President Sidónio Pais
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The Portuguese First Republic has, over the course of a recent past, lost many historians to the New State. As a result, it's difficult to attempt a global synthesis of the republican period in view of the important gaps that still persist in our knowledge of its political history. As far as the October 1910 Revolution is concerned, a number of valuable studies have been made (Wheeler, 1972), first among which ranks Vasco Pulido Valente’s polemical thesis. This historian posited the Jacobin and urban nature of the revolution carried out by the Portuguese Republican Party (PRP) and claimed that the PRP had turned the republican regime into a de facto dictatorship (Pulido Valente, 1982). This vision clashes with an older interpretation of the First Republic as a progressive and increasingly democratic regime which presented a clear contrast to Salazar’s ensuing dictatorship (Oliveira Marques, 1991). Image File history File links Picture of Portuguese president Sidónio Pais. ... Sidónio Bernardino Cardoso da Silva Pais (Coimbra, 1 May 1872 - Lisbon, 14 December 1918), was a Portuguese politician, President in 1918. ... History of Portugal series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383–1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian... Roman province of Lusitania, 120 AD Lusitania, an ancient Roman province approximately including current Portugal and part of western current Spain (specifically the present autonomous community Extremadura), named after the Lusitani or Lusitanian people. ... Gallaecia or Callaecia was the name of a Roman province that comprised a territory in the north-west of Hispania (approximately the current Galicia of Spain and the north of Portugal). ... The Visigoths, originally Tervingi, or Vesi (the noble ones), one of the two main branches of the Goths (of which the Ostrogothi were the other), were one of the loosely-termed Germanic peoples that disturbed the late Roman Empire. ... The Suebi or Suevi were a Germanic people whose origin was near the Baltic Sea . ... Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ... For other uses, see Reconquista (Disambiguation). ... History of Portugal Series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383-1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian... History of Portugal Series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383-1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian... The Consolidation of the Monarchy in Portugal (1279-1415) The chief problems now confronting the monarchy were no longer military, but social, economic and constitutional, it is true that the reign of Diniz was not a period of uninterrupted peace. ... History of Portugal series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383–1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian... History of Portugal Series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383-1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian... History of Portugal series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383–1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian... History of Portugal Series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383-1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian... Iberian Union - modern day term that refers to the historical political unit that governed all of the Iberian peninsula south of the Pyrenees from 1580-1640. ... History of Portugal series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383–1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian... History of Portugal Series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383-1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian... This is a list of historians. ... There have been two regimes known as Estado Novo (meaning New State): Estado Novo (Brazil) Estado Novo (Portugal) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... 1910 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Antonio Salazar on July 22, 1946 issue of Time Magazine Professor António de Oliveira Salazar (April 28, 1889—July 27, 1970) was the Prime Minister of Portugal from 1932 to 1968. ... Dictatorship, in contemporary usage, refers to absolute rule by a leadership (usually one dictator) unrestricted by law, constitutions, or other social and political factors within the state. ...

A republican Constitution was approved in 1911, inaugurating a parliamentary regime with reduced presidential powers and two chambers of parliament (Miranda, 2001). The Republic provoked important fractures within Portuguese society, notably among the essentially monarchist rural population, in the trade unions, and in the Church. Even the PRP had to endure the secession of its more moderate elements, who formed conservative republican parties like the Evolutionist party and the Republican Union. In spite of these splits the PRP, led by Afonso Costa, preserved its dominance, largely due to a brand of clientelist politics inherited from the monarchy (Lopes, 1994). In view of these tactics, a number of opposition forces were forced to resort to violence in order to enjoy the fruits of power. There are few recent studies of this period of the Republic’s existence, known as the ‘old’ Republic. Nevertheless, an essay by Vasco Pulido Valente should be consulted (1997a), as should the attempt to establish the political, social, and economic context made by M. Villaverde Cabral (1988). 1911 was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... Dr. Afonso Costa Dr. Afonso Augusto da Costa (Seia, March 6, 1871-Lisbon, May 11, 1937) was a Portuguese lawyer, professor and republican politician. ...

The PRP viewed the outbreak of the First World War as a unique opportunity to achieve a number of goals: putting an end to the twin threats of a Spanish invasion of Portugal and of foreign occupation of the colonies and, at the internal level, creating a national consensus around the regime and even around the party (Teixeira, 1996a). These domestic objectives were not met, since participation in the conflict was not the subject of a national consensus and since it did not therefore serve to mobilise the population. Quite the opposite occurred: existing lines of political and ideological fracture were deepened by Portugal's intervention in the First World War (Ribeiro de Meneses, 2000). The lack of consensus around Portugal’s intervention in turn made possible the appearance of two dictatorships, led by General Pimenta de Castro (January-May 1915) and Sidónio Pais (December 1917-December 1918). Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... 1915 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Sidónio Bernardino Cardoso da Silva Pais (Coimbra, 1 May 1872 - Lisbon, 14 December 1918), was a Portuguese politician, President in 1918. ... 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...

