NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Prednisone

Prednisone is a synthetic corticosteroid drug which is usually taken orally but can be delivered by intramuscular injection and can be used for a great number of different conditions. It has a mainly glucocorticoid effect. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone, which is the active drug and also a steroid. In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body. ... Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the giving of liquid substances directly into a vein. ... In physiology, corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex. ... Intramuscular injection is the injection of a substance directly into a muscle. ... Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones characterised by an ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. ... A prodrug is a pharmacological substance (drug) which is administered in an inactive (or significantly less active) form. ... For the bird, see Liver bird. ... Prednisolone is the active metabolite of prednisone. ... This article is about the chemical family of steroids. ...

Uses

Prednisone is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant and affects virtually all of the immune system. It can therefore be used in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases (such as severe asthma, severe poison ivy dermatitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ulcerative colitis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Bell's Palsy, Crohn's disease and Sarcoidosis), various kidney diseases including nephrotic syndrome, and to prevent and treat rejection in organ transplantation. This medicine may also reduce the sex drive. Prednisone has also been used in the treatment of migraine headaches. For a list of immunosuppressive drugs, see the transplant rejection page. ... Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. ... Binomial name Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze Poison-ivy (Toxicodendron radicans or Rhus toxicodendron), in the family Anacardiaceae, is a woody vine that is well-known for its ability to produce urushiol, a skin irritant which for most people will cause an agonizing, itching rash. ... Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is traditionally considered a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the joints. ... Bells palsy (or facial palsy) is characterised by facial drooping on the affected half, due to malfunction of the facial nerve (VII cranial nerve), which controls the muscles of the face. ... Crohns disease (also known as regional enteritis) is a chronic, episodic, inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by transmural inflammation (affecting the entire wall of the involved bowel) and skip lesions (areas of inflammation with areas of normal lining between). ... Transplant rejection occurs when the immune system of the recipient of a transplant attacks the transplanted organ or tissue. ... â€œTransplantâ€ redirects here. ...

Prednisone tablets are furthermore used in the pharmaceutical industry for the calibration of dissolution testing equipment according to the USP (United States Pharmacopeia). The United States Pharmacopeia is a compendium of quality control tests for drugs and excipients to be introduced into a medicinal formulation. ...

Usual initial dosage ranges from 20 - 80mg per day (also 1mg / kg in children up to 50mg). Intravenous application may be employed for cerebral inflammation, as in the period attacks caused by multiple sclerosis.

History

Prednisone was invented in the early 1950s when Arthur Nobile at Schering demonstrated that the side effects of cortisone such as water retention, high blood pressure and muscle weakness could be removed by oxidisation of the drug through exposure to microbes. The drug was introduced by Schering in the mid-1960s. Schering AG (FWB:SCH, NYSE: SHR) is a research-centered pharmaceutical company founded in 1851. ... Cortisone (IPA:ËˆkÃ´rtÉ™ËŒsÅn) is a steroid hormone. ...

Dependency

Adrenal suppression occurs if prednisone is taken for longer than 7 days, a condition which means the body is unable to synthesize natural corticosteroids and becomes dependent on the prednisone taken by the patient. For this reason, prednisone should not be stopped abruptly if taken for longer than seven days, rather the dosage must be reduced slowly. This reduction may be over a few days if the course of prednisone was short, but may take weeks or months if the patient has been on long-term treatment. Abrupt withdrawal may lead to an Addisonian crisis, which may be life-threatening. For those on chronic therapy, alternate-day dosing may preserve adrenal function, thereby reducing side effects (see "Dosing Considerations"). Addisons disease(also known as chronic adrenal insufficiency, hypocortisolism or hypocorticism) is a rare endocrine disorder in which the adrenal gland produces insufficient amounts of steroid hormones (glucocorticoids and often mineralocorticoids). ...

Side effects

Short-term side effects, as with all glucocorticoids, include high blood glucose levels, especially in patients who already have diabetes mellitus or are on other medications that increase blood glucose (such as tacrolimus), and mineralocorticoid effects such as fluid retention (although it's worth noting however that the mineralcorticoid effects of prednisone are very minor, this is why it is not used in the management of adrenal insufficiency unless a more potent mineralocorticoid is administered concomitantly). Additional short-term side effects include insomnia, euphoria and rarely mania. Long-term side effects include Cushing's syndrome, weight gain, osteoporosis, glaucoma, type II diabetes mellitus, and depression upon withdrawal. Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar), is an important carbohydrate in biology. ... For the disease characterized by excretion of large amounts of very dilute urine, see diabetes insipidus. ... Tacrolimus (also FK-506 or Fujimycin) is an immunosuppressive drug whose main use is after allogenic organ transplant to reduce the activity of the patients immune system and so the risk of organ rejection. ... Mineralocorticoids is a class of steroids characterised by their similarity to aldosterone and their influence on salt and water metabolism. ... This article is about the sleeping disorder. ... Euphoria (Greek ) is a medically recognized emotional state related to happiness. ... This article is an expansion of a section entitled Mania from within the main article Bipolar disorder. ... Osteoporosis is a disease of bone - leading to an increased risk of fracture. ... For the disease characterized by excretion of large amounts of very dilute urine, see diabetes insipidus. ... In everyday language depression refers to any downturn in mood, which may be relatively transitory and perhaps due to something trivial. ...

