Potassium permanganate
General
Other names	Potassium manganate(VII)
Molecular formula	KMnO4
Molar mass	158.04 g/mol
Appearance	purple solid
CAS number	[7722-64-7]
Properties
Density and phase	2.703 g/cm3, solid
Solubility in water	6.38 g/100 ml (20 °C)
Melting point	270 °C decomp.
Thermodynamic data
Standard enthalpy of formation ΔfH°solid	−813.4 kJ/mol
Standard molar entropy S°solid	171.7 J.K−1.mol−1
Hazards
EU classification	Oxidant (O) Harmful (Xn) Dangerous for the environment (N)
NFPA 704
R-phrases	R8, R22, R50/53
S-phrases	S2, S60, S61
Supplementary data page
Structure and properties	n, εr, etc.
Thermodynamic data	Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
Regulatory data	Flash point, RTECS number, etc.
Related compounds
Other anions	Potassium perrhenate
Other cations	Sodium permanganate
Related compounds	Potassium manganite Potassium manganate Manganese heptoxide
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

Potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) is an inorganic chemical compound composed of potassium (K⁺) and permanganate (MnO₄^-) ions. Its IUPAC name is potassium manganate(VII) because its manganese (Mn) atom is in the +7 oxidation state. It is also known as "permanganate of potash", "Potassium Salt" and "Condy's crystals". The permanganate acts as a strong oxidizing agent. The molecular weight of potassium permanganate is 158.04 g/mol. As a solid, it forms deep purple prisms. It is purple when dissolved in an aqueous solution. It has a sweet taste and is odorless. Download high resolution version (2608x1952, 1993 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... A chemical formula (also called molecular formula) is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ... Molar mass is the mass of one mole of an element or chemical compound. ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... Density (symbol: ρ - Greek: rho) is a measure of mass per unit of volume. ... In the physical sciences, a phase is a set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (i. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Solution. ... Water has the chemical formula H2O, meaning that one molecule of water is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. ... The melting point of a solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... The standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the change of enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 Atmosphere... In chemistry, the standard molar entropy is the entropy content of one mole of substance, under conditions of standard temperature and pressure. ... Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances (as amended) is the main source of European Union law concerning chemical safety. ... NFPA 704 is a standard maintained by the U.S. National Fire Protection Association. ... Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... R-phrases are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous substances and preparations. ... S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. ... The refractive index of a material is the factor by which the phase velocity of electromagnetic radiation is slowed relative to vacuum. ... The dielectric constant εr (represented as or K in some cases) is defined as the ratio: where εs is the static permittivity of the material in question, and ε0 is the vacuum permittivity. ... Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy or Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry (UV/ VIS) involves the spectroscopy of photons (spectrophotometry). ... IR spectrum of a thin film of liquid ethanol. ... Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy is the name given to the technique which exploits the magnetic properties of nuclei. ... Mass spectrometry is a technique for separating ions by their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios. ... There is a live album by the Rolling Stones called Flashpoint The flash point of a fuel is the lowest temperature at which it can form an ignitable mix with air. ... RTECS, also known as Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, is a database of toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature that is available for charge. ... An ion is an atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge. ... An ion is an atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge. ... In chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 kilopascals) and 25 degrees Celsius (298. ... Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds. ... A chemical compound is a chemical substance formed from two or more elements, with a fixed ratio determining the composition. ... General Name, Symbol, Number potassium, K, 19 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 4, s Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 39. ... An ion is an atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge. ... The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is an international non-governmental organization devoted to the advancement of chemistry. ... General Name, Symbol, Number manganese, Mn, 25 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 7, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Atomic mass 54. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The oxidation state or oxidation number is defined as the sum of negative and positive charges in an atom, which indirectly indicates the number of electrons it has accepted or donated. ... An oxidizing agent is a substance that [oxidizes] another substance in electrochemistry or redox chemical reactions in general. ... The molecular mass of a substance (less accurately called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW) is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12). ... In jewelry, a solid gold piece is the alternative to gold-filled or gold-plated jewelry. ... Drinking water This article focuses on water as we experience it every day. ...