Sidonismo, also known as Dezembrismo (Eng. Decemberism), aroused a strong interest among historians, largely as a result of the elements of modernity that it contained (José Brandão, 1990; Ramalho, 1998; Ribeiro de Meneses, 1998, Armando Silva, 1999; Samara, 2003 and Santos, 2003). António José Telo has made clear the way in which this regime predated some of the political solutions invented by the totalitarian and fascist dictatorships of the 1920s and 1930s (Teixeira, 2000, pp. 11-24). Sidónio Pais undertook the rescue of traditional values, notably the Pátria (Eng. Homeland), and attempted to rule in a charismatic fashion. A move was made to abolish traditional political parties and to alter the existing mode of national representation in parliament (which, it was claimed, exacerbated divisions within the Pátria) through the creation of a corporative Senate, the founding of a single party (the National Republican Party), and the attribution of a mobilising function to the Leader. The State carved out an economically interventionist role for itself while, at the same time, repressing working-class movements and leftist republicans. Sidónio Pais also attempted to restore public order and to overcome, finally, some of the rifts of the recent past, making the Republic more acceptable to monarchists and Catholics. The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... The concept of Totalitarianism is a typology or ideal-type used by some political scientists to encapsulate the characteristics of a number of twentieth century regimes that mobilized entire populations in support of the state or an ideology. ... Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler were two of the 20th centurys most notorious dictators. ... Sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or primarily in North America as the Roaring Twenties. // Events and trends Technology John T. Thompson invents Thompson submachine gun, also known as Tommy gun John Logie Baird invents the first working mechanical television system (1925) Charles Lindbergh becomes the first person to... // Events and trends The 1930s were spent struggling for a solution to the global depression. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... A senate is a deliberative body, often the upper house or chamber of a legislature. ... A single-party state or one-party system or single-party system is a type of party system and form of government where only a single political party dominates the government and no opposition parties are allowed. ... Monarchism is the advocacy of the establishment, preservation, or restoration of a monarchy. ...

The vacuum of power created by Sidónio Pais' murder (Medina, 1994) on 14 December 1918 led the country to a brief civil war. The monarchy’s restoration was proclaimed in the north of Portugal on 19 January 1919 and, four days later, a monarchist insurrection broke out in Lisbon. A republican coalition government, led by José Relvas, coordinated the struggle against the monarchists by loyal army units and armed civilians. After a series of clashes the monarchists were definitively chased from Oporto on 13 February 1919. This military victory allowed the PRP to return to government and to emerge triumphant from the elections held later that year, having won the usual absolute majority. December 14 is the 348th day of the year (349th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... A civil war is a war in which the competing parties are segments of the same country or empire. ... January 19 is the 19th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... District Lisbon Mayor   - Party Pedro Santana Lopes PSD Area 84. ... A modern view of the ancient city of Porto, the city that gave the name to the country. ... February 13 is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

It was during this restoration of the "old" Republic that an attempted reform was carried out in order to provide the regime with greater stability. In August 1919 a conservative President was elected – António José de Almeida (whose Evolutionist party had come together in wartime with the PRP to form a flawed, because incomplete, Sacred Union) – and his office was given the power to dissolve Parliament. Relations with the Holy See, restored by Sidónio Pais, were preserved. The President used his new power to resolve a crisis of government in May 1921, naming a Liberal government (the Liberal party being the result of the postwar fusion of Evolutionists and Unionists) to prepare the forthcoming elections. These were held on 10 July 1921 with victory going, as was usually the case, to the party in power. However, Liberal government did not last long. On 19 October a military pronunciamento was carried out during which – and apparently against the wishes of the coup's leaders – a number of prominent conservative figures, including Prime Minister António Granjo, were assassinated. This event, known as the "night of blood" (Brandão, 1991) left a deep wound among political elites and public opinion. There could be no greater demonstration of the essential fragility of the Republic's institutions and proof that the regime was democratic in name only, since it did not even admit the possibility of the rotation in power characteristic of the elitist regimes of the nineteenth century. 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... António José de Almeida (1866 - 1929) was a Portuguese political figure. ... 1921 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The Partido Liberal could be the Liberal Party (Argentina) Liberal Party (Bolivia) Liberal Party (Brazil) Liberal Party (Spain) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... July 10 is the 191st day (192nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 174 days remaining. ... 1921 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... October 19 is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... // Prime Ministers of the Constitutional Monarchy (1834-1910) First Republic (1911-1926) Military Dictatorship (1926-1932) Estado Novo (1932-1974) Third Republic (since 1974) See also: List of Presidents of Portugal, Politics of Portugal, Lists of incumbents Categories: Lists of office-holders | Portugal | Portugal-related lists ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

