor of Ethiopia (1936 - 1943) and King of Albania (1939 - 1943). ... The Papal States (Gli Stati della Chiesa or Stati Pontificii, States of the Church) was one of the historical states of Italy before the peninsula was unified under the crown of Savoy. ... 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1906 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ...

The pope adopted a similar position toward secular governments in other parts of the world: in Portugal, Ireland, Poland, Ethiopia, and a number of other states with large Catholic populations. All of his actions and statements angered the secular powers of these countries, as well as a few others, like England and Russia. Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area  - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population  - Total (2001)  - Density Ranked 1st UK 49,138,831 377/km² Religion...

As secular authority challenged that of the papacy, Pius X became more aggressive. He suspended the Opera Dei Congressi, which coordinated the work of Catholic associations in Italy, he condemned the Le Sillon, a French social movement that tried to reconcile the Church with liberal political views. He also opposed trade unions that were not exclusively Catholic.

Liturgical Changes

One of the chief concerns of Pius X’s spiritual life, going back to his priesthood, was that of a pastoral nature. In his papacy, Pius X worked to increase devotion in the lives of the clergy and laity, particularly in the Divine Office and the Holy Mass. Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given religion. ... In religious organizations , the laity comprises all lay persons, i. ... Mass is the term used of the celebration of the Eucharist in the Latin rites of the Roman Catholic Church. ...

As he had done in his previous ministries, Pius X worked for the restoration of the Church's own sacred music, the Gregorian chant. He had long believed that Catholics, priests and laity alike, needed to find beauty in their public prayer to give it a more sincere meaning. Thus, he encouraged the formation of the Gregorian scholae (or choirs), that would train those that participated in the Gregorian style. Gregorian chant is also known as plainchant or plainsong, and is a form of monophonic, unaccompanied singing, which was developed in the Catholic church, mainly during the period 800-1000. ...

Another of Pius X's passions in liturgy from his earlier ministries, and which became a priority in his pastoral efforts as pope, involved the Holy Communion. Pius X long believed in the importance and centrality of the sacred right of Holy Communion for all believers young and old. He was, moreover, a firm believer in its role in salvation. Thus, he is often noted to have said, "Holy Communion is the shortest and safest way to Heaven." To this end, he encouraged frequent reception of Holy Communion. This extended to children, who had reached the “age of discretion” (about seven years old), as well, though he did not permit a return to the apostolic practice of infant communion. Moreover, as a devout believer in its role, Pius X knew Holy Communion could not be received in vain. Thus, in conjunction with his encouragement of frequent reception of Holy Communion, Pius X also emphasized frequent recourse to the Sacrament of Penance in order that the Holy Communion would be taken worthily. (According to Catholic doctrine, a Catholic who receives Holy Communion in the state of mortal sin commits a sacrilege.) Pius X’s devotion to the Eucharist would eventually earn him the honorific of “Pope of the Blessed Sacrament,” by which he is still known to many. From the Greek word λειτουργια, which can be transliterated as leitourgia, meaning the work of the people, a liturgy comprises a prescribed religious ceremony, according to the traditions of a particular religion; it may refer to, or include, an elaborate formal ritual (such as the Catholic Mass), a daily activity... The Eucharist is either the celebration of the Christian sacrament commemorating Christ’s Last Supper, or the consecrated bread and wine of this sacrament. ... Salvation means being saved from suffering of some kind. ... One of the all-too-often-forgotten customs of the Early Church was that of Infant Communion. ... Penance is the actual name of the Catholic Sacrament of Reconciliation/ Confession. ... According to Catholicism, a mortal sin, unlike a venial sin, must meet all of the following conditions: subject must be ‘grave matter’; it must be committed with full knowledge, both of the sin and of the gravity of the offense; it must be committed with deliberate and complete consent. ...

Pope Pius X

Photo of Pope Pius X. This work is copyrighted. ... Photo of Pope Pius X. This work is copyrighted. ...

