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Postcolonialism (postcolonial theory, post-colonial theory) is a set of theories in philosophy, film, political sciences and literature that deal with the cultural legacy of colonial rule. Main International relations theory Politics Portal This box: International relations theory attempts to provide a conceptual model upon which international relations can be analyzed. ...
Main International Relations Theories and derivates Realism & Neorealism Idealism, Liberalism & Neoliberalism Marxism & Dependency theory Functionalism & Neofunctionalism Critical theory & Constructivism Former President of the United States Woodrow Wilson, considered to be a founder of idealism. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Liberal institutionalism. ...
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Main International Relations Theories and derivates Realism & Neorealism Idealism, Liberalism & Neoliberalism Marxism & Dependency theory Functionalism & Neofunctionalism Critical theory & Constructivism The term realism or political realism collects a wide variety of theories and modes of thought about International Relations that have in common that the motivation of states is in the...
Main International Relations Theories and derivates Realism & Neorealism Idealism, Liberalism & Neoliberalism Marxism & Dependency theory Functionalism & Neofunctionalism Critical theory & Constructivism Neorealism or structural realism is a theory of international relations, outlined by Kenneth Waltz in his 1979 book, Theory of International Politics. ...
International Relations Theory Realism Liberalism Idealism Neoconservatism Institutionalism Functionalism Marxism Critical theory Isolationism Marxist and Neo-Marxist international relations theories are positivist paradigms which reject the realist/liberal view of state conflict or cooperation; instead focusing on the economic and material aspects. ...
Main International Relations Theories Politics Portal This box: Dependency theory is a body of social science theories, both from developed and developing nations, that create a worldview which suggests that poor underdeveloped states of the periphery are exploited by wealthy developed nations of the centre, in order to sustain economic...
International Relations Theory Realism Liberalism Idealism Neoconservatism Institutionalism Functionalism Marxism Critical theory Isolationism Functionalism is a theory of international relations that arose principally from the experience of European integration. ...
Main International Relations Theories and derivates Realism & Neorealism Idealism, Liberalism & Neoliberalism Marxism & Dependency theory Functionalism & Neofunctionalism Constructivism Neofunctionalism is a theory of regional integration, building on the work of David Mitrany. ...
Main International Relations Theories Politics Portal This box: Critical international relations theory is a set of schools of thought in international relations (IR) that have criticized the status-quo—both from positivist positions as well as postpositivist positions. ...
Main International relations theory Politics Portal This box: In the discipline of international relations, constructivism is the application of constructivist epistemology to the study of world affairs. ...
The word theory has a number of distinct meanings in different fields of knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. ...
For other uses, see Philosophy (disambiguation). ...
This article is about motion pictures. ...
Postcolonial literature (less often spelled Post-colonial literature, sometimes called New English Literature(s)) is literature concerned with the political and cultural independence of people formerly subjugated in colonial empires, and the literary expression of postcolonialism. ...
It has been suggested that Benign colonialism be merged into this article or section. ...
As a literary theory (or critical approach), it deals with literature produced in countries that once were colonies of other countries, especially of the European colonial powers Britain, France, and Spain; in some contexts, it includes countries still in colonial arrangements. It also deals with literature written in colonial countries and by their citizens that has colonised people(s) as its subject matter. Colonised people, especially of the British Empire, attended British universities; their access to education, still unavailable in the colonies, created a new criticism - mostly literary, and especially in novels. Postcolonial theory became part of the critics' resources in the 1970s; most take Edward Said's book Orientalism as its foundational work. Literary theory is the theory (or the philosophy) of the interpretation of literature and literary criticism. ...
In the humanities and social sciences, critical theory has two quite different meanings with different origins and histories, one originating in social theory and the other in literary criticism. ...
This article refers to a colony in politics and history. ...
The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ...
Edward Wadie Saïd, Arabic: , , (1 November 1935 – 25 September 2003) was a Palestinian-American literary theorist and Palestinian activist. ...
Edward Said Orientalism is a 1978 book by Edward Said that marked the beginnings of postcolonial studies. ...
