Potassium permanganate is the chemical compound KMnO₄. In this salt, manganese is in the +7 oxidation state. The salt is also known as "permanganate of potash" and "Condy's crystals". The permanganate ion is a strong oxidizing agent. It dissolves in water to give deep purple solutions, evaporation of which gives prismatic purple-black glistening crystals.^[1] It has a sweet taste and is odourless. [2] R-phrases are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous substances and preparations. ... S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. ... The refractive index (or index of refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves) is reduced inside the medium. ... The relative dielectric constant of a material under given conditions is a measure of the extent to which it concentrates electrostatic lines of flux. ... Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy or Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry (UV/ VIS) involves the spectroscopy of photons (spectrophotometry). ... Infrared spectroscopy (IR Spectroscopy) is the subset of spectroscopy that deals with the IR region of the EM spectrum. ... It has been suggested that NMR Data Processing be merged into this article or section. ... Mass spectrometry (also known as mass spectroscopy (deprecated)[1] or in common speech mass-spec) is an analytical technique used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. ... The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture with air. ... RTECS, also known as Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, is a database of toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature that is available for charge. ... “Multivalent” redirects here. ... “Multivalent” redirects here. ... Sodium permanganate is the inorganic chemical compound NaMnO4. ... The manganate ion is MnO42- and a manganate is any compound that contains the MnO42- group. ... Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is an inorganic chemical compound composed of potassium (K+) and permanganate (MnO4-) ions. ... Manganese(VII) oxide is Mn2O7. ... In chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 kilopascals) and 25 degrees Celsius (298. ... A chemical compound is a chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemically bonded chemical elements, with a fixed ratio determining the composition. ... General Name, Symbol, Number potassium, K, 19 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 4, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 39. ... General Name, Symbol, Number manganese, Mn, 25 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 7, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Atomic mass 54. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... General Name, Symbol, Number manganese, Mn, 25 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 7, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Atomic mass 54. ... In chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound. ... European Union Chemical hazard symbol for oxidizing agents Dangerous goods label for oxidising agents An oxidizing agent (also called an oxidant or oxidizer) is referred to as A chemical compound that readily transfers oxygen atoms or A substance that gains electrons in a redox chemical reaction. ...

Sodium permanganate has essentially the same properties and use as potassium permanganate and can be used as its direct substitute. Sodium permanganate is the inorganic chemical compound NaMnO4. ...

History

In 1659 a German chemist, J.R. Glauber, fused a mixture of the mineral pyrolusite and potassium carbonate to obtain a material that, when dissolved in water, gave a green solution (potassium manganate) which slowly changed colour to violet (potassium permanganate) and then finally red. This report represents the first description of the production of potassium permanganate.^[3] // Events May 25 - Richard Cromwell resigns as Lord Protector of England following the restoration of the Long Parliament, beginning a second brief period of the republican government called the Commonwealth. ... Johann Rudolf Glauber (1604 - March 10, 1670), a German-Dutch alchemist and chemist. ... Pyrolusite This article incorporates text from the public domain 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. ... Carbonate of potash redirects here. ... Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is an inorganic chemical compound composed of potassium (K+) and permanganate (MnO4-) ions. ...

Just under two hundred years later London chemist Henry Bollmann Condy had an interest in disinfectants, and marketed several products including ozonised water. He found that fusing pyrolusite with NaOH and dissolved it in water produced a solution with disinfectant properties. He patented this solution, and marketed it as Condy's Fluid. Although effective, the solution was not very stable. This was overcome by using KOH rather than NaOH. This was more stable, and had the advantage of easy conversion to the equally effective potassium permanganate crystals. This crystalline material was known as Condy’s crystals or Condy’s powder. Potassium permanganate was comparatively easy to manufacture so Condy was subsequently forced to spend considerable time in litigation in order to stop competitors from marketing products similar to Condy's Fluid or Condy's Crystals. Henry Bollmann Condy was a chemist and industrialist best noted for giving his name to the popular 19th and 20th century disinfectants Condy’s Crystals and Condy’s Fluid. ... Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye or caustic soda, is a caustic metallic base. ... The chemical compound potassium hydroxide, (KOH) sometimes known as caustic potash, potassa, potash lye, and potassium hydrate, is a metallic base. ... Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye or caustic soda, is a caustic metallic base. ... Henry Bollmann Condy was a chemist and industrialist best noted for giving his name to the popular 19th and 20th century disinfectants Condy’s Crystals and Condy’s Fluid. ...