History

Potassium permanganate was discovered in 1659. // Events May 25 - Richard Cromwell resigns as Lord Protector of England following the restoration of the Long Parliament, beginning a second brief period of the republican government called the Commonwealth. ...

Early photographers used it as a component of flash powder. Flash powder is a mixture of oxidizer and metallic fuel which burns extremely quickly and if confined will produce a loud report. ...

Uses

Potassium permanganate is used as an oxidizing agent in many different kinds of chemical reactions in a laboratory and in industry. It is also used as a disinfectant and in deodorizers. It is used to treat some parasitic diseases of fish, and used in treatment of drinking water, as well as an antidote in phosphorus poisoning. It can be used as a reagent for the synthesis of many different kinds of chemical compounds. For example, a dilute solution of KMnO₄ can convert an organic compound with a carbon-carbon double bond into a diol (glycol) compound. Stronger permanganate solutions can oxidize a methyl group on an aromatic ring to a carboxyl group. It has also been used to make cocaine 100% pure. In analytical chemistry, a standardized aqueous solution of KMnO₄ is sometimes used as an oxidizing titrant for redox titrations due to its deep purple color. Deep purple-colored permanganate can be reduced to the faintly pink Mn⁺² cation in an acidic solution, where Mn is in a +2 oxidation state. In an alkaline solution, permanganate is only reduced to MnO₂, a brown precipitate in which Mn is in a +4 oxidation state. An oxidizing agent is a substance that [oxidizes] another substance in electrochemistry or redox chemical reactions in general. ... A chemical reaction is a process involving one, two, or more substances, such as compounds or atoms. ... Disinfection The destruction of pathogenic and other kinds of microorganisms by physical or chemical means Disinfectants are chemical substances used to kill viruses and microbes (germs), such as bacteria and fungi. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... A reagent is any substance used in a chemical reaction. ... Synthesis (from the Greek words syn = plus and thesis = position) is commonly understood to be an integration of two or more pre-existing elements which results in a new creation. ... An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon, with exception of carbides, carbonates, carbon oxides and gases containing carbon. ... Covalent bonding is a form of chemical bonding characterized by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between atoms, in order to produce a mutual attraction, which holds the resultant molecule together. ... A diol is a chemical compound containing two hydroxyl groups. ... In chemistry a methyl-group is a hydrophobic Alkyl functional group which is derived from methane (CH4). ... An aromatic hydrocarbon (abbreviated as AH), or arene is a hydrocarbon, the molecular structure of which incorporates one or more planar sets of six carbon atoms that are connected by delocalised electrons numbering the same as if they consisted of alternating single and double covalent bonds. ... A carboxyl or carboxylic group is a functional group consisting of a carbon atom and an oxygen atom doubly bonded to each other. ... This article is about the drug Cocaine. ... Analytical chemistry is the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure. ... Drinking water This article focuses on water as we experience it every day. ... Titration setup. ... Redox reactions include all chemical processes in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. ... Titration setup. ... Reduction or reducing has several meanings: In mathematics, reduction is the process of manipulating a series of equations or matrices into a desired simpler format. ... A cation is an ion with positive charge. ... For alternative meanings see acid (disambiguation). ... The common (Arrhenius) definition of a base is a chemical compound that either donates hydroxide ions or absorbs hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. ...

An aqueous solution of potassium permanganate can be mixed with an aqueous solution of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride to produce methcathinone. Pseudoephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine commonly used as a decongestant. ... Methcathinone is an addictive recreational drug that is cheap and simple to synthesize. ...

In a diluted solution, it can be used as a mouthwash (1/4%), or to disinfect the hands (1%). Antiseptic mouth rinse, often called mouthwash, is an oral hygiene product that claims to kill the germs that cause plaque, gingivitis, and bad breath. ...

