The Pothohar Plateau (also spelled Potwar or Potohar) is a plateau in Punjab, Pakistan. The area was the home of the Soan Culture, which is evidenced by the discovery of fossils, tools, coins, and remains of ancient archaeological sites. The people, colorful landscape, lakes, hill ranges, flora and fauna are sufficient reasons to explore the land that is largely off the beaten track. But you do not see many backpackers in the area. The local people speak a distinctive dialect of Punjabi. The Punjab or Panjab (Punjabi: ) province of Pakistan is the countrys most populous region and is home to the Punjabis and various other groups. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... A fossil Ammonite Fossils are the mineralized remains of animals or plants or other traces such as footprints. ... This article is about monetary coins. ... Archaeology or sometimes in American English archeology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ... Lake Clearwater, Ontario, Canada A lake is a large body of water, usually fresh water, surrounded by land. ...

History

Existence of the Soan culture finds its home on the Pothohar plateau. The Indus Valley civilization is known to have flourished in the same region between the 23rd and 18th centuries BC. Some of the earliest Stone Age artifacts in the world have been found on the plateau, dating from 500,000 to 100,000 years. The crude stone recovered from the terraces of the Soan carry the account of human grind and endeavors in this part of the world from the inter-glacial period. The Indus (सिन्‍धु नदी) (known as Sindhu in ancient times) is the principal river of Pakistan. ... Aletsch glacier, Switzerland A glacier is a large, long-lasting river of ice that is formed on land and moves in response to gravity. ...

The Stone Age men produced their equipment in a sufficiently homogenous way to justify their grouping. Around 3000 BC, small village communities developed in the Pothohar area, which led to the early roots of civilization. (31st century BC - 30th century BC - 29th century BC - other centuries) (4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC) Events 2925 - 2776 BC - First Dynasty wars in Egypt 2900 BC - Beginning of the Early Dynastic Period I in Mesopotamia. ... The word civilization (or civilisation) has a variety of meanings related to human society. ...

Geography

Bounded on the east by the Jhelum River, on the west by the Indus, on the north by the Kala Chitta Range and the Margalla Hills, and on the south by the Salt Range, Potohar Plateau is really undulating, multi-colored, picturesque and geographically ill-defined area. The diverse wildlife like urial, chinkara, chukor, hare, porcupine, mongoose, wild boar, and Yellow-throated Martin add color to the beauty of the area. Sadly, due to low rain fall, extensive deforestation, coal mining and oil and gas exploration, the Valley is becoming devoid of vegetation. The under water areas of lakes (Uchali, Khabeki and Jhallar - internationally recognized Ramsar site, and scenic Kallar Kahar) have reduced to much smaller areas than in the past. Experts say that the lake has been here for at least 400 years. Locals tell about a strange phenomenon that was observed over Ucchali Lake in 1982. A very broad and distinct rainbow appeared over the horizon of Ucchali and was seen continuously for 15 days. No scientific explanation of this has been given so far, but the locals think that the rainbow appeared because of a volcano hidden under the lakes. They also tell that because of the hidden volcano the water of the Lake keeps changing color. The Jhelum River is the largest and most western of the five rivers of the Punjab province of Pakistan, and passes through Jhelum City. ... The Indus River in Northern Areas of Pakistan, near the rock Aornus. ... The Margalla Hills National Park is in Pakistan at the foothills of the Himalayas and is a beautiful park. ... The Salt Range is a hill system in the Punjab region of India, deriving its name from its extensive deposits of rock-salt. ... Binomial name Ovis vignei Blyth, 1841 The Urial is a medium-sized wild sheep and as such is considered a member of the goat antelope subfamily. ... Binomial name Gazella bennettii (Sykes, 1831) The Chinkara is a species of gazelle found in South Asia. ... Species Many, see text Hares and jackrabbits belong to family Leporidae, and mostly in genus Lepus. ... Porcupines are rodents best known for their coat of sharp spines, or quills, that defend them from predators. ... Subfamiles Herpestinae A mongoose is any member of the Herpestidae family of small, vaguely cat-like carnivores. ... Binomial name Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 The Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) is the wild ancestor of the domesticated pig. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forested. ... Wyoming coal mine Coal mining is the extraction of coal from the Earth for use as fuel. ... Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Sarnia, Ontario Petroleum (from Greek petra – rock and elaion – oil or Latin oleum – oil ) or crude oil is a thick, dark brown or greenish liquid. ... A phenomenon (plural: phenomena) is an observable event, particularly something special (literally something that can be seen, derived from the Greek word phainomenon = observable). ... 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A rainbow arches over Florida. ... Smoking Bromo and Semeru (background) volcanoes on Java in Indonesia. ...