A new round of elections on 29 January 1922 inaugurated a fresh period of stability, since the PRP once again emerged from the contest with an absolute majority. Discontent with this situation had not, however, disappeared. Numerous accusations of corruption, and the manifest failure to resolve pressing social concerns wore down the more visible PRP leaders while making the opposition’s attacks more deadly. At the same time, moreover, all political parties suffered from growing internal faction-fighting, especially the PRP itself. The party system was fractured and discredited (Lopes, 1994; João Silva, 1997). This is clearly shown by the fact that regular PRP victories at the ballot box did not lead to stable government. Between 1910 and 1926 there were forty-five governments. The opposition of presidents to single-party governments, internal dissent within the PRP, the party's almost non-existent internal discipline, and its constant and irrational desire to group together and lead all republican forces made any government's task practically impossible. Many different formulas were attempted, including single-party governments, coalitions, and presidential executives, but none succeeded. Force was clearly the sole means open to the opposition if it wanted to enjoy the fruits of power (Schwartzman, 1989; Pinto, 2000). January 29 is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1922 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... See also President of Portugal Categories: Lists of office-holders | Portugal | Presidents of Portugal | History of Portugal ...

By the mid-1920s the domestic and international scenes began to favour another authoritarian solution, wherein a strengthened executive might restore political and social order. Since the opposition's constitutional route to power was blocked by the various means deployed by the PRP to protect itself, it turned to the army for support. The armed forces, whose political awareness had grown during the war, and whose leaders had not forgiven the PRP for sending them to a war they did not want to fight, seemed to represent, to conservative forces, the last bastion of "order" against the "chaos" that was taking over the country. Links were established between conservative figures and military officers, who added their own political and corporative demands to the already complex equation. The pronunciamento of 28 May 1926 enjoyed the support of most army units and even of most political parties. As had been the case in December 1917, the population of Lisbon did not rise to defend the Republic, leaving it at the mercy of the army (Ferreira, 1992a). There are few global and up-to-date studies of this turbulent third phase of the Republic’s existence (Marques, 1973; Telo, 1980 & 1984). Nevertheless, much has been written about the crisis and fall of the regime and the 28 May movement (Cruz, 1986; Cabral, 1993; Rosas, 1997; Martins, 1998; Pinto, 2000; Afonso, 2001). The First Republic continues to be the subject of an intense debate which is impossible to summarise in these paragraphs. A recent historiographical balance sheet elaborated by Armando Malheiro da Silva (2000) is a good introduction into this debate. Nevertheless, one can distinguish three main interpretations. For some historians, the First Republic was a progressive and increasingly democratic regime. For others, it was essentially a prolongation of the liberal and elitist regimes of the nineteenth century. A third group, finally, chooses to highlight the regime's revolutionary, Jacobin, and dictatorial nature. Sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or primarily in North America as the Roaring Twenties. // Events and trends Technology John T. Thompson invents Thompson submachine gun, also known as Tommy gun John Logie Baird invents the first working mechanical television system (1925) Charles Lindbergh becomes the first person to... May 28 is the 148th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (149th in leap years). ... 1926 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1917 was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ...

Heads of state and government

The Portuguese First Republic was an unstable period in the History of Portugal. In a period of 16 years (1910-1926) Portugal had 8 Presidents of the Republic, 1 Provisional Chief of State, 38 Prime Ministers and 1 Constitutional Junta: 1910 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1926 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Categories: Lists of office-holders | Portugal | Presidents of Portugal ... // Prime Ministers of the Constitutional Monarchy (1834-1910) First Republic (1911-1926) Military Dictatorship (1926-1932) Estado Novo (1932-1974) Third Republic (since 1974) See also: List of Presidents of Portugal, Politics of Portugal, Lists of incumbents Categories: Lists of office-holders | Portugal | Portugal-related lists ...