Subject matters
Postcolonialism deals with cultural identity in colonised societies: the dilemmas of developing a national identity after colonial rule; the ways in which writers articulate and celebrate that identity (often reclaiming it from and maintaining strong connections with the coloniser); the ways in which the knowledge of the colonised (subordinated) people has been generated and used to serve the coloniser's interests; and the ways in which the coloniser's literature has justified colonialism via images of the colonised as a perpetually inferior people, society and culture. Eugène Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolizing French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ...
Domination is a supreme or preeminate control, rule, or governing; plural dominion. ...
The creation of binary opposition structures the way we view others. In the case of colonialism, the Oriental and the Westerner were distinguished as different from each other (i.e. the emotional, decadent Orient vs. the principled, progressive Occident). This opposition justified the "white man's burden," the coloniser's self-perceived "destiny to rule" subordinate peoples. The term the Orient - literally meaning sunrise, east - is traditionally used to refer to Near, Middle, and Far Eastern countries. ...
Occident redirects here. ...
The White Mans Burden is a Eurocentric view of the world used to encourage powerful nations to adopt an imperial role. ...
In Post-Colonial Drama: theory, practice, politics, Helen Gilbert and Joanne Tompkins write: "the term postcolonialism — according to a too-rigid etymology — is frequently misunderstood as a temporal concept, meaning the time after colonialism has ceased, or the time following the politically determined Independence Day on which a country breaks away from its governance by another state, Not a naïve teleological sequence which supersedes colonialism, postcolonialism is, rather, an engagement with and contestation of colonialism's discourses, power structures, and social hierarchies ... A theory of postcolonialism must, then, respond to more than the merely chronological construction of post-independence, and to more than just the discursive experience of imperialism."[1] Politics is the process by which decisions are made within groups. ...
Cecil Rhodes: Cape-Cairo railway project. ...
Colonised peoples reply to the colonial legacy by writing back to the center, when the indigenous peoples write their own histories and legacies using the coloniser's language (e.g. English, French, Dutch) for their own purposes.[2] "Indigenous decolonization" is the intellectual impact of postcolonialist theory upon communities of indigenous peoples, thereby, their generating postcolonial literature. The term indigenous peoples has no universal, standard or fixed definition, but can be used about any ethnic group who inhabit the geographic region with which they have the earliest historical connection. ...
There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...
Postcolonial literature (less often spelled Post-colonial literature, sometimes called New English Literature(s)) is literature concerned with the political and cultural independence of people formerly subjugated in colonial empires, and the literary expression of postcolonialism. ...
A single, definitive definition of postcolonial theory is controversial; writers have strongly criticised it as a concept embedded in identity politics. Ann Laura Stoler, in Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power, argues that the simplistic oppositional binary concept of Coloniser and Colonised is more complicated than it seems, since these categories are fluid and shifting; postcolonial works emphasise the re-analysis of categories assumed to be natural and immutable. Identity politics is the political activity of various social movements for self-determination. ...
Postcolonial Theory - as metaphysics, ethics, and politics - addresses matters of identity, gender, race, racism and ethnicity with the challenges of developing a post-colonial national identity, of how a colonised people's knowledge was used against them in service of the coloniser's interests, and of how knowledge about the world is generated under specific relations between the powerful and the powerless, circulated repetitively and finally legitimated in service to certain imperial interests. At the same time, postcolonial theory encourages thought about the colonised's creative resistance to the coloniser and how that resistance complicates and gives texture to European imperial colonial projects, which utilised a range of strategies, including anti-conquest narratives, to legitimise their dominance. Anti-conquest narrative is term used by some postcolonial critics to refer to strategies of representation that serve to naturalize European bourgeois power and authority. ...
Postcolonial writers object to the colonised's depiction as hollow "mimics" of Europeans or as passive recipients of power. Consequent to Foucauldian argument, postcolonial scholars, i.e. the Subaltern Studies collective, argue that anti-colonial resistance accompanies every deployment of power. Michel Foucault (IPA pronunciation: ) (October 15, 1926 – June 25, 1984) was a French philosopher, historian and sociologist. ...
The term subaltern is used in postcolonial theory to refer to marginalized groups and the lower classes; this sense of the word was coined by Antonio Gramsci. ...