Early photographers used it as a component of flash powder. Flash powder is a mixture of oxidizer and metallic fuel which burns extremely quickly and if confined will produce a loud report. ...

Industrial preparation

Potassium permanganate is manufactured on a large scale due to its manifold uses in the laboratory. In the first stage, pyrolusite, which is manganese dioxide in its natural form, is fused with potassium hydroxide and heated in air or with potassium nitrate (a source of oxygen). This leads to the formation of potassium manganate, which on electrolyic oxidation in alkaline solution gives potassium permanganate. Pyrolusite This article incorporates text from the public domain 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The chemical compound potassium hydroxide, (KOH) sometimes known as caustic potash, potassa, potash lye, and potassium hydrate, is a metallic base. ... R-phrases   S-phrases   Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ...

MnO₂ + 2OH^- + O₂ → MnO₄^2- + H₂O

MnO₄^2- + Cl₂ → MnO₄^- + 2Cl^-

Permanganates can also be prepared by treating a solution of Mn²⁺ ions with very strong oxidising agents like lead dioxide, PbO₂ or sodium bismuthate, NaBiO₃. Sample of lead dioxide Lead dioxide, PbO2, also plumbic oxide, lead peroxide, is an oxide of lead, with lead in oxidation state +4. ...

Uses

Chemical applications

Potassium permanganate is used as an oxidizing agent in diverse chemical reactions in the laboratory and in industry.^[4] It also serves as a disinfectant and in deodorizers. It can be used as a reagent for the synthesis of many different kinds of chemical compounds. In wastewater treatment, it is used to neutralize hydrogen sulfide. In analytical chemistry, a standardized aqueous solution of KMnO₄ is sometimes used as an oxidizing titrant for redox titrations due to its deep purple color. In a related way, it is used as a reagent to determine the Kappa number of wood pulp. Mixing potassium permanganate and formaldehyde forms a mild tear gas. European Union Chemical hazard symbol for oxidizing agents Dangerous goods label for oxidising agents An oxidizing agent (also called an oxidant or oxidizer) is referred to as A chemical compound that readily transfers oxygen atoms or A substance that gains electrons in a redox chemical reaction. ... Vapours of hydrogen chloride in a beaker and ammonia in a test tube meet to form a cloud of a new substance, ammonium chloride A chemical reaction is a process that results in the interconversion of chemical substances. ... Disinfection of a floor using a mop Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy microorganisms, the process of which is known as disinfection. ... Deodorants are cosmetic substances applied to the body, most frequently the armpits, to reduce the odor of perspiration. ... A reagent or reactant is any substance used in a chemical reaction. ... Synthesis (from the ancient Greek σύν (with) and θεσις (placing), is commonly understood to be an integration of two or more pre-existing elements which results in a new creation. ... Hydrogen sulfide (hydrogen sulphide in British English), H2S, is a colorless, toxic, flammable gas that is responsible for the foul odor of rotten eggs and flatulence. ... Analytical chemistry is the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure. ... Drinking water This article focuses on water as we experience it every day. ... Titration setup: the titrant drops from the burette into the analyte solution in the flask. ... Illustration of a redox reaction Redox (shorthand for oxidation/reduction reaction) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. ... Titration setup: the titrant drops from the burette into the analyte solution in the flask. ... A reagent or reactant is any substance used in a chemical reaction. ... The Kappa number determines the amount of bleach required during digestion of wood pulp (part of the process of making paper) in order to obtain a given degree of whiteness. ...

