FACTOID # 158: 84% of people in Finland feel that they are at a low risk of experiencing a burglary - but just look at how many burglaries they have!
 
 Home   Encyclopedia   Statistics   Countries A-Z   Flags   Maps   Education   Forum   FAQ   About 
 
WHAT'S NEW
RELATED ARTICLES
People who viewed "Poppers" also viewed:
RECENT ARTICLES
More Recent Articles »
 

FACTS & STATISTICS    Simple view

  1. Select countries to view: (hold down Control key and click to select several)

     

     

    Compare:

     

     
  1. Select fact or statistic: (* = graphable)

     

     

     

  2. (OPTIONAL) Compare to statistic: (both need to be graphable)

     

     

     

  3. View result as:

     

       
(OR) SEARCH ALL encyclopedia, stats & forums:   

Encyclopedia > Poppers
Variety of popper brands

Poppers is the street term for various alkyl nitrites taken for recreational purposes through direct inhalation, particularly amyl nitrite, butyl nitrite and isobutyl nitrite.[1][2] Amyl nitrite has a centuries-long history of use in treating angina,[3] as well as an antidote to cyanide poisoning.[4][5] Amyl nitrite and several other alkyl nitrites which are used in over-the-counter products, such as air fresheners and video head cleaners, may be inhaled to enhance sexual pleasure.[6] Use is particularly prominent among gay urban men.[6] These products have long been part of the club culture from the 1970s disco scene to the 1980s and 1990s rave scene.[7] Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 532 pixelsFull resolution (4064 × 2704 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 532 pixelsFull resolution (4064 × 2704 pixel, file size: 1. ... For other uses, see Slang (disambiguation). ... Alkyl nitrites are a group of organic compounds with the general formula R-O-N=O, where R is any organic group. ... Amyl nitrite is the chemical compound with the formula C5H11ONO. A variety of isomers are known, but they all feature an amyl group attached to the nitrito functional group. ... This article is part of the Wikiproject on Drugs, which is an attempt to facilitate the categorization and creation of accurate and formal drug-related articles on Wikipedia. ... Isobutyl nitrite is an alkyl nitrite, an ester of isobutyl alcohol and nitrous acid. ... angina tonsillaris see tonsillitis. ... An antidote is a substance which can counteract a form of poisoning. ... Cyanide poisoning occurs when a living organism injests cyanide. ... Air fresheners are consumer products meant to mitigate the experience of unpleasant odors in indoor spaces. ... Video head cleaner or Audio 1)Audio and Video-VTR Record-Players required regular maintenance to perform properly. ... This article is about the music genre. ... For other uses, see Rave (disambiguation). ...

Contents

Effects

Inhaling nitrites relaxes smooth muscles throughout the body, including the sphincter muscles of the anus and the vagina.[5] This causes the blood vessels to dilate (which causes a sudden drop in blood pressure), increases heart rate, and produces a sensation of heat and excitement that usually lasts for a couple of minutes.[8] Smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle, found within the walls of hollow organs; such as blood vessels, bladders, uteri. ... Look up Sphincter in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about the bodily orifice. ... The vagina, (from Latin, literally sheath or scabbard ) is the tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female placental mammals and marsupials, or to the cloaca in female birds, monotremes, and some reptiles. ... f you all The blood vessels are part of the circulatory system and function to transport blood throughout the body. ... A sphygmomanometer, a device used for measuring arterial pressure. ... Heart rate is a term used to describe the frequency of the cardiac cycle. ...


Alkyl nitrites are often used as a club drug or to enhance a sexual experience.[6] The head rush, euphoria, and other sensations that result from the blood pressure drop are often felt to increase sexual arousal and desire.[6] At the same time, the relaxation of the sphincters of the anus and vagina can make penetration easier. [9] It is widely reported that poppers can enhance and prolong orgasms.[1] Club drugs are a loosely defined category of recreational drugs which are popular at dance clubs, parties, and rock concerts. ... Orthostatic hypotension (also known as postural hypotension and, colloquially, as head rush) is a sudden fall in blood pressure that occurs when a person assumes a standing position. ... Euphoria (Greek ) is a medically recognized emotional state related to happiness. ... Turn on redirects here. ...