Anti-Modernism

Pius X’s notion of a pastoral ministry included the defense of his flock against heresy. He condemned what he termed 'modernists' and 'relativists' who endangered the Catholic faith (see for example his Anti-Modernist oath). This is perhaps the most controversial position of Pius X’s papacy. Heresy, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is a theological or religious opinion or doctrine maintained in opposition, or held to be contrary, to the ‘catholic’ or orthodox doctrine of the Christian Church, or, by extension, to that of any church, creed, or religious system, considered as orthodox. ... Modernism was a term used by Pope Pius X to describe the doctrines of a group of theologians (chiefly Alfred Loisy and George Tyrell), notably the assumption that the Christian Church and its dogma are human institutions that have evolved in time like other institutions, and which are expressed like... Relativism is the view that the meaning and value of human beliefs and behaviors have no absolute reference. ... This article considers Catholicism in the broadest ecclesiastical sense. ... His Holiness St. ...

Modernism and relativism, in terms of its presence in the Church, were theological trends that tried to assimilate modern philosophers like Kant into church theology, in much the same way Aristotelian philosophy was united with theology by the scholastics. "Modernists" justified this change with the idea that all beliefs of the church have evolved throughout its history and must continue to evolve. These notions were contrary to the dogmas and traditions of the Catholic Church, and St. Pius X, mindful of his duty to defend the unity of the Flock entrusted to him, labored with all his might against them. A painting of Immanuel Kant in his middle age Immanuel Kant (April 22, 1724 in Königsberg – February 12, 1804) was a German philosopher from Prussia, generally regarded as one of Europes most influential thinkers and the last major philosopher of the Enlightenment. ... Aristotle (sculpture) Aristotle (Greek: Αριστοτέλης Aristotelēs) (384 BC – March 7, 322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher. ... Scholasticism comes from the Latin word scholasticus which means that [which] belongs to the school, and is the school of philosophy taught by the academics (or schoolmen) of medieval universities circa 1100 - 1500. ...

In a decree, entitled Lamentabili sane exitu (or "A Lamentable Departure Indeed"), issued 3 July 1907, Pius X formally condemned sixty-five modernist or relativist propositions concerning the nature of the Church, revelation, biblical exegesis, the sacraments, and the divinity of Christ. This was followed by the encyclical Pascendi Dominici gregis (or "Feeding the Lord’s Flock"), which characterized Modernism as the “synthesis of all heresies.” Following these, Pius X ordered that all clerics take the Sacrorum antistitum, an oath against Modernism. He also encouraged the formation and efforts of Sodalitium Pianum (or League of St. Pius V), an anti-Modernist network of informants. July 3rd is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 181 days remaining. ... 1907 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... For information on the last book of the New Testament see the entry on the Book of Revelation. ... Biblical exegesis is the branch of theology which investigates and expresses the true sense of holy scripture. ... A sacrament is a Christian rite that mediates divine grace. ... Christ, from the Greek in english known as Χριστός, or Khristós, means anointed, and is equivalent to the Hebrew term Messiah. ... His Holiness St. ... The Society of St. ...

Pius X’s aggressive stance against modernism caused an internal devastation to the Church. Although only about forty clerics refused to take the oath, Catholic scholarship was substantially discouraged. Theologians that wanted to pursue secular lines of inquiry or lines of inquiry considered as being in line with modernism or relativism had to stop, or face a war with the papacy, and possibly even excommunication. However, Pius X, as with many popes and saints before him, would never succumb to the popular demands of the present age. Pius X's work against modernism would bring an era of spiritual prosperity in the Catholic Church for the next half-century. Excommunication is a religious censure which is used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community. ...

Other Achievements

In addition to the political defense of the Church, liturgical changes, and anti-modernism, the papacy of Pius X saw the both the codification of the canon law, which up until that time consisted mostly of legal precedents, and the reorganization of the Roman Curia. Additionally, seminaries and their curricula were reformed. In Western culture, canon law is the law of the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches. ... The Curia, inside the Forum The Curia of ancient Rome was the place where the Senate met to discuss the making of laws and take decisions about the affairs of the Republic. ...