Middle East, Postcolonialism, and National identity In the last decade, Middle Eastern studies and research produced works focusing upon the colonial past's effects on the internal and external political, social, cultural, and economic circumstances of contemporary Middle Eastern countries; cf. Raphael Israeli's "Is Jordan Palestine?"[3]A particular focus of study is the matter of Western discourses about the Middle East, and the existence or the lack of national identity formation:[4] Identity formation is the process of the fabrication of the distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity in a particular stage of life in which individual characteristics are possessed by which a person is recognized or known (such as the establishment of a reputation). ...
“... [M]ost countries of the Middle East, suffered from the fundamental problems over their national identity. More than three-quarters of a century after the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, from which most of them emerged, these states have been unable to define, project, and maintain a national identity that is both inclusive and representative”.[5] For publications of this name, see also Nation (disambiguation) A nation is a community of people who live together in an area (or, more broadly, of their descendants who may now be dispersed); and who regard themselves, or are regarded by others, as sharing some common identity, to which certain...
As indicated by the above passage, independence and the end of colonialism have not ended social fragmentation and war in the Middle East. As Larbi Sadiki understood and noted in The Search for Arab Democracy: Discourses and Counter-Discourses (2004), because European colonial powers drew borders discounting peoples, ancient tribal boundaries and local history, the Middle East’s contemporary national identity problem can be traced back to imperialism and colonialism.
Indeed, ‘in places like Iraq and Jordan, leaders of the new state were brought in from the outside, [and] tailored to suit colonial interests and commitments. Likewise, most states in the Persian Gulf were handed over to those who could protect and safeguard imperial interests in the post-withdrawal phase’,[6] For other uses, see State (disambiguation). ...
Thus, the Middle East's difficulties in defining national identity partly stem from state boundaries defined by colonial boundaries; ‘with notable exceptions like Egypt, Iran, Iraq, and Syria, most [countries] ... had to [re-]invent, their historical roots’ after colonialism. Therefore,‘like its colonial predecessor, postcolonial identity owes its existence to force’.[7] It has been suggested that Benign colonialism be merged into this article or section. ...
Africa The interior of Africa was not colonised until almost the end of the 19th century, yet the impact of colonialism was even more significant to the indigenous culture, especially because of the Scramble for Africa. The increasingly efficient railroad helped European powers to gain control over all regions of Africa, with the British particularly emphasizing goals of conquer. The British Empire sought to build a single railroad through the continent and succeeded in building tracks from Egypt to Cape Town. Cecil Rhodes: Cape-Cairo railway project. ...
Nickname: Motto: Spes Bona (Latin for Good Hope) Location of the City of Cape Town in Western Cape Province Coordinates: , Country Province Municipality City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality Founded 1652 Government [1] - Type City council - Mayor Helen Zille - City manager Achmat Ebrahim Area - Total 2,499 km² (964. ...
Many African empires existed in the pre-colonial era, such as the Ashanti, Ghana Empire and Edo Empire. Nigeria was home to the Haussa, Yoruba and Igbo cultures and Chinua Achebe was among the first to take up this history in the construction of a postcolonial identity, as in Two Thousand Seasons. For other uses, see Ashanti (disambiguation). ...
Not to be confused with the modern country Ghana. ...
The Yoruba (Yorùbá in Yoruba orthography) are a large ethno-linguistic group or ethnic nation in West Africa. ...
The Ibo are a group of people living in what is now Nigeria. ...
Chinua Achebe (pronounced [2]), born Albert Chinualumogu Achebe on November 16, 1930, is a Nigerian novelist, poet and critic. ...
Kenyan Ngugi wa Thiong'o was educated at the British University of Leeds and wrote the first postcolonial East African novel, Weep Not, Child, in 1964. The later The River Between addresses postcolonial religious issues. His essay Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature is considered one of the most important pieces of African literary criticism. Ngũgĩ wa Thiongo signs copies of his new book Wizard of the Crow. In London at the Congress Centre in central London. ...
The University of Leeds is a major teaching and research university, one of the largest in the United Kingdom with over 32,000 full-time students. ...
Weep Not, Child is the controversial[1] first novel by Kenyan author Ngũgĩ wa Thiongo. ...