While anecdotal evidence reveals that both men and women can find the experience of using poppers pleasurable, this experience is not universal.[10] Some men report that poppers can cause erectile problems.[1]


History

Amyl nitrite has a long history of use in treating angina,[3] as well as an antidote to cyanide poisoning.[5]


Users

TIME Magazine and The Wall Street Journal reported that the popper fad began among homosexual men as a way to enhance sexual pleasure, but "quickly spread to avant-garde heterosexuals" as a result of aggressive marketing. A series of interviews conducted in the late 1970s with construction workers, a "trendy East Side NYC couple" at a "chic NYC nightclub", a Los Angeles businesswoman "in the middle of a particularly hectic public-relations job" (who confided to the reporter that "I could really use a popper now."), along with the observation of frenetic disco dancers amid "flashing strobe lights and the pulsating beat of music in discos across the country", demonstrated a wide spectrum of users.[11][12] (Clockwise from upper left) Time magazine covers from May 7, 1945; July 25, 1969; December 31, 1999; September 14, 2001; and April 21, 2003. ... The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) is an international daily newspaper published by Dow Jones & Company in New York City, New York, USA, with Asian and European editions, and a worldwide daily circulation of more than 2 million as of 2006, with 931,000 paying online subscribers. ... A work similar to Marcel Duchamps Fountain Avant garde (written avant-garde) is a French phrase, one of many French phrases used by English speakers. ...


User surveys are hard to come by but a 1988 study found that 69% of men who had sex with men in the Baltimore/Washington DC area reported they had ever used poppers, with 21% having done so in the prior year. The survey also found that 11% of recreational drug users in the area reported using poppers, increasing to 22% among "heavy abusers", with an average age of first use of 25.6 years old. Both survey groups used poppers to "get high", but the men who had sex with men were more likely to use them during sex. It was reported that this group reduced usage following the AIDS epidemic, while the drug-users had not.[13] A 1987 study commissioned by the US Senate and conducted by the Department of Health and Human Services found that less than 3% of the overall population had ever used poppers.[14] For other uses, see AIDS (disambiguation). ...


Use by minors is historically minimal due, in part, to the ban on sales to minors by major manufacturers for public relations reasons and because some jurisdictions regulate sales to minors by statute.[15]A paper published in 2005 examined use of poppers self-reported by adolescents aged 12-17 in the (American) 2000 and 2001 National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse. 1.5% reported having used poppers; 1.8% of those over 14. Living in nonmetropolitan areas, having used mental health services in the past year (for purposes unconnected with substance use treatment), the presence of delinquent behaviours, past year alcohol and drug abuse and dependence, and multi-drug use were all associated with reporting the use of poppers.[16] In contrast to these low rates, a survey in the North West of England found a rate of 20% self-reported use of poppers among 16 year olds.[7]


Street names

AMYL NITRITE (Burroughs Wellcome), RUSH®, LOCKER ROOM® circa 1976

Amyl Nitrite, manufactured by Burroughs Wellcome (Now GlaxoSmithKline) and Eli Lilly and Company, was originally sold in small glass ampules that were crushed to release their vapors, and received the name "poppers" as a result of the popping sound made by crushing the ampule.[17] Today, generic-like street names include 'poppers', RUSH®,[2][6][18] Locker Room®,[2][6] Snappers,[2][19] and Liquid Gold®.[1][2] Many brand names exist and are in use in different localities. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... GlaxoSmithKline plc (LSE: GSK NYSE: GSK) is a British based pharmaceutical, biological, and healthcare company. ... Eli Lilly and Company (NYSE: LLY) is a global pharmaceutical company and one of the worlds largest corporations. ...


Availability and legality

Poppers are not listed by the International Narcotics Control Board as substances under international control.[20] However, the sale of poppers is legally controlled in some countries of which examples appear below. Amyl nitrite's status as a medication means that it can be subject to separate legislation from that which affects other Alkyl nitrites. As discussed below, various techniques have been developed by suppliers to circumvent the laws that apply locally. Mr. ... Alkyl nitrites are a group of organic compounds with the general formula R-O-N=O, where R is any organic group. ...


Denmark

In 2006, amyl nitrite and associated compounds were added to List D under the "Law on Euphoric Substances" which controls psychoactive substances in Denmark.