Pothohar in northern Pakistan is the country of the war-like Gakhar clan, later confirmed by the first Mughal Emperor Babur; "Sultan Sarang was now of age, and finding that he could not oust his cousin (Hati Khan) by force of arms, he procured his death by posion and assumed the chiefship in 1525. He and his brother made their submission to Babur, and Adam Khan, with a Gakhar force, attended him to Delhi, and for this the Potwar country was confirmed to them by the Emperor. " Rawalpindi Gazetteer 1894 (see also Baburnama). Potohar (or Potwar or Pothohar) Plateau is a plateau in Pakistan. ... The Gakhars ( Gakkhars, Gurkkhars, Gurkhars) have been suggested, by the British archaeologist Sir Alexander Cunningham to have been Indo-Sassanians in origin. ... A clan is a group of people united by kinship and descent, which is defined by perceived descent from a common ancestor. ... The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ... An emperor is a (male) monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. ... Zahiruddin Babur, or Zahir-ud-din Mohammad Babur (February 14, 1483 – December 26, 1530) (Persian: ظﮩیرالدین محمد بابر, also spelled ) was a Muslim Emperor from Central Asia who founded the Mughal dynasty of India. ... Zahiruddin Babur, or Zahir-ud-din Mohammad Babur (February 14, 1483 – December 26, 1530) (Persian: ظﮩیرالدین محمد بابر, also spelled ) was a Muslim Emperor from Central Asia who founded the Mughal dynasty of India. ... It has been suggested that National Capital Territory of Delhi be merged into this article or section. ... Potwar in nothern Pakistan is the country of the war-like Gakhar tribe, later confirmed by the first Mughal Emperor Babur; Sultan Sarang was now of age, and finding that he could not oust his cousin (Hati Khan) by force of arms, he procured his death by posion and assumed... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Rawalpindi (tehsil). ... Baburnama or Babar Nameh (Persian: بابر نامہ) (literally: Book of Babur or Letters of Babur) are the memoirs of Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur, commonly known as Babur (1483-1530), the founder of the Mughal Empire and the great-great-great-grandson of Tamerlane. ...

The Potohar Plateau lies between the Indus river on the west and the Jhelum river on the east. Its northern boundary is formed by the Margalla Hills and the Kala Chitta Range. The Kala Chitta Range rises to an average height of 450 - 900 m and extends for about 72 km. The southern boundary is the Salt Ranges (see [1]). The ruins of the Shahi destroyed by Mahmud of Ghazni in 11th Century and of ancient Gandhara destroyed in the 6th Century by the Hunas (Indo-Hephthalites) litter the countyside. AHSAN AND ADNAN :::::AHSAN AND ADNAN::::::: WE ARE HERE NOW SO TALK ABOUT SOMETHING ADNAN AND AHSAN ADNAN:YEAH..AHSAN I WANA TALK ABOUT SOMETHING BUT I DONT KNOW ABOUT WHAT..UMMM ABOUT A GOOD SITE AHSAN:YEAH ITS A GOOD QUESTION???I M THINKIN ABOUT SOME GOOD SITE YOU... The Indus is a river; the Indus River. ... Jhelum or Jehlum may mean: Jhelum River in India and Pakistan Jhelum City in Punjab, Pakistan Jhelum District in Punjab, Pakistan This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Coin of the Shahi king Spalapati Deva, circa 750-900. ... Mahmud and Ayaz The Sultan is to the right, shaking the hand of the sheykh, with Ayaz standing behind him. ... Gandhāra (also Ghandara, Ghandahra, Chandahara, and Persian Gandara) is the name of an ancient Mahajanapada in eastern Afghanistan and the north-western province of Pakistan. ... Billon drachm of the Hephthalite King Napki Malka (Afghanistan/ Gandhara, c. ... Billon drachm of the Hephthalite King Napki Malka (Afghanistan/ Gandhara, c. ...