Pius X beatified ten individuals and canonized four. Those beatified during Pius X’s pontificate, were: Blessed Marie Genevieve Meunier (1906), Blessed Rose Chretien (1906), Saint Valentin Faustino Berri Ochoa (1906), Blessed Clarus (1907), Blessed Zedislava Berka (1907), Saint John Bosco (1907), Blessed John van Ruysbroeck (1908), Blessed Andrew Nam Thung (1909), Saint Agatha Lin (1909), Saint Agnes De (1909), Saint Joan of Arc (1909), Saint John Eudes (1909). Those canonized by Pius X were Saint Alexander Sauli (1904), Saint Gerard Majella (1904), Saint Clement Mary Hofbauer (1909), and Saint Joseph Oriol (1909). In Catholicism, beatification (from Latin beatus, blessed, via Greek μακαριος, makarios) is a recognition accorded by the church of a dead persons accession to Heaven and capacity to intercede on behalf of individuals who pray in their name (intercession of saints). ... Canonization is the process of making someone into a saint and involves proving that a candidate has lived in such a way that he or she is worthy of sainthood. ... Giovanni Melchior Bosco, or John Bosco, (August 16, 1815 - January 31, 1888) was a priest and educator. ... 1908 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1909 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Joan of Arc (French: Jeanne dArc) (January 6, 1412 - May 30, 1431), known as the Maid of Orléans (French: la pucelle dOrléans), is a national heroine of France and saint of the Catholic Church. ... 1904 is a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... St. ...

Pius X published sixteen encyclicals; among them was Vehementer nos on February 11, 1906. ON THE FRENCH LAW OF SEPARATION VEHEMENTER NOS This article needs cleanup. ... February 11 is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1906 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

It is interesting to point out that in the Prophecy of St Malachy, the collection of 112 prophecies about the popes, Pope Pius X appears as Ignis Ardens or "Burning Fire." Most have interpreted this as being clearly seen in the pontiffs reforms, firm traditionalism, and immense love for God and the Church. The Prophecy of the Popes according to Saint Malachy is a list of 112 short phrases in Latin. ...

Death & Burial

Pope Pius X's tomb

In 1913, Pius X suffered a heart attack, and subsequently lived in the shadow of ill health. On 15 August 1914, Pius X fell ill on the Feast of the Assumption of Our Lady, an illness from which he would not recover. Moreover, the events leading to the outbreak of World War I, over which the Pontiff was horrified, did not help his condition; for, it is reported, they caused the 79 year-old Pontiff to fall into a melancholy state. Thus, it is often noted that the First World War attributed, in part, to Pius X's subsequent death on 20 August 1914. It is interesting to note, that Pius X died almost simultaneously with the 'Black Pope,' the head of the order of Jesuits, Father Franz Xavier Wernz. (See The Times for 20 August 1914.) Tomb of Pope Pius X: the original resting place of Pope Pius X, before his remains were moved after is beatification. ... Tomb of Pope Pius X: the original resting place of Pope Pius X, before his remains were moved after is beatification. ... 1913 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... August 15 is the 227th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (228th in leap years), with 138 days remaining. ... 1914 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ...

Following his death, Pius X was buried in a simple and unadorned tomb in the crypt bellow St. Peter's Basilica. Pius X, moreover, left instructions that his body not be embalmed, a practice subsequent popes have followed. The simplicity of his burial was in accordance with his wishes, which can best be seen in a passage from his will: "I was born poor; I lived poor; I wish to die poor." The Basilica of Saint Peter, portrayed by Viviano Codazzi in a 1630 painting, is the largest church in Christendom and often used by the Pope. ...

Canonization

Devotion of Pope Pius X

Although Pius X's elevation to sainthood took place in 1954, the events leading up to it began immediately with his death. The devotion of laypersons and the hierarchy of the Catholic Church from priests to cardinals was universal. Pius X had a clear and recognized reputation for holiness. His sanctity thus became an important issue among the devoted. This can be seen in a letter of 24 September 1916 by Msgr. Leo, Bishop of Nicotera and Tropea, which referred to Pius X as "a great saint and a great Pope." The number of pilgrims seeking to honor Pius X at his burial site also shows this, as the sheer number of them far exceeded what the crypt would hold. To accommodate this, "a small metal cross was set into the floor of the basilica," which read Pius Papa X, "so that the faithful might kneel down directly above the tomb" [6]. Masses were, moreover, held near his tomb until 1930. Devotion of Pope Pius X. This work is copyrighted. ... Devotion of Pope Pius X. This work is copyrighted. ... General definition of saint In general, the term Saint refers to someone who is exceptionally virtuous and holy. ... 1954 - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... September 24 is the 267th day of the year (268th in leap years). ... 1916 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) Events January-February January 1 -The first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ... 1930 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ...