United Kingdom

Amyl nitrite is controlled under the Medicines Act, and although possession is legal, supply may be an offence.[1][2] Other nitrites are readily available in consumer products such as room odorants and leather cleaner, and numerous shops, particularly sex shops, clubs, and shops selling drug paraphernalia, sell them as "room aromas" or similar.[1][2] However, a recent European Union directive, as well as a decision made by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency means that any product on sale with a psychoactive effect could be classed as a medicine regardless of how it is marketed, and so controlled under the Medicines Act.[7] Additionally, Isobutyl Nitrite has also been classified as a class 2 carcinogen making retail sale technically prohibited. [21] This does not cite its references or sources. ... The logo of the MHRA. The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) is the UK government agency which is responsible for ensuring that medicines and medical devices work and are acceptably safe. ... A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical that alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness, or behaviour. ... Look up carcinogen in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...


Prices are commonly in the range of £2–5 GBP per bottle.[1] GBP may be: short for Game Boy Player the ISO currency code for the British Pound Sterling. ...


United States

It is illegal to sell or distribute alkyl nitrites for use as poppers in the United States. Federal law charges the Consumer Products Safety Commission with enforcing the law. Individual possession and use are not banned.[3][22] The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission is charged with protecting the public from unreasonable risks of serious injury or death from more than 15,000 types of consumer products under the agencys jurisdiction. ...

  • Amyl nitrite was originally marketed as a prescription drug in 1937, and remained so until 1960, when the Food and Drug Administration removed the prescription requirement. This requirement was reinstated in 1969[3] after observation of an increase in recreational use.
  • Other Alkyl nitrites were outlawed in the USA by Congress in 1989. The law includes an exception for commercial purposes. The term commercial purpose is defined to mean any commercial purpose other than for the production of consumer products containing volatile alkyl nitrites meant for inhaling or otherwise introducing volatile alkyl nitrites into the human body for euphoric or physical effects.[23] The law came into effect in 1990.[24] Manufacturers reformulated their products to abide by the law, and today nitrite based products are sold as video head cleaner, polish remover or room odorants.[3]

“FDA” redirects here. ... The chemical compound acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and β-ketopropane) is the simplest representative of the ketones. ... Cyclohexyl Nitrite is an Alkyl nitrite made from Cyclohexl alcohol. ... The Federal Analog Act is a controversial section of the DEA Controlled Substances Act, allowing any chemical substantially similar to an illegal drug (in Schedule I or II) to be treated as if it were also in Schedule I, but only if it is intended for human consumption. ...

Health Issues

Screenshot from BBC Radio One website (bbc.co.uk) with health information about poppers

There is little evidence of significant hazard associated with inhalation of alkyl nitrites.[6][25] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 581 pixelsFull resolution (883 × 641 pixel, file size: 529 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) ©2007 British Broadcasting Corporation BBC Radio Onelife — ©2007 British Broadcasting Corporation BBC Radio Onelife; http://www. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 581 pixelsFull resolution (883 × 641 pixel, file size: 529 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) ©2007 British Broadcasting Corporation BBC Radio Onelife — ©2007 British Broadcasting Corporation BBC Radio Onelife; http://www. ...


High doses of nitrites may cause the rare methemoglobinemia, especially in individuals predisposed towards such a condition.[5][26] It is suggested that taking Viagra with nitrites could cause a serious decrease in blood pressure, leading to fainting, stroke, or even heart attack.[27][28] As poppers increase pressure within the eyeball, users with glaucoma take additional risks when using poppers.[26][29] Methemoglobinemia, also known as met-Hb, is a disorder characterized by the presence of a higher than normal level of methemoglobin in the blood. ... // ...


There has also been a suggestion that poppers may weaken the immune system, however any damage is undone within a few days of halting use.[30] Other risks include rashes around the mouth and nose, burns if spilt on skin, loss of consciousness, and headaches.[1][31] A scanning electron microscope image of a single neutrophil (yellow), engulfing anthrax bacteria (orange). ... A rash is a change in skin which affects its color, appearance, or texture. ... For other uses, see Burn. ... A headache is a condition of mild to severe pain in the head; sometimes upper back or neck pain may also be interpreted as a headache. ...


