This stamp of the Falkland Islands is a fine example of modern stamp design: minimal text, intense color, striking subject clearly represented.

Postage stamp design is the activity of graphic design as applied to postage stamps. Many thousands of designs have been created since since a profile bust of Queen Victoria was adopted for the Penny Black in 1840; some considered very successful, others less so. Pamir 5p stamp from the falkland islands showing the Pamir (ship). ... Pamir 5p stamp from the falkland islands showing the Pamir (ship). ... Graphic design is the applied art of arranging image and text to communicate a message. ... This 1974 stamp from Japan depicts a Class 8620 steam locomotive. ... Victoria Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria) (24 May 1819–22 January 1901) was a Queen of the United Kingdom, reigning from 20 June 1837 until her death. ... For the research project, see Penny Black (research project). ... 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

A stamp design includes several elements required for it to accomplish its purpose satisfactorily. Most important is the denomination indicating its monetary value, while international agreements require a country name on almost all types of stamps. A graphic design is very nearly universal; in addition to making counterfeits harder to produce and aiding clerks in quick recognition of appropriate postage, postal customers simply expect stamps to carry a design. A counterfeit is an imitation that is made with the intent to deceptively represent its content or origins. ...

Denomination

The fundamental purpose of a stamp is to indicate the prepayment of postage. Since different kinds and sizes of mail normally pay different amounts of postage, the stamps need to carry a value. In a very few cases, the denomination has been omitted; for instance, during the tumults of 1949 China, undenominated stamps were issued, so as to allow the price of a stamp to fluctuate on a daily basis depending on the value of the gold yuan.

A prominent denomination on a 1949 stamp of China.

The usual form of the denomination is a number, optionally preceded or followed by a currency symbol. Many early stamps wrote the denomination out in words, but the Universal Postal Union later required that stamps on international mail use Arabic numerals, for the benefit of clerks in foreign countries. A number of recent stamps have substituted a textual description of the rate being charged, such as "1st" for first-class letters, or "presorted ZIP+4" to indicate a particular type of bulk mail. Another form of nonnumerical denomination is that used for rate change stamps, in which the timing and politics of the rate-setting process is such that the stamps must be printed before the rate is known. In such cases, the preprinted stamps simply state "A", "B", etc, with the equivalent rate being announced just before they go on sale. China 1000 gold yuan stamp of 1949, scanned by User:Stan Shebs This image of a postage stamp may be copyrighted and/or have other restrictions on its reproduction imposed by the issuing authority. ... China 1000 gold yuan stamp of 1949, scanned by User:Stan Shebs This image of a postage stamp may be copyrighted and/or have other restrictions on its reproduction imposed by the issuing authority. ... The Universal Postal Union (UPU) is a international organization that coordinates postal policies between member nations, and hence the world-wide postal system. ... Arabic numerals (also called Hindu numerals or Hindu-Arabic numerals) are by far the most common form of symbolism used to represent numbers. ... Typical junkmail. ...

Semi-postal stamps are usually denominated with two values, with a "+" between, the first indicating the actual rate, and the second the additional amount to be given to a charity. In a very few cases a country has had a dual currency, and the stamps may depict a value in both currencies.

Country name

This 1924 stamp of Ubangi-Shari includes no less than four country names: Republique Francaise and Moyen Congo (Middle Congo) on the base stamp, Afrique Equatoriale Francaise and Oubangui-Chari as overprints.

The second required element, at least for stamps intended to be used on international mail, is the name of the country. The first postage stamps, those of the United Kingdom, had no need for a name, and by agreement the UK remains the only country not required to name itself on its stamps. For all other UPU members, the name must appear in Latin letters. Many countries using non-Latin alphabets used only those on their early stamps, and they remain difficult for most collectors to identify today. Oubangui-Chari, or Ubangi-Shari, was a French territory in central Africa which later became the independent country of the Central African Republic on August 13, 1960. ... The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world, the standard script of the English language and most of the languages of western and central Europe, and of those areas settled by Europeans. ...

The name chosen is typically the country's own name for itself, with a modern trend towards using simpler and shorter forms, or abbreviations. For instance, the Republic of South Africa inscribes with "RSA", while Jordan originally used "The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan", and now just "Jordan". Some countries have multiple allowed forms, from which the designer may choose the most suitable. The name may appear in an adjectival form, as in Posta Romana ("Romanian Post") for Romania. Dependent territories may or may not include the name of the parent country.

Graphic design

The first of many profiles of Queen Victoria

The graphic element of a stamp design falls into one of four major categories: The Penny Black. ... The Penny Black. ...