Criticism of focusing on national identity Scholars criticise and question the recent post-colonial focus on national identity. The Moroccan scholar Bin 'Abd al-'Ali argues that what is seen in contemporary Middle Eastern studies is 'a pathological obsession with ... identity'.[8]Nevertheless, Kumaraswamy and Sadiki argue that the problem of the lack of Middle Eastern identity formation is widespread, and that identity is an important aspect of understanding the politics of the contemporary Middle East. Whether the countries are Islamic regimes (i.e. Iran), republican regimes (i.e. Egypt, Syria, and Algeria), quasi-liberal monarchies (i.e. Jordan and Bahrain), democracies (i.e. Israel and Turkey), or evolving democracies (i.e. Iraq and Palestine), ‘the Middle Eastern region suffers from the inability to recognize, integrate, and reflect its ethno-cultural diversity.’ [9]
Ayubi (2001) questions if what Bin 'Abd al-'Ali described as an obsession with national identity may be explained by 'the absence of a championing social class?'[10]
Founding works on postcolonialism Aimé Fernand David Césaire (born June 25, 1913) is a French poet, author and politician. ...
Frantz Fanon (July 20, 1925 – December 6, 1961) was an author from Martinique, essayist, psychoanalyst, and revolutionary. ...
This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ...
Frantz Fanon (July 20, 1925 – December 6, 1961) was an author from Martinique, essayist, psychoanalyst, and revolutionary. ...
The Wretched of the Earth (French: Les Damnés de la Terre, first published 1961) is Frantz Fanons most famous work, written during and regarding the Algerian struggle for independence from colonial rule. ...
Albert Memmi (born December 15, 1920) is a Tunisian-born French writer and essayist. ...
The Colonizer and the Colonized (French: Portrait du colonisé, précédé par Potrait du colonisateur) is a known nonfiction book of Albert Memmi, published in French in 1957 and in English at first in 1965. ...
Kwame Nkrumah (September 21, 1909 - April 27, 1972)[1], one of the most influential Pan-Africanists of the 20th century, served as the founder, and first President of Ghana. ...
Edward Wadie Saïd, Arabic: , , (1 November 1935 – 25 September 2003) was a Palestinian-American literary theorist and Palestinian activist. ...
Edward Said Orientalism is a 1978 book by Edward Said that marked the beginnings of postcolonial studies. ...
Other important works - Ashis Nandy. The Intimate Enemy: Loss and Recovery of Self Under Colonialism. (1983)
- Ashis Nandy. Traditions, Tyranny, and Utopias: Essays in the Politics of Awareness (1987).
- Balagangadhara. "The Heathen in his Blindness..." Asia, the West, and the Dynamic of Religion. (1994, 2nd ed. 2005) ISBN 9004099433.
- Benita Parry: Delusions and Discoveries (1983)
- Gayatri Spivak, "Can the Subaltern Speak?" (1988)
- Hamid Dabashi, "Iran: A People Interrupted" (2007)
- Homi Bhabha: The Location of Culture (1994)
- Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (1993)
- Valentin Mudimbe, The Invention of Africa (1988)
- Paulin J. Hountondji, African Philosopy: Myth & Reality (1983)
- Ngugi Wa Thiong'o, (1986) "Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature"
- Bill Ashcroft The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literature (1990)
- Robert J.C. Young Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction (2001)
- Trinh T. Minh-ha, "Infinite Layers/Third World?" (1989)
- Chandra Talpade Mohanty, "Under Western Eyes" (1986)
- Uma Narayan, Dislocating Cultures (1997), and Contesting Cultures"(1997)
- Leela Gandhi Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction. Columbia University Press:1998 ISBN 0-231-11273-4.
- Anne McClintock, "The angel of progress: pitfalls of the term 'postcolonialism'" Colonial Discourse/Postcolonial Theory, edited by M. Baker, P. Hulme and M. Iverson (1994)
- Bartholomew Dean and Jerome Levi eds., At the Risk of Being Heard: Indigenous Rights, Identity, and Postcolonial States (2003) University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-06736-2 [1][2]
- Achille Mbembe, "On the postcolony", edited by The Regents of the University of California (2000)
- Declan Kiberd, "Inventing Ireland" (1995)
- Ernesto "Che" Guevara: Colonialism is Doomed
- Prem Poddar and David Johnson, A Historical Companion of Postcolonial Thought (2005)
Partha Chatterjee (1993)Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Post-colonial Histories, Princeton University Press. Ashis Nandy is a political psychologist and sociologist of science who works at the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies in New Delhi, India. ...