Devotion to Pius X between the two world wars remained steadfast. On 14 February 1923, in honor of the 20th anniversary of his accession to the papal throne, the first moves toward his canonization began with the formal appointment of those who would carry out his cause. The event was marked by the erecting of a monument in his memory in St. Peter's Basilica. On the 100th anniversary of his birth, in 1935, the Catholic faithful made pilgrimages to the Vatican and to Riese. On the 25th anniversary of his death, a procession from throughout the dioceses to Pius X's tomb occurred. On 19 August 1939, Pius XII delivered a tribute to Pius X at Castel Gandolfo. And on 12 February [[1943], a further development of Pius X's cause was declared. A world war is a military conflict affecting the majority of the worlds countries. ... 14 February is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1923 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Canonization is the process of making someone into a saint and involves proving that a candidate has lived in such a way that he or she is worthy of sainthood. ... 1935 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... August 19 is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1939 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Venerable Pius XII, born Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Eugenio Pacelli (Rome, March 2, 1876 - October 9, 1958) served as the Pope from March 2, 1939 to 1958. ... Castel Gandolfo. ... February 12 is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

On 19 May 1944, Pope Pius X's coffin was exhumed and was taken to the Chapel of the Holy Crucifix in St. Peter's Basilica for the canonical examination. Upon opening the coffin, the examiners found the body of Pius X completely preserved, despite the fact that he had died 30 years before and was not embalmed. According to accounts, "no part of the skeleton was uncovered, no bones were exposed" and that "all of the body" of Pius X "was in an excellent state of conservation" [7]. After the examination and the end of the apostolic process towards Pius X's cause, Pope Pius XII bestowed the title of Venerable Servant of God upon Pius X. His body was exposed for 45 days, before being placed back in his tomb. May 19 is the 139th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (140th in leap years). ... 1944 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Venerable (Greek: Όσιος for men and Οσία for women) is a title attributed to saints that had lived a monastic or eremitic life, and it is considered equal or sometimes superior to plain Saint. In the Church of England, Venerable is the title given to...

Prayer card of Blessed Pope Pius X

Following this, the process towards beatification began, and thus investigations by the Sacred Congregation of Rites (S.C.R.) into miracles performed by intercessory work of Pius X subsequently took place. The S.C.R. would eventually recognize two miracles. The first involved Sr. Marie-Frangoise Deperras, a nun who had bone cancer and was cured on 7 December 1928 during a novena in which a relic of Pius X was placed on her chest. The second involved Sr. Benedetta De Maria, who had cancer, and in a novena started in 1938, she eventually touched a relic and was immediately cured. Prayer card for Blessed Pius X, following his beatification. ... Prayer card for Blessed Pius X, following his beatification. ... In Catholicism, beatification (from Latin beatus, blessed, via Greek μακαριος, makarios) is a recognition accorded by the church of a dead persons accession to Heaven and capacity to intercede on behalf of individuals who pray in their name (intercession of saints). ... December 7 is the 341st day (342nd on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1928 was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... In the Roman Catholic Church, a devotion consisting of prayer said on nine successive days, asking for some spiritual blessing. ... When normal cells are damaged or old they undergo apoptosis; cancer cells, however, avoid apoptosis. ... 1938 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Pope Pius XII officially approved the two miracles on 11 February 1951; and on 4 March, Pius XII, in his De Tuto, declared that the Church could proceed in the beatification of the Venerable Pope Pius X. His beatification took place on 3 June 1951 at St. Peter's before 23 cardinals, hundreds of bishops and archbishops, and a crowd of 100,000 faithful. During his beatification decree, Pius XII referred to Pius X as "Pope of the Eucharist", in honor of Pius X's expansion of the sacred rite to children. The Blessed Pius X's feast day was established as 3 September. The Venerable Pope Pius XII, born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (March 2, 1876 – October 9, 1958), reigned as Pope and sovereign of Vatican City from March 2, 1939 to 1958. ... February 11 is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1951 was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ... March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). ... June 3 is the 154th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (155th in leap years), with 211 days remaining. ... 1951 was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ... September 3 is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years). ...