• Portrait bust - profile or full-face
• Emblem - coat of arms, flag, national symbol, posthorn, etc
• Numeric - a design built around the numeral of value
• Pictorial

The use of portrait busts (of the ruler or other significant person) or emblems was typical of the first stamps, by extension from currency, which was the closest model available to the early stamp designers.

Queen Margrethe, 135 years later

Usage pattern has varied considerably; for 60 years, from 1840 to 1900, all British stamps used exactly the same profile bust of Victoria, enclosed in a dizzying variety of frames, while Spain periodically updated the image of [[Alfonso XIII] as he grew from child to adult. Norway has issued stamps with the same posthorn motif for over a century, changing only the details from time to time as printing technology improves, while the US has placed the flag of the United States into a wide variety of settings since first using it on a stamp in the 1950s. Denmark 130-ore stamp of 1975, scanned by User:Stan Shebs This image of a postage stamp may be copyrighted and/or have other restrictions on its reproduction imposed by the issuing authority. ... Denmark 130-ore stamp of 1975, scanned by User:Stan Shebs This image of a postage stamp may be copyrighted and/or have other restrictions on its reproduction imposed by the issuing authority. ... K god ...

A 2 1/2-cent numeral design from 1915 Netherlands Antilles

While numeral designs are eminently practical, in that they emphasize the most important element of the stamp, they are the exception rather than the rule. Netherlands Antilles 2 1/2c postage stamp of 1915, scanned by User:Stan Shebs This image of a postage stamp has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Netherlands Antilles 2 1/2c postage stamp of 1915, scanned by User:Stan Shebs This image of a postage stamp has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...

By far the greatest variety of stamp design seen today is in pictorial issues. The choice of image is nearly unlimited, ranging from plants and animals, to figures from history, to landscapes, to original artwork. Images may represent real-world objects, or be allegories or abstract designs.

This German stamp depicts Isaac Newton along with symbols of his researches into light and motion.

The choice of pictorial designs is governed by a combination of anniversaries, required annual issues (such as Christmas stamps), postal rate changes, exhaustion of existing stamp stocks, and popular demand. Since postal administrations are either a branch of government or an official monopoly under governmental supervision, the government has ultimate control over the choice of designs. This means that the designs tend to depict a country as the government would like it to be perceived, rather than as it really is. The Soviet Union issued thousands of stamps extolling the successes of communism, even as it was falling apart, while in the US the only contemporary stamp hinting at the unrest of the 1960s is an issue exhorting Americans to support their local police. Download high resolution version (889x528, 99 KB)Sir Issac Newton, German stamp, 1993 This image of a postage stamp may be copyrighted and/or have other restrictions on its reproduction imposed by the issuing authority. ... Download high resolution version (889x528, 99 KB)Sir Issac Newton, German stamp, 1993 This image of a postage stamp may be copyrighted and/or have other restrictions on its reproduction imposed by the issuing authority. ... Sir Isaac Newton in Knellers 1689 portrait Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727 by the Julian calendar in use in England at the time; or 4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727 by the Gregorian calendar) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, and alchemist who wrote... This 1973 Christmas stamp of Canada features a dove as Christmas ornament. ...

In some cases, overt political pressure has resulted in a backlash; a famous example is that of the US in the late 1940s, when the US Congress had direct authority over stamp design, and a large number of issues were put out merely to please a representative's constituency or industry lobbyists. The resulting uproar resulted in the formation of an independent Citizens Stamp Advisory Committee that reviews and chooses from hundreds of proposals received each year. Occasionally the public is polled for its choice of design, as with the US' Elvis stamp of 1993, or some issues of the Celebrate the Century series.

Many countries have specific rules governing the choice of designs or design elements. Stamps of the UK must depict the sovereign (typically as a silhouette), while stamps of the US may not visibly depict any person that has been dead for less than 10 years, except for ex-Presidents, who may appear on a stamp one year after their demise. The choice of postage stamp color may be specified, acting as a sort of color code to different rates. The colors of postage stamps are at once obvious, and among the most difficult areas of philately. ... A color code is a system for displaying information by using different colors. ...

Laika on a space-themed stamp of Albania

The money to be had from stamp collectors has influenced many countries, particularly poorer ones, to issue stamps designed to appeal more to collectors than to the countries' own citizens. Topics have included space-related subjects from a country with no space program, polar animals from a country on the equator, Western rock stars from a conservative Muslim country, and so forth. International organizations of philatelists discourage the practice, and many countries, mindful of the need not to discourage collectors by flooding them with more stamps than they can buy. See stamp program for more detail. Laika on a Postage Stamp This image of a postage stamp has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Laika on a Postage Stamp This image of a postage stamp has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Laika, shown here in a harness, died from stress and overheating several hours after being launched into space. ... Stamp collecting is the collecting of postage stamps and related objects, such as envelopes (cover)s. ...

