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Power steering is a system for reducing the steering effort on cars by using an external power source to assist in turning the wheels. Power steering was invented in the 1920s by Francis W. Davis and George Jessup in Waltham, Massachusetts. Chrysler Corporation introduced the first commercially available power steering system on the 1951 Chrysler Imperial under the name Hydraguide. Most new vehicles now have power steering, although in the 1970s and 1980s it was the exception rather than the rule, at least on European cars. The trend to front wheel drive, greater vehicle mass and wider tires means that modern vehicles would be extremely difficult to manoeuvre at low speeds (e.g. when parking) without assistance. Steering is the term applied to the collection of components, linkages, etc. ...
The 1920s is a decade that is sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties, usually applied to America. ...
Often called the true birthplace of the industrial revolution, Waltham is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. ...
The Chrysler Corporation was a United States-based automobile manufacturer that existed independently from 1925–1998. ...
The Chrysler Imperial, introduced in 1926, was the companys top of the range vehicle for much of its history. ...
Front wheel drive is the most common form of engine/transmission layout used in modern passenger cars, where the engine drives the front wheels. ...
For a table of tire companies, see List of tire companies. ...
Hydraulic systems
Most power steering systems work by using a belt driven pump to provide hydraulic pressure to the system. This hydraulic pressure is generated by a rotary-vane pump which is driven by the vehicle's engine. As the speed of the engine increases, the pressure in the hydraulic fluid also increases, hence a relief valve is incorporated into the system to allow excess pressure to be bled away. Hydraulically powered cylinders are visible on this excavator. ...
While the power steering is not being used, i.e. driving in a straight line, twin hydraulic lines provide equal pressure to both sides of the steering wheel gear. When torque is applied to the steering wheel, the hydraulic lines provide unequal pressures and hence assist in turning the wheels in the intended direction. Torque applied via an adjustable end wrench Relationship between force, torque, and momentum vectors in a rotating system In physics, torque (or often called a moment) can informally be thought of as rotational force or angular force which causes a change in rotational motion. ...
Some more modern implementations of hydraulic systems also include an electronic pressure valve which can reduce the hydraulic pressure of the power steering lines as the vehicle's speed increases (Variable assist power steering).
DIRAVI In the DIRAVI system invented by Citroën, the force turning the wheels comes from the car's high pressure hydraulic system and is always the same no matter what the road speed is. As the steering wheel is turned, the wheels are turned simultaneously to a corresponding angle by a hydraulic ram. In order to give some artificial steering feel, there is a separate hydraulically operated system that tries to turn the steering wheel back to center position. DIRAVI is the name given by Citroën to its proprietary power steering system, first seen in 1970. ...
Citroën is a French automobile manufacturer, founded in 1919 by André Citroën. ...
A hydraulic ram that drives a fountain at the Centre for Alternative Technology A hydraulic ram is a water-powered cyclic pump. ...
As long as there is pressure in the car's hydraulic system, there is no mechanical connection between the steering wheel and the road wheels. This system was first introduced in the Citroën SM in 1970, and was known as 'VariPower' in the UK and 'SpeedFeel' in the U.S. Vestigal chrome fins betray American styling cues The Citroën SM was a high performance coupé produced by the French manufacturer Citroën between 1970 and 1975. ...
While DIRAVI is not the mechanical template for all modern power steering arrangements, it did innovate the now common benefit of speed adjustable steering. The force of the centering device increases as the car's road speed increases. Steering is the term applied to the collection of components, linkages, etc. ...
Electric systems Electric Power Steering, such as those found on the Chevrolet Cobalt, Acura NSX, Saturn VUE V6, 2nd gen Toyota MR2 and on most FIAT and Lancia cars, uses electric components. Sensors detect the motion and torque of the steering column and a computer module applies assistive power via an electric motor. This allows varying amounts of assistance to be applied depending on driving conditions. Most notably on FIAT group cars the amount of assistance can be regulated using a button named "CITY" that switches between two different assist curves (boost curve), while on Volkswagen/Audi group cars, the amount of assistance is automatically regulated depending on vehicle speed. Electric power steering (EPS) is designed to use an electric motor to provide directional control to the driver of a vehicle. ...
The Chevrolet Cobalt is a compact car introduced by Chevrolet in 2004 for the 2005 model year. ...
A 1991-2001 Honda NSX A 2002 Honda NSX The Honda NSX (Acura NSX in North America) is a sports car automobile made by Honda. ...
The Saturn VUE is a mid-size crossover SUV from General Motors Saturn marque, and is Saturns top-selling model in the United States. ...
The Toyota MR2 is a two-seat, mid-engined, rear wheel drive sports car produced by Toyota from 1984 until July 2007 when production stops in Japan, in three different design series. ...
Fiat S.p. ...
Lancia (pronounced Lan-cha) is an Italian automobile manufacturer founded in 1906 by Vincenzo Lancia and which became part of the Fiat Group in 1969. ...