As an oxidant in organic synthesis

Dilute solutions of KMnO₄ convert alkenes into diols (glycols). This behaviour is also used as a qualitative test for the presence of double or triple bonds in a molecule, since the reaction decolorizes the permanganate solution; thus it is sometimes referred to as Baeyer's reagent. However, bromine[[5]] serves better in measuring unsaturation (double or triple bonds) quantitatively, since KMnO₄, being a very strong oxidising agent can react with impurities in a sample. The chemical structure of ethylene, the simplest alkene. ... A diol is a chemical compound containing two hydroxyl groups (-OH groups). ... The term qualitative research has at least three meanings: Qualitative research is an umbrella term used, especially in the social sciences, to describe various research methods or approaches. ... In chemistry, a chemical test is qualitative or semi-quantitative procedure designed to prove the existence of a chemical compound or chemical group with the aid of a specific reagent. ... Baeyers Reagent is used in organic chemistry as a test for the presence of unsaturation, such as double bonds. ...

Concentrated solutions oxidize a methyl group (or any other alkyl group with a benzylic hydrogen) on an aromatic ring, e.g. toluene to benzoic acid. In chemistry a methyl-group is a hydrophobic Alkyl functional group which is derived from methane (CH4). ... An aromatic hydrocarbon (abbreviated as AH), or arene is a hydrocarbon, the molecular structure of which incorporates one or more planar sets of six carbon atoms that are connected by delocalised electrons numbering the same as if they consisted of alternating single and double covalent bonds. ... Toluene, also known as methylbenzene or phenylmethane is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners, redolent of the sweet smell of the related compound benzene. ... Benzoic acid, C7H6O2 (or C6H5COOH), is a colorless crystalline solid and the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid. ...

KMnO₄ oxidizes pseudoephedrine hydrochloride to produce methcathinone, a Schedule I drug in the United States. Consequently the DEA has restricted its use and sale by classifying it as a List II controlled precursor. Potassium permanganate is listed as a Table I precursor under the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.^[1] Pseudoephedrine (commonly abbreviated as PSE) is a sympathomimetic amine commonly used as a decongestant. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) was enacted into law by the Congress of the United States as Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970. ... The DEAs enforcement activities may take agents anywhere from distant countries to suburban U.S. homes. ... United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Opened for signature December 20, 1988[1] at Vienna Entered into force November 11, 1990[2] Conditions for entry into force 20 ratifications Parties 170[3] The 1988 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and...

KMnO₄ is also used in removal of impurities from coca base in the production of cocaine. The purer base results in aesthetically pleasing white crystals. [6] Cocaine (see also: crack) is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. ...

Acids and KMnO₄

Diluted sulfuric acid reacts with KMnO₄ to give Mn₂O₇, which can be explosive.^[7][8][9]. Similarly concentrated hydrochloric acid gives chlorine. The Mn-containing products from redox reactions depend on the pH. Acidic solutions of permanganate are reduced to the faintly pink [Mn(H₂O)₆]²⁺. In neutral solution, permanganate is only reduced by 3e^- to give MnO₂, wherein Mn is in a +4 oxidation state. This is the material that stains one's skin when handling KMnO₄. KMnO₄ spontaneously reduced in an alkaline solution to green-coloured K₂MnO₄, wherein manganese is in the +6 oxidation state. Sulfuric acid, H2SO4, is a strong mineral acid. ... Manganese(VII) oxide is Mn2O7. ... Gasoline explosions, simulating bomb drops at an airshow. ... The chemical compound hydrochloric acid is the aqueous (water-based) solution of hydrogen chloride gas (HCl). ... General Name, Symbol, Number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series halogens Group, Period, Block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Standard atomic weight 35. ... The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ... The correct title of this article is . ... For alternative meanings see acid (disambiguation). ... Illustration of a redox reaction Redox (shorthand for oxidation/reduction reaction) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. ... CAS Number(s): 10034-96-5 EC Number: 2320-89-9 EC Index Number: 025-203-00-4 Chemical Name: Sulfuric acid, manganese (2+) salt (1:1), monohydrate Chemical Family: Inorganic salt Chemical Formula: 04 S . ... The correct title of this article is . ... The common (Arrhenius) definition of a base is a chemical compound that either donates hydroxide ions or absorbs hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. ... Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is an inorganic chemical compound composed of potassium (K+) and permanganate (MnO4-) ions. ...