Suggestions of a link between poppers and either AIDS, HIV-infection or an AIDS-related cancer called Kaposi's Sarcoma have been made and are a subject of on-going debate. Several researchers have demonstrated a statistical correlation between popper use and HHV-8-infection and development of Kaposi's Sarcoma. However the most recently published peer-reviewed English-language overview of research on the health risks of poppers notes a lack of controlled trials. The correlation might therefore be accounted for by a bias among some popper users towards high-risk sexual behaviours.[32] A 1992 article in The Lancet draws exactly that conclusion in a finding that the practice of insertive rimming explained excess rates of Kaposi's sarcoma.[33] In a 1986-1988 series of study reviews and technical workshops with leading authorities, mandated by the US Congress, it was concluded that nitrites are not a causal factor in AIDS infection or Kaposi's sarcoma.[34] A study that followed 715 gay men for eight and a half years published in the Lancet in 1993 rejected any causal relationship between AIDS and poppers, but noted a correlation between HIV infection and poppers. Anal sex was also correlated.[35] However, a meta review of 30 research articles examining HIV infection risk and club drug use showed some evidence for poppers being a risk factor for HIV infection but considered further research was necessary.[36] Some health authorities now mandate point of sale warnings.[37] For other uses, see AIDS (disambiguation). ... Species Human immunodeficiency virus 1 Human immunodeficiency virus 2 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS, a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections). ... For other uses, see Cancer (disambiguation). ... Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the eighth human herpesvirus; its formal name according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is HHV-8. ... The Lancet is one of the oldest and most respected peer-reviewed medical journals in the world, published weekly by Elsevier, part of Reed Elsevier. ... 14th century manuscript illustration of the accusations of sodomy against the Knights Templar Anal-oral contact (commonly referred to as anilingus and colloquially known as rimming or tossing salad) is sexual activity involving contact between the anus or perianal areas of one person and the mouth of another. ...


Chemistry

Physical & Chemical Properties (Sutton, 1963)
Main article: Alkyl nitrites

Poppers are a class of chemicals called alkyl nitrites. These are chemical compounds of structure R-ONO. More formally, they are alkyl esters of nitrous acid. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 308 pixelsFull resolution (944 × 363 pixel, file size: 139 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)ISOBUTYL NITRITE and Related Compounds, ©1979, Pharmex, Ltd, San Francisco, California — graphic as shown in ISOBUTYL NITRITE and Related Compounds (©1979); No part of this book... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 308 pixelsFull resolution (944 × 363 pixel, file size: 139 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)ISOBUTYL NITRITE and Related Compounds, ©1979, Pharmex, Ltd, San Francisco, California — graphic as shown in ISOBUTYL NITRITE and Related Compounds (©1979); No part of this book... Alkyl nitrites are a group of organic compounds with the general formula R-O-N=O, where R is any organic group. ... Look up chemical compound in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... An alkyl is a univalent radical containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms arranged in a chain. ... For other uses, see Ester (disambiguation). ... Nitrous acid (molecular formula HNO2) is a weak monobasic acid known only in solution and in the form of nitrite salts. ...


The first few members of the series are volatile liquids; methyl nitrite and ethyl nitrite are gaseous at room temperature and pressure. The ability of a liquid to evaporate quickly and at relatively low temperatures. ... For other uses, see Liquid (disambiguation). ... The chemical compound methyl nitrite is an Alkyl nitrite. ... The chemical compound ethyl nitrite is an Alkyl nitrite. ... Gas phase particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) move around freely Gas is one of the four major states of matter, consisting of freely moving atoms or molecules without a definite shape and without a definite volume. ... In chemistry and other sciences, STP or standard temperature and pressure is a standard set of conditions for experimental measurements, to enable comparisons to be made between sets of data. ...


Organic nitrites are prepared from alcohols and sodium nitrite in sulfuric acid solution. They decompose slowly on standing, the decomposition products being oxides of nitrogen, water, the alcohol, and polymerization products of the aldehyde. Benzene is the simplest of the arenes, a family of organic compounds An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Sodium nitrite, with chemical formula NaNO2, is used as a color fixative and preservative in meats and fish. ... R-phrases S-phrases , , , Flash point Non-flammable Related Compounds Related strong acids Selenic acid Hydrochloric acid Nitric acid Related compounds Hydrogen sulfide Sulfurous acid Peroxymonosulfuric acid Sulfur trioxide Oleum Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Making a saline water solution by dissolving table salt (NaCl) in water This article is about chemical solutions. ... An oxide is a chemical compound containing at least one oxygen atom and other elements. ... General Name, symbol, number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Standard atomic weight 14. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... An example of alkene polymerisation, in which each Styrene monomer units double bond reforms as a single bond with another styrene monomer and forms polystyrene. ... An aldehyde. ...