Following his beatification, on 17 February 1952, Pius X's body was transferred from its tomb to the Vatican basilica and placed under the altar of the chapel of the Presentation. As it was in 1944, Pius X's body was not "corrupted" by decay, a condition that remains true even to this day. The Pontiff's body lies within a glass and bronze-work sarcophagus for the faithful to see. February 17 is the 48th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1952 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

The canonisation of Pope Pius X in 1954
The incorrupt body of Pope Pius X, which though not embalmed in 1914 had not decayed, was displayed in a glass coffin in St. Peter's Basilica for the ceremony

On 29 May 1954, less than three years after his beatification, Pope Pius X was canonized, following the S.C.R.'s recognition of two more miracles. The first involved Francesco Belsami, an attorney from Naples who had a fatal pulmonary abscess, who was cured upon placing a picture of the Blessed Pope Pius X upon his chest. The second miracle involved Sr. Maria Ludovica Scorcia, a nun who was afflicted with a serious neurotropic virus, and who, upon several novenas, was entirely cured. Upon acceptance of this by Pope Pius XII, and before a crowd of about 800,000 [[8]] of the faithful and church officials at St. Peter's Basilica, The Blessed Pius X was named Saint Pius X. cropped image of Pope Pius X in a glass coffin at his 1954 canonisation - widely used File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... cropped image of Pope Pius X in a glass coffin at his 1954 canonisation - widely used File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... This article discusses the process of declaring saints. ... 1954 - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Embalming, in most modern cultures, is a process used to temporarily preserve human remains to forestall decomposition and make it suitable for display at a funeral. ... An open coffin A coffin is a box used for the display and burial or cremation of a cadaver. ... The Basilica of Saint Peter, portrayed by Viviano Codazzi in a 1630 painting, is the largest church in Christendom and often used by the Pope. ... May 29 is the 149th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (150th in leap years). ... 1954 - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Location within Italy Naples (Italian Napoli, Neapolitan Napule, from Greek Νέα Πόλις - Néa Pólis - meaning New City) is the largest city in southern Italy and capital of Campania Region. ...

Prayer card of St. Pope Pius X

This event was more than religious and significant to the Catholic faithful; rather it was historic. Pius X was the first Pope to be sanctified since the 17th century. Prayer Card for Pope Saint Pius X This work is copyrighted. ... Prayer Card for Pope Saint Pius X This work is copyrighted. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ...

Because of his devotion to the Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist, St. Pius X is often memorialized and celebrated as Saint Pius X, Pope of the Blessed Sacrament. Prayer cards often depict the sanctified Pontiff with instruments of communion. This can be seen in the Prayer to Saint Pius X: "Glorious Pope of the Eucharist, Saint Pius X, you sought 'to restore all things in Christ.' Obtain for me a true love of Jesus so that I may live only for Him. Help me to acquire a lively fervor and a sincere will to strive for sanctity of life, and that I may avail myself of the riches of the Holy Eucharist in sacrifice and sacrament. By your love for Mary, mother and queen of all, inflame my heart with tender devotion to her. Blessed model of the priesthood, obtain for us holy, dedicated priests, and increase vocations to the religious life. Dispel confusion and hatred and anxiety, and incline our hearts to peace and concord, so that all nations will place themselves under the sweet reign of Christ. Amen. Saint Pius X, pray for me" [9]. This 11th-century portrait is one of many images of Jesus in which a halo with a cross is used. ... The Eucharist is either the Christian sacrament of consecrated bread and wine or the ritual surrounding it. ...

In addition to being celebrated as the "Pope of the Blessed Sacrament," St. Pius X is also the patron saint of the emigrant from Treviso, and the Catholic Esperantists. He is honored at numerous parishes in Italy, Germany, Belgium, and Canada.

St. Pius X's feast day was changed from 3 September to 21 August on 14 February 1969 by Pope Paul VI as an obligatory memorial to the sanctity of Pius X in the universal calendar. September 3 is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years). ... August 21 is the 233rd day of the year (234th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 14 February is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1969 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... His Holiness Pope Paul VI, born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini (September 26, 1897 – August 6, 1978), reigned as Pope and as sovereign of Vatican City from 1963 to 1978. ...