Presidents

• Teófilo Braga (1910-1911)
• Manuel de Arriaga (1911-1915)
• Teófilo Braga (1915)
• Bernardino Machado (1915-1917)
• Sidónio Pais (1917-1918)
• João do Canto e Castro (1918-1919)
• António José de Almeida (1919-1923)
• Manuel Teixeira Gomes (1923-1925)
• Bernardino Machado (1925-1926)

Teófilo Braga Joaquim Teófilo Fernandes Braga, commonly known as Teófilo Braga (Ponta Delgada, Azores, February 24, 1843-Lisbon, January 28, 1924), was a Portuguese politician, writer and playwright. ... 1910 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1911 was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... Manuel José de Arriaga Brum da Silveira (1840 - 1917) was the first President of Portugal. ... 1911 was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... 1915 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Teófilo Braga Joaquim Teófilo Fernandes Braga, commonly known as Teófilo Braga (Ponta Delgada, Azores, February 24, 1843-Lisbon, January 28, 1924), was a Portuguese politician, writer and playwright. ... 1915 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Bernardino Luis Machado Guimarães (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 28 March 1851 _ Oporto, 29 April 1944), was a famous Portuguese political figure. ... 1915 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1917 was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... Sidónio Bernardino Cardoso da Silva Pais (Coimbra, 1 May 1872 - Lisbon, 14 December 1918), was a Portuguese politician, President in 1918. ... 1917 was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Canto e Castro João do Canto e Castro Silva Antunes Júnior, commonly known as João do Canto e Castro or just Canto e Castro (Lisbon, May 19, 1862-Lisbon, March 14, 1934) was a Portuguese Marine officer and fifth President of the Portuguese Republic from December 16... 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... António José de Almeida (1866 - 1929) was a Portuguese political figure. ... 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1923 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Manuel Teixeira Gomes (1860 - 1941) was a Portuguese political figure. ... 1923 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1925 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... Bernardino Luis Machado Guimarães (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 28 March 1851 _ Oporto, 29 April 1944), was a famous Portuguese political figure. ... 1925 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1926 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Prime-Minister

• José Pinheiro Chagas (4 September 1911-13 November 1911)
• Augusto Vasconcelos (13 November 1911-16 June 1912)
• Duarte Leite (16 June 1912-9 January 1913)
• Afonso Costa (9 January 1913-9 February 1914)
• Bernardino Machado (9 February 1914-12 December 1914)
• Victor Hugo de Azevedo Coutinho (12 December 1914-28 January 1915)
• Joaquim Pimenta de Castro (28 January 1915-14 May 1915)
• Constitutional Junta (14 May 1915-17 May 1915)
  • José Norton de Matos
  • António Maria da Silva
  • José de Freitas Ribeiro
  • Alfredo de Sá Cardoso
  • Álvaro de Castro
• José de Castro (17 May 1915-29 November 1915)
• Afonso Costa (29 November 1915-16 March 1916)
• António José de Almeida (16 March 1916-25 April 1917)
• Afonso Costa (25 April 1917-8 December 1917)
• Sidónio Pais (8 December 1917-23 December 1918)
• João Tamagnini de Sousa Barbosa (23 December 1918-27 January 1919)
• José Relvas (27 January 1919-30 March 1919)
• Domingos Leite (30 March 1919-30 June 1919)
• Alfredo de Sá Cardoso (30 June 1919-21 January 1920)
• Domingos Leite (21 January 1920-8 March 1920)
• António Maria Baptista (8 March 1920-6 June 1920)
• José Ramos Preto (6 June 1920-26 June 1920)
• António Maria da Silva (26 June 1920-19 July 1920)
• António Granjo (19 July 1920-20 November 1920)
• Álvaro de Castro (20 November 1920-30 November 1920)
• Liberato Pinto (30 November 1920-2 March 1921)
• Bernardino Machado (2 March 1921-23 May 1921)
• Tomé de Barros Queirós (23 May 1921-30 August 1921)
• António Granjo (30 August 1921-19 October 1921)
• Manuel Maria Coelho (19 October 1921-5 November 1921)
• Carlos Maia Pinto (5 November 1921-16 December 1921)
• Francisco da Cunha Leal (16 December 1921-7 February 1922)
• António Maria da Silva (7 February 1922-15 November 1923)
• António Ginestal Machado (15 November 1923-18 December 1923)
• Álvaro de Castro (18 December 1923-7 July 1924)
• Alfredo Rodrigues Gaspar (7 July 1924-22 November 1924)
• José Domingues dos Santos (22 November 1924-15 February 1925)
• Vitorino de Carvalho Guimarães (15 February 1925-1 July 1925)
• António Maria da Silva (1 July 1925-1 August 1925)
• Duarte Leite (1 August 1925-18 December 1925)
• António Maria da Silva (18 December 1925-30 May 1926)