In popular culture

Trivia sections are discouraged under Wikipedia guidelines.
The article could be improved by integrating relevant items and removing inappropriate ones.

Amyl nitrite was popularized in Hunter S. Thompson's Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas and in Radley Metzger's 1972 cult classic film Score. In the latter film, a bisexual woman glides them under the nose of a heterosexual woman in an attempt to seduce her. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Hunter Stockton Thompson (July 18, 1937 – February 20, 2005) was an American journalist and author. ... The hard cover version of the book. ... Radley Metzger (born 21 January 1929) is a American independent filmmaker of mainly erotic movies. ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Score is the name of a sexploitation film directed by Radley Metzger that was one of the first films to explore bi-sexual relationships. ... “Bisexual” redirects here. ... One version of a Heterosexuality symbol Heterosexuality is sexual or romantic attraction between opposite sexes, and is the most common sexual orientation among humans. ...


According to the DVD Commentary, in John Waters film Pink Flamingos, Divine sniffs amyl nitrite (which was real) during the party scene. He starts laughing visibly after the effects kick in. John Waters (born April 22, 1946) is an American filmmaker, writer, personality, visual artist and art collector, who rose to fame in the early 1970s for his transgressive cult films. ... Pink Flamingos is a 1972 film directed by John Waters. ... Harris Glenn Milstead (October 19, 1945 – March 7, 1988) was best known for his drag persona, Divine. ...


Amyl nitrite is also mentioned in Hannibal, the sequel to The Silence Of The Lambs, and by Chloe in Fight Club. Hannibal is a 2001 film directed by Ridley Scott, adapted from the Thomas Harris novel of the same name. ... The Silence of the Lambs is a 1991 Academy Award-winning film directed by Jonathan Demme and starring Jodie Foster and Anthony Hopkins. ... Fight Club is a 1999 feature film adaptation of the 1996 novel Fight Club by Chuck Palahniuk, adapted by Jim Uhls and directed by David Fincher. ...


The title of the song "Animal Nitrate" by Suede is a reference to amyl nitrite. Animal Nitrate is the third single from Suede, the debut album by Suede, released on September 14, 1992 on Nude Records. ... Suede (or The London Suede in the U.S.) were a popular and influential English rock band of the 1990s that helped start the Britpop musical movement of the decade. ...


In the popular US series Queer As Folk amyl nitrite is constantly referred to throughout. Queer as Folk is an American and Canadian television series co-production, produced by Showtime and Temple Street Productions which was based on the British series of the same name created by Russell T. Davies. ...


The song "Pharmacist's Daughter" by NOFX, is about getting almost any drug from his girlfriend who is the daughter of a pharmacist. The song mentions many drugs including amyl nitrite. NOFX is an American punk rock band formed in Los Angeles, California (now based in San Francisco), in 1983. ...


During a scene in the 1993 movie Modern Day Houdini, the star of the film holds up a bottle of Hardware® poppers while in the back seat of a car .


During a scene in the recent Sundance Channel documentary called Gay Sex in the '70s, there is a full-screen, slow pan along a bottle of Hardware® poppers.


During a scene in the forty-second episode of The Sopranos, Ralphie Cifaretto is seen holding a small brown bottle containing an unknown liquid while receiving anal stimulation from Janice Soprano. This article is about the television series. ... Information Aliases Parvati Wasatch Gender Female Age 49 Occupation Housewife Family Johnny Boy Soprano (father) Livia Soprano (mother) Tony Soprano (brother) Barbara Soprano Giglione (sister) Carmela Soprano (sister-in-law) Anthony Soprano, Jr. ...


During the rape scene in the 2002 film Irréversible the rapist (Le Tenia, played by Jo Prestia) is shown using poppers as he rapes Alex, played by Monica Bellucci. Irréversible (2002, France) is a film written, directed, edited, and photographed by Gaspar Noé. It is considered to be one of the most disturbing and controversial films of 2002, due to its explicit on-camera depiction of rape and murder. ... Monica Anna Maria Bellucci (born September 30, 1964) is an Italian actress and former fashion model. ...