Taxila is an ancient UNESCO World Heritage Site located on the plateau. Taxila (then called taksh-shila) was an Buddhist seat of learning, connected across the Khunjerab pass to the Silk Road, attracting students from all over the world. Ancient Takshashila was renowned all over the Buddhist world as home to a great university. It came under the control of the Persian Achaemenid Empire and then Alexander the Great and the Sassanians (see Indo-Sassanian). As a city in Gandhara it flourished during the first-fifth centuries AD. It was finally destroyed in c.450-c.565 by the Hunas (Indo-Hephthalites) Taxila (Urdu: ٹپکسلا ) (Sanskrit: तक्षशिला, takṣaśilā) is a town in the Punjab (ancient Gandhara) province of Pakistan. ... UNESCO logo UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ... Site #86: Memphis and its Necropolis, including the Pyramids of Giza (Egypt). ... Taxila (Urdu: ٹپکسلا ) (Sanskrit: तक्षशिला, takṣaśilā) is a town in the Punjab (ancient Gandhara) province of Pakistan. ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau. ... Achaemenid Empire The Achaemenid Dynasty was a dynasty in the ancient Persian Empire, including Cyrus II the Great, Darius I and Xerxes I. At the height of their power, the Achaemenid rulers of Persia ruled over territories roughly emcompassing some parts of todays Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon... Alexander the Great (Greek: Μέγας Αλέξανδρος[1] Megas Alexandros; July 356 BC — June 11, 323 BC), also known as Alexander III, king of Macedon (336–323 BC), is considered one of the most successful military commanders in history, conquering most of his known world before his death. ... Head of king Shapur II (Sasanian dynasty A.D. 4th century). ... Coin of the Indo-Sassanian king Varahran I (early 4th century). ... Gandhāra (also Ghandara, Ghandahra, Chandahara, and Persian Gandara) is the name of an ancient Mahajanapada in eastern Afghanistan and the north-western province of Pakistan. ... Billon drachm of the Hephthalite King Napki Malka (Afghanistan/ Gandhara, c. ... Billon drachm of the Hephthalite King Napki Malka (Afghanistan/ Gandhara, c. ...

The modern-day cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi sit on the plateau. The material remains found on the site of the city of Rawalpindi prove the existence of a Gandhara Buddhist establishment contemporary to Taxila but less celebrated than its neighbor. It appears that the ancient city also went into oblivion as a result of the same Hunas (Indo-Hephthalites) devastation. Jhanda Khan, Gakhar Chief, restored it and gave the name of Rawalpindi after the village Rawal in 1493 AD. Today it is the twin-city of the capital of Pakistan, Islamabad which was built next to it. Islamabad (Urdu: اسلام آباد, abode of Islam), is the capital city of Pakistan, and is located in the Potohar Plateau in the northwest of the country. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Rawalpindi (tehsil). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Rawalpindi (tehsil). ... Gandhāra (also Ghandara, Ghandahra, Chandahara, and Persian Gandara) is the name of an ancient Mahajanapada in eastern Afghanistan and the north-western province of Pakistan. ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... Taxila (Urdu: ٹپکسلا ) (Sanskrit: तक्षशिला, takṣaśilā) is a town in the Punjab (ancient Gandhara) province of Pakistan. ... Billon drachm of the Hephthalite King Napki Malka (Afghanistan/ Gandhara, c. ... Billon drachm of the Hephthalite King Napki Malka (Afghanistan/ Gandhara, c. ... The Gakhars ( Gakkhars, Gurkkhars, Gurkhars) have been suggested, by the British archaeologist Sir Alexander Cunningham to have been Indo-Sassanians in origin. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Rawalpindi (tehsil). ...