A curious reaction is produced by adding concentrated sulfuric acid to potassium permanganate. Although no reaction may be apparent, the vapor over the mixture will ignite paper impregnated with alcohol. Potassium permanganate and sulfuric acid react to produce some ozone, which has a high oxidising power and rapidly oxidises the alcohol, causing it to combust. An approximate equation for the ozone formation is shown below. For other uses, see Ozone (disambiguation). ...

At room temperature

6 KMnO₄(aq) + 9 H₂SO₄(aq) → 6 MnSO₄(aq) + 3 K₂SO₄(aq) + 9 H₂O(l) + 5 O₃(g)

Biomedical uses

• Dilute solutions are used as a treatment for canker sores (ulcers) (0.25%), disinfectant for the hands (about 1%) and treatment for mild pompholyx dermatitis or fungal infections of the hands or feet.
• A dilute solution of acidified potassium permanganate is used in histology to bleach melanin which obscures tissue detail.
• Potassium permanganate can be used to differentiate amyloid AA from other types of amyloid pathologically deposited in body tissues. Incubation of fixed tissue with potassium permanganate will prevent amyloid AA from staining with congo red whereas other types of amyloid are unaffected.^[10][11]
• Widely sold in pharmacies across the former Soviet Union in vials of pure crystals, used, in dilute solution, as a topical disinfectant, or directly applied (in minute amounts) in pure form to a small inflamed and infected cut or extreme acne, "burning" it off

An aphthous ulcer or canker sore is a type of mouth ulcer which presents as a painful open sore inside the mouth caused by a break in the mucous membrane. ... Late stage of dyshidrosis on the hands Also known as Dyshidrotic Eczema Dyshidrotic Dermatitis Pompholyx Dyshidrosis is a skin condition that is characterized by small blisters on the hands or feet. ... Dermatitis is a blanket term literally meaning inflammation of the skin. It is usually used to refer to eczema, which is also known as Dermatitis eczema. ... Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota The Fungi (singular: fungus) are a large group of organisms ranked as a kingdom within the Domain Eukaryota. ... A thin section of lung tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin. ... Amyloid describes various types of protein aggregations that share specific traits when examined microscopically. ... Chemical structure of congo red Congo red is the sodium salt of benzidinedflandersiazo-bis-1-naphtylamine-4-sulfonic acid (formula: C32H22N6Na2O6S2; molecular weight: 696. ...

Miscellaneous uses

A solution of KMnO₄ in water, in a volumetric flask

• Aqueous solutions of KMnO₄ have been used together with T-Stoff (i.e. 80 % hydrogen peroxide) as propellant for the rocket plane Messerschmitt Me 163. In this application, it was known as Z-Stoff. This combination of propellants is still used in torpedoes.
• A dilute solution (10mg/l) of potassium permanganate can be used to eliminate snails from plants prior to placing them in a fresh-water aquarium.
• High-grade potassium permanganate can be found at pool supply stores and is used in rural areas to remove iron and hydrogen sulfide (rotten egg smell) from well water.
• KMnO₄ is often included in survival kits along with either glycerine or a glucose tablet for the purposes of making fire. The glucose tablet can be ground up, mixed with the potassium permanganate and caused to combust by applying friction. It can also be mixed with anti-freeze from a vehicle to produce flame, although this can be dangerous and should be done in a controlled manner ie dipping some paper into the anti-freeze and then adding a small amount of potassium permanganate. The ability to sterilise water and wounds is another reason for inclusion in a survival kit.
• KMnO₄ is employed to treat some parasitic diseases of fish, in treatment of drinking water, as well as an antidote in phosphorus poisoning. In Africa, it has been used as a disinfectant for vegetables such as lettuce.
• KMnO₄ and glycerine are reacted together to ignite thermite.
• KMnO₄ is often used in pranks, in which a small amount is added to a swimming pool or other similar body of water, thus turning the water a deep purple.