Textual elements

Textual elements written in a variety of scripts on a stamp of Israel.

Nearly all stamps have some amount of text embedded in their design. In addition to the expected denomination and country name, textual elements may include a statement of purpose ("postage", "official mail", etc), a plate number, the name of a person being portrayed, the occasion being commemorated, the year of stamp issue, and national mottoes. Download high resolution version (317x735, 56 KB)Official Israeli stamp depiction of Rabbi Meir Bar-Ilan (Berlin) This image of a postage stamp may be copyrighted and/or have other restrictions on its reproduction imposed by the issuing authority. ... Download high resolution version (317x735, 56 KB)Official Israeli stamp depiction of Rabbi Meir Bar-Ilan (Berlin) This image of a postage stamp may be copyrighted and/or have other restrictions on its reproduction imposed by the issuing authority. ...

Occasionally designs use text as their primary design element; for instance, a series of US stamps from the 1970s featured quotations from the United States Declaration of Independence. In general however, text has come to be used more sparingly in recent years. U.S. Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence is a document in which the Thirteen Colonies declared themselves independent of the Kingdom of Great Britain and explained their justifications for doing so. ...

Countries with multiple languages and multiple scripts may need to write the material multiple times. Labuan is an early example; more recently, stamps of Israel include its name in Hebrew, Latin, and Arabic characters. Labuan (Jawi:لابوان) formerly known as Victoria island is, since 1946, a territory of Malaysia being part of the state of Sabah. ...

In addition to text woven into the description, stamps may also have inscriptions in the outside margin. These are almost always at the bottom, and are usually the name of the printer and/or designer. Occasionally a textual description of the design is found in the margin, while in recent years, the lower left margin has become a common place to include the year of issue. Philatelists count changes in these marginal inscriptions as distinct types of stamps.

Hidden elements and "secret marks"

Sometimes designers include tiny elements into a design, sometimes at the request of the stamp-issuing authority, sometimes on their own. Stamps may have a year or name worked into a design, while the US stamp honoring Rabbi Bernard Revel has a minute Star of David visible in his beard. The Star of David The Star of David (Magan David or Mogen Dovid in Hebrew, Shield of David, Solomons Seal, or Seal of Solomon) is a generally recognized symbol of Judaism and Jewish identity. ...

Secret marks are small design alterations added to distinguish printings unambiguously. These usually take the form of small lines or marks added to clear areas of a design. Chinese stamps of the 1940s have secret marks in the form of slightly altered characters, where two arms might be changed to touch, when previously they were separate.

Shape and size

A "Cape Triangle" from the 19th century Cape Colony, later South Africa.

The usual shape of a postage stamp is a rectangle, this being an efficient way to pack stamps on a sheet. A rectangle wider than tall is called a "horizontal design", while taller than wide is a "vertical design". Cape Triangular Postage Stamp Scanned from personal collection Jeff Knaggs 13:10, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC) This image of a postage stamp has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Cape Triangular Postage Stamp Scanned from personal collection Jeff Knaggs 13:10, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC) This image of a postage stamp has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... In geometry, a rectangle is a defined as a quadrilateral polygon in which all four angles are right angles. ...

A number of additional shapes have been used, including triangles, rhombuses, octagons, and various freeform shapes. See postage stamp shape for more. For alternate meanings, such as the musical instrument, see triangle (disambiguation). ... This shape is a rhombus In geometry, a rhombus (also known as a rhomb) is a quadrilateral in which all of the sides are of equal length. ... An octagon is a polygon that has eight sides. ...

The usual size ranges from 10-30 mm in each direction, experience having shown this to be the easiest to handle. Many countries use use only a limited selection of dimensions, to simplify automated machinery that handles stamps.

Design evolution

Stamp design has undergone a gradual process of evolution, traceable both to advances in printing technology and general changes in taste. Design "fads" may also be observed, where a number of countries tend to imitate each other. This may be driven by printing houses, many of which design and print stamps for multiple countries.

This classic Art Nouveau design of 1900s France and her colonies continued in use into the 1920s.