Torque applied via an adjustable end wrench Relationship between force, torque, and momentum vectors in a rotating system In physics, torque (or often called a moment) can informally be thought of as rotational force or angular force which causes a change in rotational motion. ...
In the event of component failure, a mechanical linkage such as a rack and pinion serves as a back-up in a manner similar to that of hydraulic systems. The software in the computer module enables the flexibility of "tuning" the characteristics of the electric power steering system to suit the preference of the vehicle designers. The "feel" is often set a bit on the light side so a criticism commonly expressed is a lack of steering "feel". Rack and pinion animation A rack and pinion is a pair of gears which convert rotational motion into linear motion. ...
Electric power steering is limited to smaller vehicles. This is because the 12 volt electrical system is limited to 80 amps of current which, in turn, limits the size of the motor to less than 1 kilowatt. (12.5 volts times 80 amps equals 1000 watts) Vehicles such as trucks and SUVs require a larger power output. A new 42 volt electrical system standard may enable use of electric power steering on larger vehicles. Watts may refer to: Watt, the SI derived unit of power Watts and Co. ...
Electric systems have a slight advantage in fuel efficiency (almost 1 MPG) because there is no hydraulic pump constantly running, whether assistance is required or not, and this is the main reason for their introduction. Fuel efficiency sometimes means the same as thermal efficiency, that is, the efficiency of converting energy contained in a carrier fuel to kinetic energy or work. ...
Servotronic Servotronic offers speed-dependent power steering, in which the amount of servo assist depends on road speed and thus provides even more comfort and convenience for the driver. The amount of power assist is greatest at low speeds, for example when parking the car. The greater assist makes it easier to maneuver the car. At higher speeds, an electronic sensing system gradually reduces the level of power assist. In this way, the driver can control the car even more precisely than with conventional power steering. Servotronic is used by a number of automakers including Audi, BMW, and Porsche. Servotronic is a trademark of AM General[1]. This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Look up servo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
See also: Assist (sports) ASSIST (the Assembler System for Student Instruction and Systems Teaching) is an IBM System/370-compatible assembler and interpreter developed in the 1970s at Penn State University by John Mashey. ...
Electro-hydraulic systems So called "hybrid" systems use the same hydraulic assist technology as standard systems, with the hydraulic pressure being provided by an electric motor instead of a belt driven one. Those systems can be found in Volkswagen, Audi, Peugeot, Citroen, SEAT, Skoda, Suzuki, MINI and some Mazda cars. Rotating magnetic field as a sum of magnetic vectors from 3 phase coils An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. ...
Volkswagen AG (ISIN: DE0007664005), or VW, is an automobile manufacturer based in Wolfsburg, Germany. ...
{{Infobox Company | company_slogan = Vorsprung durch Technik (Advancement Through Technique) | Never Follow | company_name = Audi AG | company_logo = | company_type = Public (Xetra: NSU) | | foundation = 1909 | location_city = Ingolstadt | location_country = Germany | key_people = August Horch, Founder Rupert Stadler, Chairman | industry = Automotive | products = Luxury Automobiles, Engines | revenue = € 28. ...
Peugeot is a major French car brand, part of PSA Peugeot Citroën. ...
Citro n is a French automobile manufacturer started in 1919 by Andr Citro n. ...
Image:Seat 600 spain. ...
The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...
Suzuki Motor Corporation ) is a Japanese multinational corporation company producing a range of automobiles (especially Keicars and small SUVs), a full range of motorcycles, ATVs, outboard motors, wheelchairs, and a variety of other small combustion-powered engine products. ...
For the new MINI, see MINI (BMW). ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
See also Car handling and vehicle handling is a description of the way wheeled vehicles perform transverse to their direction of motion, particularly during cornering and swerving. ...
In physics, the center of mass of a system of particles is a specific point at which, for many purposes, the systems mass behaves as if it were concentrated. ...
A Toyota Supra in drifting exhibition in Atlanta in 2005. ...
Electronic Stability Control (ESC) is the generic term for systems designed to improve a vehicles handling, particularly at the limits where the driver might lose control of the vehicle. ...
Fishtailing is a problem with rear wheel drive vehicles. ...
An inboard braking system is an automobile technology where the brakes are not located in the wheels, as is common today, but instead near the differential. ...
Ideally, when the car reaches the turn, the driver will steer it along the line marked with green dots. ...
Steering is the term applied to the collection of components, linkages, etc. ...
The front suspension components of a Ford Model T. Suspension is the term given to the system of springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects a vehicle to its wheels. ...
For a table of tire companies, see List of tire companies. ...
Ideally, when the car reaches the turn, the driver will steer it along the line marked with green dots. ...
This does not cite its references or sources. ...
Vehicle dynamics is the Dynamics of Vehicles, here assumed to be ground vehicles. ...
In automobiles, weight transfer (often confused with load transfer) refers to the redistribution of weight supported by each tire during acceleration (both longitudinal and lateral). ...
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