In The Hold Steady song Killer Parties, they refer to the drug with the line "Pensacola parties hard with poppers, pills, and Pepsi."


References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Poppers. Frank. Retrieved on 2007-03-14.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Poppers: The effects, the risks, the law. TheSite.org. YouthNet UK. Retrieved on 2007-03-14.
  3. ^ a b c d e Galson, Steven K. (2006-01-10). Letter to Gerald Austen Re Docket No. 2004P-0411/CP1 (PDF). Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved on 2007-04-29.
  4. ^ "Cyanide Poisoning; Antidotal therapy: Amyl Nitrite." Manbir Online 'Diseases & Conditions. Manbir Online. 17 Jun 2007[1]
  5. ^ a b c d Amyl Nitrite. Medsafe. New Zealand Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Authority (2000-05-18). Retrieved on 2007-03-15.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g "Volatile Nitrites". The Merck Manual Online. (November 2005). Ed. Porter, Robert S., et al.. Merck & Co.. Retrieved on 2007-03-16. 
  7. ^ a b c Nitrites. Drugscope. Retrieved on 2007-04-24.
  8. ^ ?.
  9. ^ Reds Room Odouriser. Ann Summers. Retrieved on 2007-03-15.
  10. ^ E.M. Brecher, while stating that he personally found amyl nitrite sexually unrewarding, quoted a lady friend as follows: "For me, an orgasm is like a hippopotamus. But with amyl nitrite, it is like a whole herd of hippopotami." E. M. Brecher and the Editors of Consumer Reports, Licit and Illicit Drugs (Little) 1972
  11. ^ Sansweet, Stephen J.. "A New Way to Glow And Giggle, and Get A Headache Besides" (Reprint), The Wall Street Journal, 1977-10-10. Retrieved on 2007-04-29. 
  12. ^ "Rushing to a New High", Time, 1978-07-17. Retrieved on 2007-04-29. 
  13. ^ W.R. Lange, C.A. Haertzen and J.E. Hickey et al., Nitrite inhalants patterns of abuse in Baltimore and Washington, DC, Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 14 (1988), pp. 29–39.
  14. ^ Kennedy, Edward, U.S. Senate, Chair Committee on Labor and Human Resources. "REPORT of the Committee on Labor and Human Resources."Comprehensive Alcohol Abuse, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Amendments of 1988. Section 4015. 1988.
  15. ^ Nickerson, Mark, John Parker, Thomas Lowry, and Edward Swenson.Isobutyl Nitrite and Related Compounds; chapter on "Sociology and Behavioral Effects" . 1st ed. San Francisco: Pharmex, Ltd, 1979. [2]
  16. ^ Ringwalt CL, Schlenger WE. Wu L (2005) "Use of nitrite inhalants ("poppers") among American youth",Journal of Adolescent Health 37 (1) Jul 2005, pp.52-60.
  17. ^ Poppers. homohealth.org. Lifelong AIDS Alliance. Retrieved on 2007-03-18.
  18. ^ Essential Facts. iabuse.org. Inhalant Abuse Action Group. Retrieved on 2007-03-15.
  19. ^ Inhalants. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved on 2007-03-15.
  20. ^ List of psychotropic substances under international control (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board (August 2003). Retrieved on 2007-06-23.
  21. ^ Dangerous Substances and Preparations (Safety) Regulations 2006 (No. 2916). Retrieved on 20th June 2007.
  22. ^ U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Office of Compliance Bans of Butyl Nitrite and Volatile Alkyl Nitrite (PDF). Consumer Product Safety Commission (August 2002). Retrieved on 2007-03-29.
  23. ^ Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 (Public Law 1QO-690,section 2404) (15 U.S.C. 2d57a(e)(2)).
  24. ^ Great Lakes Products Inc. Pays To Settle Civil Penalty Case (html). Consumer Product Safety Commission (September 1994). Retrieved on 2007-06-18.
  25. ^ Kennedy, Edward, U.S. Senate, Chair Committee on Labor and Human Resources. "REPORT of the Committee on Labor and Human Resources."Comprehensive Alcohol Abuse, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Amendments of 1988. Section 4015. 1988.
  26. ^ a b Horwath, Ewald (2004-05-19). Chemical addictions and their effect on someone with HIV. The Body. Retrieved on 2007-03-19.
  27. ^ Viagra May Cause Heart Attack Deaths In Younger Men With No Heart Problems, Study Finds. PSA Rising. Retrieved on 2007-03-15.
  28. ^ Experts See Dangerous Trend In Use Of Viagra With 'Party Pills'. Aetna InteliHealth (2004-06-24). Retrieved on 2007-03-18.
  29. ^ Amyl Nitrate [sic]. Drug Factfile. Watton on the Web. Retrieved on 2007-04-30.
  30. ^ Sheppard, Simon. Speaking of Poppers. Sex Talk p. 2. Gay.com. Retrieved on 2007-03-16. “There is evidence that using poppers does lower immune function, though the damage is undone in at most a few days.”
  31. ^ Wood, Ronald W. (1989). The Acute Toxicity of Nitrite Inhalants (PDF), National Institute on Drug Abuse, pp. 28-29. Retrieved on 2007-03-15. 
  32. ^ Romanelli F, Smith KM, Thornton, AC & Pomeroy C (2004) "Poppers: epidemiology and clinical management of inhaled nitrite abuse", Pharmacotherapy 2004 Jan; Vol. 24 (1), pp. 69-78.
  33. ^ Beral V, Bull D, Darby S, Weller I, Carne C, Beecham M & Jaffe H (1992) "Risk of Kaposi's sarcoma and sexual practices associated with faecal contact in homosexual or bisexual mens with AIDS", The Lancet (March 14, 1992) Vol. 339 (8794) pp. 632-5.
  34. ^ Kennedy, Edward, U.S. Senate, Chair Committee on Labor and Human Resources. "REPORT of the Committee on Labor and Human Resources."Comprehensive Alcohol Abuse, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Amendments of 1988. Section 4015. 1988.
  35. ^ Schechter MT, Craib KJP, Gelmon KA, Montaner JSG, Le TN & O'Shaughnessy MV (1993) "HIV-1 and the aetiology of AIDS", The Lancet (March 13, 1993) vol (8846) pp. 658-9.
  36. ^ Drumright L, Patterson T, Strathdee S, "Club Drugs as Causal Risk Factors for HIV Acquisition Among Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Review" Substance Use & Misuse Vol. 41,(10-12) 2006 , pp. 1551-1601.
  37. ^ Heredia, Christopher. ""Poppers' link to HIV prompts call for warnings in S.F.", San Fransisco Chronicle, 2001-10-25. Retrieved on 2007-06-08. 
v • d • e
Alkyl nitrites
Amyl nitrite · Butyl nitrite · Ethyl nitrite · Methyl nitrite · Isopropyl nitritev Isobutyl nitrite · Cyclohexyl nitrite · "Poppers" (used as a recreational drug)