Papal Coat of Arms

Arms of Pius X

The papal arms of Pius X are composed of the traditional elements of all papal heraldry prior to Pope Benedict XVI: the shield, the papal tiara, and the keys. The tiara and keys are typical symbols used in the coats of arms of pontiffs, which symbolize their authority. The arms of Pope Pius X. This image depicts a seal, an emblem, a coat of arms or a crest. ... The arms of Pope Pius X. This image depicts a seal, an emblem, a coat of arms or a crest. ... Every pope of the Roman Catholic Church has his own personal coat of arms that serves as a symbol of his papacy. ... Heraldry is the science and art of describing coats-of-arms, also referred to as achievements or armorial bearings. ... His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI (Latin: ; born April 16, 1927 as Joseph Alois Ratzinger in Marktl am Inn, Bavaria) is the 265th and reigning pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City. ... In heraldry, the shield is the principal portion of a heraldic achievement or coat of arms. ... 1834 Tiara of Pope Gregory XVI The Papal Tiara, also known as the Triple Tiara, in Latin as the Triregnum, or in Italian as the Triregno,[1] is the three-tiered jewelled papal crown of Byzantine and Persian origin that is the symbol of the papacy. ... The most famous symbol of the Papacy is almost certainly the triregnum (a crown with three levels), also called the tiara or triple crown; recent Popes have not, however, worn the triregnum. ... Heraldry is the science and art of describing of coats-of-arms, also referred to as achievements or armorial bearings. ...

The shield of Pius X's coat of arms is charged in two basic parts, as it is per fess. In chief (the top part of the shield) shows the arms of the Patriarch of Venice, which Pius X was from 1893-1903. It consists of the lion of St. Mark proper and haloed in silver upon a silver-white background, displaying a book with the inscription of PAX TIBI MARCE, which refers to the motto of Venice Pax tibi Marce, Evangelista meus, which is Latin for Peace to you, Mark my evangelist. This motto refers to Venice as the final resting place of Saint Mark. Renditions of this part of Pius X's arms depict the lion either with or without a sword, and sometimes only one side of the book is written on. 1893 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1903 has the latest occurring solstices and equinoxes for 400 years, because the Gregorian calendar hasnt had a leap year for seven years or a century leap year since 1600. ... Mark the Evangelist (1st century) is traditionally believed to be the author of the Gospel of Mark, drawing much of his material from Peter. ...

The remainder of the shield displays the arms Pius X took as Bishop of Mantua: an anchor proper cast into a stormy sea (the blue and silver wavy lines), lit up by a single six-pointed star of gold. In his first address as Bishop of Mantua, Pius X informs us of the meaning behind this part of his shield. He stated that he was inspired by Hebrews 6:19, which states that the hope we have is the sure and steadfast anchor of the soul. Pius X, then Bishop Sarto, stated that "hope is the sole companion of my life, the greatest support in uncertainty, the strongest power in situations of weakness." This part of the shield, therefore, symbolizes the source of Pius X's spiritual strength, hope.

Although not present upon his arms, the only motto attributed to Pius X is the one for which he is best remembered: instaurare omnia in Christo (Latin for "To restore all things in Christ").

Conclusion

Pius X’s anti-Modernist stance has forever tarnished his papacy for secularists. However, for many Catholics, he is still regarded as a beloved Pope and defender of the faith. He has long been thought to have defended the souls of many people who would have perished due to the supposed modernist heresies, and for this reason he is adored by the Catholic faithful. His emphasis on Holy Communion, and its expansion to children, although controversial to Protestants, remain a cherished achievement of his papacy. Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ...

See also: Society of St. Pius X The Society of St. ...

Pope Leo XIII, born Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Pecci (March 2, 1810–July 20, 1903), was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, having succeeded Blessed Pius IX on February 20, 1878 and reigning until his own death. ... For a graphical representation of this list, see list of popes (graphical). ... His Holiness Pope Benedict XV, born Giacomo della Chiesa (November 21, 1854 – January 22, 1922), reigned as Pope of the Roman Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City from September 3, 1914 to 1922; he succeeded Pope Saint Pius X. // Early life Arms of Benedict XV Della Chiesa was born...

External Links

• Full text of official documents including encyclicals at the Holy See
• Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope Pius X