In aqueous solution was used as together with T-Stoff (i.e. 80 % hydrogen peroxide) as propellant for the rocket plane Messerschmitt Me 163. In this usage, it is known as Z-Stoff. This combination of propellants is still used in torpedoes. T-stoff is a bipropellant rocket fuel (oxidizer) of WW2 times developed in Germany. ... Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a clear liquid, slightly more viscous than water, that has strong oxidizing properties and is therefore a powerful bleaching agent that has found use as a disinfectant, as an oxidizer, and (particularly in high concentrations as high test peroxide (HTP)) as a monopropellant in rockets. ... A Redstone rocket, part of the Mercury program A rocket is a vehicle, missile or aircraft which obtains thrust by the reaction to the ejection of fast moving exhaust gas from within a rocket engine. ... This article contains information that has not been verified. ... Z-Stoff (pronounced zed-stoff) was a name for calcium permanganate or potassium permanganate mixed in water. ... A modern torpedo, historically called a self-propelled torpedo, is a self-propelled guided projectile that (after being launched above or below the water surface) operates underwater and is designed to detonate on contact or in proximity to a target. ...

It is used as a reagent to determine the Kappa number of wood pulp. A reagent is any substance used in a chemical reaction. ... The Kappa number determines the amount of bleach required during digestion of wood pulp (part of the process of making paper) in order to obtain a given degree of whiteness. ...

Cautions

Solid KMnO₄ is a very strong oxidizer, which when mixed with pure glycerine, will cause a highly exothermic chemical reaction to take place. This reaction would turn red hot as a spontaneous "combustion" which would melt a glass or other container holding the reacting contents and could ignite anything flammable nearby. A reaction of this sort could take place when solid KMnO₄ is mixed with many kinds of organic materials. Aqueous solutions of KMnO₄ are much less dangerous, especially when diluted. Mixing solid KMnO₄ with concentrated sulfuric acid forms Mn₂O₇ which causes an explosion.^[1] Also, it should never be left near petrol (gasoline) or any such readily oxidisible substance. Glycerin, also known as glycerine and glycerol, and less commonly as 1,2,3-propanetriol, 1,2,3-trihydroxypropane, glyceritol, and glycyl alcohol is a colorless, odorless, hygroscopic, and sweet tasting viscous liquid. ... Exothermic has several meanings, including: In biology, an exothermic or poikilothermic animal is one that requires external sources of heat (usually sunlight) to maintain its internal temperature: for example, reptiles. ... Flammable or Flammability refers to the ease at which a substance will ignite, causing fire or combustion. ... An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon, with exception of carbides, carbonates, carbon oxides and gases containing carbon. ... Sulfuric acid (British English: sulphuric acid), H2SO4, is a strong mineral acid. ...

Potassium permanganate stains the hand and clothing and should be handled with care. Clothing stains may be washed away using acetic acid or hydrochloric acid. Skin stains disappear within 48 hours. In addition, mixing solid KMnO₄ with concentrated hydrochloric acid generates dangerous chlorine gas. [1] Flash point 43 Â°C R-phrases , S-phrases , , , US Permissible exposure limit (PEL) 10 ppm Supplementary data page Structure & properties n, εr, etc. ... The chemical substance hydrochloric acid is the aqueous (water-based) solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas. ... General Name, Symbol, Number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series halogens Group, Period, Block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Atomic mass 35. ... A gas is one of the four main phases of matter (after solid and liquid, and followed by plasma), that subsequently appear as a solid material that is subjected to increasingly higher temperatures. ...

The DEA has restricted its use and sale. Moreover, potassium permanganate is listed as a Table I precursor under the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances[2]. Since 1973, the DEA has enforced the drug laws in the United States. ... United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Opened for signature December 20, 1988[1] at Vienna Entered into force November 11, 1990[2] Conditions for entry into force 20 ratifications Parties 170[3] The 1988 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and...

Reactions

Alkaline + hydroxy group + potassium permanganate under acidic conditions will produce two carboxylic acids.

Reference

1. F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, C. A. Murillo, and M. Bochmann (April 1999). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6th Edition. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 0-471-19957-5

External links

• International Chemical Safety Card 0672