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (690x763, 107 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Potassium permanganate ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (690x763, 107 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Potassium permanganate ... A volumetric flask. ... T-stoff is a bipropellant rocket fuel (oxidizer) of WW2 times developed in Germany. ... Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very pale blue liquid which appears colourless in a dilute solution, slightly more viscous than water. ... A Soyuz rocket, at Baikanur launch pad. ... The Me 163 Komet was the only operational rocket fighter aircraft during WWII. It required a lengthy development process and entered the Second World War in a very limited fashion only in 1944. ... Z-Stoff (pronounced zed-stoff) was a name for calcium permanganate or potassium permanganate mixed in water. ... A modern torpedo, historically called a locomotive torpedo, is a self-propelled projectile that (after being launched above or below the water surface) operates underwater and is designed to detonate on contact or in proximity to a target. ... For other uses, see Aquarium (disambiguation). ... A swimming pool, sometimes also referred to in some countries as a swimming bath(German. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight 55. ... Hydrogen sulfide (hydrogen sulphide in British English), H2S, is a colorless, toxic, flammable gas that is responsible for the foul odor of rotten eggs and flatulence. ... Cable tool water well drilling rig in Kimball, West Virginia. ... General Name, Symbol, Number phosphorus, P, 15 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 15, 3, p Appearance waxy white/ red/ black/ colorless Standard atomic weight 30. ... Glycerin, also known as glycerine and glycerol, and less commonly as 1,2,3-propanetriol, 1,2,3-trihydroxypropane, glyceritol, and glycyl alcohol is a colorless, odorless, hygroscopic, and sweet tasting viscous liquid. ... A thermite mixture using Iron Oxide A thermite reaction is a type of aluminothermic reaction in which aluminium metal is oxidized by the oxide of another metal, most commonly iron oxide. ...

Hazards

Solid KMnO₄ is a strong oxidizer and in general it should be kept separated from oxidisable substances. For more information consult an MSDS. As a strong oxidizer it can explode flammable materials, such as a powder mixture of KMnO₄, phosphorus and charcoal, which is hazardous. Dilute aqueous solutions of KMnO₄ are not dangerous. KMnO₄ forms dangerous products upon contact with concentrated acids. For instance, a reaction with concentrated sulfuric acid produces the highly explosive manganese(VII) oxide (Mn₂O₇). This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ...

Potassium permanganate stains the hand and clothing (as it is to MnO₂) and should be handled with care. Clothing stains may be washed away using acetic acid. Skin stains disappear within 48 hours. Manganese(IV) oxide is the chemical compound MnO2, more usually called manganese dioxide. ... Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound best recognized for giving vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell. ...

If ingested, 10 to 20 grams is generally lethal.

References

1. ^ F. Burriel, F. Lucena, S. Arribas and J. Hernández, (1985), Química Analítica Cualitativa, page 688, ISBN 84-9732-140-5.
2. ^  Fatiadi, A. J. Synthesis 1987, 85-127. (Review) (DOI:10.1055/s-1987-27859)
3. ^ Weeks, M. E. and Leicester, H. M.; Discovery of the Elements, Journal of Chemical Education 1968
4. ^  F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, C. A. Murillo, and M. Bochmann (April 1999). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6th Edition. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 0-471-19957-5
5. ^  van Rijswijk MH, van Heusden CW.American Journal of Pathology.1979Oct;97(1):43-58. PMID: 495695
6. ^ Dzhabiev, T. S.; Denisov, N. N.; Moiseev, D. N. and Shilov, A. E., "Formation of Ozone During the Reduction of Potassium Permanganate in Sulfuric Acid Solutions", Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry, 2005, volume 79, pages 1755-1760.
7. ^ Barthel, H. and Duvinage, B., "Clemens Winkler. His Experiments with Ozone in 1892", Praxis der Naturwissenschaften, Chemie, 2000, volume 49, page 18ff.
8. ^ Wright JR, Calkins E, Humphrey RL.Laboratory Investigation. 1977 Mar;36(3):274-81. PMID: 839739

1. ^ Red list

A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...

External links

• International Chemical Safety Card 0672
• National Pollutant Inventory - Manganese and compounds Fact Sheet
• MSDS Of Potassium PermanganatePDF Version

• Links to external chemical sources