Ashis Nandy is a political psychologist and sociologist of science who works at the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies in New Delhi, India. ...
This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ...
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak is a deconstructive literary critic and theorist of Indian extraction. ...
Hamid Dabashi (Persian: ) is an Iranian-American historian, cultural and literary critic who has made important contributions to the study of Iran, World cinema and Shia Islam from a postcolonial perspective. ...
Homi K. Bhabha (born 1949) is an Indian-American postcolonial theorist. ...
Edward Wadie Said (إدوارد سعيد) (November 1, 1935 – September 24, 2003) was a well-known literary theorist, critic and outspoken Palestinian activist. ...
Paulin Hountondji (b. ...
Ngũgĩ wa Thiongo signs copies of his new book Wizard of the Crow. In London at the Congress Centre in central London. ...
Robert JC Young, postcolonial theorist and activist, literary critic, and historian. ...
Trinh T. Minh-ha is a filmmaker, writer, academic and composer. ...
Chandra Talpade Mohanty is a prominent postcolonial feminist theorist. ...
Uma Narayan is a feminist scholar. ...
Leela Gandhi is a senior lecturer at La Trobe University in the English program. ...
The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (U of M, UM, U-M or simply Michigan) is a coeducational public research university in the state of Michigan. ...
Achille Mbembe was born in Cameroon in 1957. ...
Declan Kiberd is a professor, literary theorist, author and journalist, who lives and teaches in Dublin. ...
Che Guevara Dr. Ernesto Rafael Guevara de la Serna ( June 14, 1928¹ – October 9, 1967), commonly known as Che Guevara, was an Argentine-born Marxist revolutionary and Cuban guerrilla leader. ...
David Johnson may refer to: David Johnson (UK), N.Irish Radio & TV Presenter David Edward Johnson (born 1951), English footballer David Johnson (born 1981) David Anthony Johnson (born 1978), Jamaican footballer David Johnson (born 1945) David S. Johnson (born 1945), computer scientist David Johnson, American soccer player for Los Angeles...
See also Postcolonial literature (less often spelled Post-colonial literature, sometimes called New English Literature(s)) is literature concerned with the political and cultural independence of people formerly subjugated in colonial empires, and the literary expression of postcolonialism. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
It has been suggested that Benign colonialism be merged into this article or section. ...
Cultural cringe, in cultural studies and social anthropology, is an internalized inferiority complex which causes people in a country to dismiss their own culture as inferior to the cultures of other countries. ...
Cultural cringe, in cultural studies and social anthropology, is an internalized inferiority complex which causes people in a country to dismiss their own culture as inferior to the cultures of other countries. ...
Cecil Rhodes: Cape-Cairo railway project. ...
Ethnology (from the Greek ethnos, meaning people) is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyses the origins, distribution, technology, religion, language, and social structure of the racial or national divisions of humanity. ...
Edward Wadie Saïd, Arabic: , , (1 November 1935 – 25 September 2003) was a Palestinian-American literary theorist and Palestinian activist. ...
Post-Communism is a name sometimes given to the period of political and economic transition in former communist states located in parts of Europe and Asia, usually transforming into a free market capitalist and globalized economy. ...
This article or section should be merged with nation-building Nation building is the use of armed force in the aftermath of a conflict to underpin an enduring transition to democracy. ...
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (born February 24, 1942) is an Indian literary critic and theorist. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Alamgir Hashmi (also know as Aurangzeb Alamgir Hashmi) (born November 15, 1951) is a major English poet of Pakistani origin in the latter half of the 20th century. ...
Chinua Achebe (pronounced [2]), born Albert Chinualumogu Achebe on November 16, 1930, is a Nigerian novelist, poet and critic. ...
Ranjit Hoskote (born 29 March 1969) is a contemporary Indian poet, art critic, cultural theorist and independent curator. ...
This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ...
External links
References - Bill Ashcroft (ed.) et al. The Post-Colonial Studies Reader
- Alamgir Hashmi The Commonwealth, Comparative Literature and the World
Alamgir Hashmi (also know as Aurangzeb Alamgir Hashmi) (born November 15, 1951) is a major English poet of Pakistani origin in the latter half of the 20th century. ...
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