Rohtas Fort located in the Potwar is another UNESCO World Heritage site, built by Sher Shah Suri in 1541 to control the Gakhars who remained loyal to the deposed Mughal Emperor Humayun ((see [2], [3]). Entrance to the Rohtas Fort Rohtas Fort in Pakistan is situated approximately 3 miles west off the Grand Trunk Road from Dina, near Jhelum in Punjab, Pakistan. ... Potwar in nothern Pakistan is the country of the war-like Gakhar tribe, later confirmed by the first Mughal Emperor Babur; Sultan Sarang was now of age, and finding that he could not oust his cousin (Hati Khan) by force of arms, he procured his death by posion and assumed... UNESCO logo UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ... Site #86: Memphis and its Necropolis, including the Pyramids of Giza (Egypt). ... For the recipient of the Victoria Cross see Sher Shah (VC). ... The location of Hazara relative to surrounding areas Gakhars or Ghakkars (who hold the title Kayani), are an ancient clan of Pakistan. ... The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ... Nasiruddin Humayun (March 6, 1508 – February 22, 1556), second Mughal Emperor, ruled in India from 1530–1540 and 1555–1556. ...

Rawat Fort is located 17 km east of Rawalpindi, on the Grand Trunk (G.T) Road leading to Lahore. The grave of a Gakhar Chief, Sultan Sarang Khan is located inside the fort. He died in 1546 AD fighting against the forces of Sher Shah Suri. If one dares to climb the broken steps inside the tomb, one may get a panoramic view of the plateau and the Mankiala Stupa. The remains of this Buddhist Stupa lie about 32 km south east of Rawalpindi in Mankiala village. Apparently, this Gandhara stupa was built in the reign of Kanishka (128-151 AD). According to legend, Buddha had sacrificed parts of his body here, to feed seven hungry tiger-cubs. In 1930, several gold, silver and copper coins (660 - 730 AD) and a bronze casket having Khroshti inscriptions, were discovered from this stupa[4] The Gakhars ( Gakkhars, Gurkkhars, Gurkhars) have been suggested, by the British archaeologist Sir Alexander Cunningham to have been Indo-Sassanians in origin. ... For the recipient of the Victoria Cross see Sher Shah (VC). ... Stupa at Samye Ling Monastery, Scotland A stupa (from the Sanskrit) is a type of Buddhist structure found across the Indian subcontinent, Asia and increasingly in the Western World. ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... Stupa at Samye Ling Monastery, Scotland A stupa (from the Sanskrit) is a type of Buddhist structure found across the Indian subcontinent, Asia and increasingly in the Western World. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Rawalpindi (tehsil). ... Gandhāra (also Ghandara, Ghandahra, Chandahara, and Persian Gandara) is the name of an ancient Mahajanapada in eastern Afghanistan and the north-western province of Pakistan. ... Stupa at Samye Ling Monastery, Scotland A stupa (from the Sanskrit) is a type of Buddhist structure found across the Indian subcontinent, Asia and increasingly in the Western World. ... Gold coin of Kanishka I with a representation of the Buddha (c. ... A stone image of the Buddha. ... Stupa at Samye Ling Monastery, Scotland A stupa (from the Sanskrit) is a type of Buddhist structure found across the Indian subcontinent, Asia and increasingly in the Western World. ...