  Results from FactBites:
 
The Karl Popper Web (1451 words)
(Popper loved Mozart and Bach, and took great pleasure in composing his own music.) The common idea that Popper neglected to consider whether Falsificationism itself is falsifiable is already scotched here.
Popper was in fact fascinated by probability and even produced his own axiomatisation of the probability calculus.
The great philosophy and science writers (Darwin, Russell, Popper, Einstein, Dawkins, Deutsch) are all characterized by their keenness to communicate to all intelligent people, not simply to their co-specialists.
RSS Popper - Free RSS add-in for Outlook & Outlook Express (300 words)
For the last few months I didn't had the time to work on RSS Popper.
In the next week or two I think I'll have more time, so if you sent a request during the last 3-4 months I would be happy if you'll send it again.
I've just uploaded v0.36a2 which is the second build of RSS Popper with iCal support.
  More results at FactBites »


 

COMMENTARY     


Share your thoughts, questions and commentary here
Your name
Your comments
Please enter the 5-letter protection code

Want to know more?
Search encyclopedia, statistics and forums:
 


Lesson Plans | Student Area | Student FAQ | Reviews | Press Releases |  Feeds | Contact
The Wikipedia article included on this page is licensed under the GFDL.
Images may be subject to relevant owners' copyright.
All other elements are (c) copyright NationMaster.com 2003-5. All Rights Reserved.
Usage implies agreement with terms.