For instance, although multi-color printing was always possible, and may be seen on the earliest stamps of Switzerland, the process was slow and expensive, and most stamps were in one or two colors until the 1960s. Scan of French post offices in Egypt (Alexandria) 250m stamp of 1927, made by [[User:Stan Shebs] This image of a postage stamp may be copyrighted and/or have other restrictions on its reproduction imposed by the issuing authority. ... Scan of French post offices in Egypt (Alexandria) 250m stamp of 1927, made by [[User:Stan Shebs] This image of a postage stamp may be copyrighted and/or have other restrictions on its reproduction imposed by the issuing authority. ... Alfons Mucha, lithographed poster, 1898 Art Nouveau (French for New art) is an art and design style that peaked in popularity at the turn of the 20th century. ...

From time to time postal administrations also try experiments. For instance, the US tried issuing very small stamps during the 1970s, as a cost savings measure. They were extremely unpopular, and the experiment was abandoned.

"Posterization" on a Canadian Christmas stamp of 1973.

While modern tastes tend to favor simpler designs, some countries have also put out "retro" designs, using modern techniques to mimic the more elaborate designs of the past, perhaps even with anachronistic elements. A 2004 example is the Lewis and Clark stamps of the US, whose frames are classic 19th-century, surrounding full-color portraits of a quality not available until the latter half of the 20th century. Canada 8c Christmas stamp of 1973, scanned by User:Stan Shebs This image of a postage stamp may be copyrighted and/or have other restrictions on its reproduction imposed by the issuing authority. ... Canada 8c Christmas stamp of 1973, scanned by User:Stan Shebs This image of a postage stamp may be copyrighted and/or have other restrictions on its reproduction imposed by the issuing authority. ...

Design process

Once a general subject has been chosen, the postal administration typically contracts an outside artist to produce a design.

In working up a design, the artist must take into account the rules and constraints as mentioned above, and perhaps additional requirements, such as membership in a series of related designs.

Even as a large-format design, this painting on a stamp of Peru looks like a muddle, and magnification merely shows the physical limitations of the printing process.

In addition, the artist must consider the consequence of working on a small "canvas"; for instance, traditional paintings often reduce into an amorphous blur, and so the stamp designer will opt to pick a single interesting and/or characteristic detail as the center of the design. Similarly, a stamp consisting of simply a portrait will mean little to many users, and the artist may opt to include a visual element suggesting the person's accomplishments, such as an architect's most famous building, or simply add the word "architect" somewhere in the design. Download high resolution version (500x640, 82 KB)Peru 1. ... Download high resolution version (500x640, 82 KB)Peru 1. ...

This painting representing Acadia works because of its strong lines, strong colors, and reduction to motifs most evocative of that part of Canada. (Note the bilingual inscription.)

The artist then submits one or more designs for the postal administration's approval. The accepted design may undergo several rounds of modification before entering the production process. The design may also be abandoned, perhaps if circumstances have changed, such as a change of government. Canadian 17c Acadia stamp of 1981, scanned by User:Stan Shebs This image of a postage stamp may be copyrighted and/or have other restrictions on its reproduction imposed by the issuing authority. ... Canadian 17c Acadia stamp of 1981, scanned by User:Stan Shebs This image of a postage stamp may be copyrighted and/or have other restrictions on its reproduction imposed by the issuing authority. ... There is a also a U.S. national park called Acadia National Park; For the former electoral district, see Acadia (electoral district) The national flag of Acadia, adopted in 1884. ...

Designs may also be modified as a result of other considerations; for instance, the design of a US stamp honoring jazz musician [??] was based on a photograph showing him smoking a cigarette, but not desiring to be promoting, the cigarette was removed from the design. In general, stamps are not photographic reproductions of the subjects they depict.

Design successes and failures

In the end, successful stamp designs receive relatively little notice from the general public, but considerable praise from the philatelic press. Publications such as Linn's Stamp News will headline the most interesting new stamps on their front page, and report the results of popularity polls.

On the other side, design errors regularly get through the multiple stages of review and checking. Errors have ranged from minute points of rendition (such as the subtly-reversed ears on an Austrian stamp of the 1930s), to misrepresentations of disputed territory in maps, to mistaken text ("Sir Codrington" on 1920s Greece), to the truly spectacular, such as the US "Legends of the West" sheet using the picture of the wrong person. See stamp design error for further detail.

Another category of failure includes designs that are simply rejected by the stamp-buying public. The 1970s-era anti-alcoholism stamp of the US is a well-known example; it consists merely of the slogan "Alcoholism: You Can Beat It!", which must have looked good during the design process, but affixed to the corner of an envelope it suggests that the recipient is an alcoholic in need of public encouragement, and few people ever used this stamp on their mail.

Even so, and the rise of e-mail nothwithstanding, the three-way conversation between postal authority, artist, and the public that is the stamp design process continues unabated. Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

Reference

• L. N. Williams, Fundamentals of Philately