Pharwala Fort is about 40 km from Rawalpindi beyond Lehtrar road. The Gakhar ruler, Sultan Kai Gohar built it in 15th century on the ruins of a 10th century Hindu Shahi Fort. Emperor Babur attacked the fort in 1519 AD before Hati Khan had acknowledged him. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Rawalpindi (tehsil). ... The Gakhars ( Gakkhars, Gurkkhars, Gurkhars) have been suggested, by the British archaeologist Sir Alexander Cunningham to have been Indo-Sassanians in origin. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Coin of the Shahi king Spalapati Deva, circa 750-900. ... Zahiruddin Babur, or Zahir-ud-din Mohammad Babur (February 14, 1483 – December 26, 1530) (Persian: ظﮩیرالدین محمد بابر, also spelled ) was a Muslim Emperor from Central Asia who founded the Mughal dynasty of India. ...

The Salt Range is dotted with Hindu temples, of which the most notable is the Katas Raj[5]. Located 25 kilometers from Chakwal, Katas Raj is notable in many ways. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Chakwal (Urdu: چکوال) is a town in Chakwal District,Punjab, Pakistan. ...

The temple was not abandoned by local Hindus when they migrated to East Punjab in 1947. Many legends sacred to the Hindus are associated with it, some of them involving Shiva himself. It has always been the site of holy pilgrimage. Even nowadays, through an agreement between India and Pakistan, Hindu worshippers perform a pilgrimage to the temple every year and bathe in the sacred pool around which Katas Raj is built. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article details the Indian state of Punjab. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Shiva (Sanskrit: शिव; Hindi: शिव (when used to distinguish lordly status), and written Śiva in the official IAST transliteration, pronounced as ) is a form of Ishvara or God in the later Vedic scriptures of Hinduism. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Angkor Wat Hindu temple in Cambodia is the largest in the world. ...

While Katas Raj has not received the publicity that it deserves, the two semi-ruined temples of the Hindu shahi period (650-950 AD) have been frequently photographed by newspapers and history journals. The remains are very beautifully carved and conforms to the best in temple architecture. Coin of the Shahi king Spalapati Deva, circa 750-900. ...

Katas Raj is also held sacred by Hindus for another reason. Legend says that the five Pandava brothers, heroes of the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata, stayed here for four out of the 14 years that they spent in exile. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... In the Mahabharata, the Pandava are the five acknowledged sons of Pandu, by his two wives Kunti and Madri. ... Manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra The (Devanagari: ), is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the . ...

A joint project with Professors Abdur Rehman, past Chairman of the Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar, and Farid Khan, founder of the Pakistan Heritage Society, has begun to analyse and document these important monuments in the history of South Asian temple architecture with funding from the University of Pennsylvania. Two seasons of excavation have been carried out at the site of North Kafirkot.[6] The University of Pennsylvania (Penn is the moniker used by the university itself [2]) is a private, nonsectarian research university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ...

• Jhelum Encyclopedia Britannica, 1911 Online Edition.[7]
• Gujrat Encyclopedia Britannica, 1911 Online Edition. [8]
• "Potwar Plateau." Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061088> [Accessed November 10, 2005].

Punjab Geography Image File history File links JhangRabwah. ... Punjab, 1903 Punjab Province, 1909 Punjab (meaning: Land of five Rivers (c. ...	Edit
Chenab | Ravi | Jehlum | Beas | Satluj | Sindh | Hakra | Sandal Bar | Neeli Bar | Ganji Bar | Kirana Bar | Kirana Mountain Range | Suleman Mountain Range | Shiwalik Mountain Range | Thal | Cholistan | Muree | Kallar Kahar | Pothohar Plateau | Salt Range | Margalla Hills | Majha | Doaba | Malwa | Khewra Salt Mines | Kachhi | Chhachh| Trimmu Headworks