Major

This article or section should be merged with Birth control pill Weight Gain When Taking The Pill When starting to take the birth contol pill some people may expierence slight weight gain. ... Moon face is a medical sign where the face swells up into a rounded shape. ... In everyday language depression refers to any downturn in mood, which may be relatively transitory and perhaps due to something trivial. ... This article is an expansion of a section entitled Mania from within the main article Bipolar disorder. ... The word fatigue is used in everyday living to describe a range of afflictions, varying from a general state of lethargy to a specific work induced burning sensation within muscle. ... Weakness can mean: The opposite of strength Weakness (medical) This is a disambiguation page â€” a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Severe confusion of a degree considered pathological usually refers to loss of orientation (ability to place oneself correctly in the world by time, location, and personal identity), and often memory (ability to correctly recall previous events or learn new materal). ... Abdominal pain can be one of the symptoms associated with transient disorders or serious disease. ... A benign gastric ulcer (from the antrum) of a gastrectomy specimen. ... Infection is also the title of an episode of the television series Babylon 5; see Infection (Babylon 5). ... This article is about the body part. ... Osteoporosis is a disease of bone - leading to an increased risk of fracture. ... This article is about the sleeping disorder. ... Cataract is also used to mean a waterfall or where the flow of a river changes dramatically. ...

Minor

This article or section should be merged with Birth control pill Weight Gain When Taking The Pill When starting to take the birth contol pill some people may expierence slight weight gain. ... Look up stria in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Anxiety is a complex combination of the feeling of fear, apprehension and worry often accompanied by physical sensations such as palpitations, chest pain and/or shortness of breath. ... A rash is a change in skin which affects its color, appearance, or texture. ... In biology, polyphagia is a type of phagy, referring to an animal that feeds on many kinds of food. ... Hyperactivity can be described as a state in which a person is abnormally easily excitable and exuberant. ... Polyuria is the passage of a large volume of urine in a given period. ... Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences), is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements (from the Greek word Î´Î¹Î¬ÏÏÎ¿Î¹Î±; literally meaning through-flowing). Acute infectious diarrhea is a common cause of death in developing countries (particularly among infants), accounting for 5 to 8 million deaths...

External links

Categories: Articles lacking sources from January 2007 | All articles lacking sources | Glucocorticoids | Immunosuppressive agents | Prodrugs In physiology, corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex. ... Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones characterised by an ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. ... The â€˜â€™â€™glucocorticoid receptorâ€™â€™â€™ (GR) is a ligand-activated intracytoplasmatic transcription factor that interacts with high affinity to cortisol and other glucocorticoids. ... Mineralocorticoids is a class of steroids characterised by their similarity to aldosterone and their influence on salt and water metabolism. ... The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR, MLR, MCR), also aldosterone receptor, is officially labelled nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 2, (NR3C2) and is a receptor with high affinity for mineralocorticoids. ... A division of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System A Alimentary tract and metabolism A07A Intestinal anti-infectives A07AA Antibiotics A07AA01 Neomycin A07AA02 Nystatin A07AA03 Natamycin A07AA04 Streptomycin A07AA05 Polymyxin B A07AA06 Paromomycin A07AA07 Amphotericin B A07AA08 Kanamycin A07AA09 Vancomycin A07AA10 Colistin A07AA11 Rifaximin A07AA51 Neomycin, combinations A07AA54 Streptomycin, combinations... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... Aldosterone is a steroid hormone (mineralocorticoid family) produced by the outer-section (zona glomerulosa) of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. ... Cortisone (IPA:ËˆkÃ´rtÉ™ËŒsÅn) is a steroid hormone. ... Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex (in the adrenal gland). ... Desoxycorticosterone (11-deoxycorticosterone) is a mineralocorticoid secreted from Zona reticularis and Zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland. ... Alclometasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid steroid, available in cream or ointment form, for topical dermatologic use. ... Amcinonide is a corticosteroid. ... Beclometasone dipropionate (INN, Beclomethasone dipropionate (BAN) is a corticosteroid drug. ... Betamethasone dipropionate is a corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive abilities, used especially where water retention is undesirable. ... Budesonide is a glucocorticoid steroid for the treatment of asthma, non-infectious rhinitis (including hay fever and other allergies), and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis. ... Ciclesonide is a glucocorticoid used to treat obstructive airway diseases. ... Clobetasol Propionate comes in ointment and emollient cream presentations. ... Clobetasone is a corticosteroid used in dermatology and ophthalmology. ... Clocortolone (or clocortolone pivalate) is a corticosteroid. ... Cloprednol is a glucocorticoid. ... Cortivazol is a glucocorticoid. ... Deflazacort is a glucocorticoid. ... Deoxycorticosterone Deoxycorticosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland that posses mineralocorticoid activity and acts as a precursor to aldosterone. ... Desonide is an anti-inflammatory corticosteroid typically used topically. ... Topicort is a medication belonging to the family of medications known as topical corticosteroids. ... Dexamethasone is a potent synthetic member of the glucocorticoid class of steroid hormones. ... Diflorasone is a corticosteroid. ... Diflucortolone is a corticosteroid. ... Difluprednate is a corticosteroid. ... Fluclorolone is a corticosteroid. ... Fludrocortisone acetate is a synthetic corticosteroid with moderate glucocorticoid potency and much greater mineralocorticoid potency. ... Floudroxycortide (or Flurandrenolone or Flurandrenolide ) is a synthetic steriod and is used as an anti-inflammatory treatment for use on skin irritations. ... Flumethasone (or flumetasone) is a corticosteroid. ... Flunisolide is a corticosteroid often prescribed as treatment for allergic rhinitis. ... Fluocinolone acetonide is a corticosteroid primarily used in dermatology. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Fluocortin is a corticosteroid. ... Fluocortolone is a glucocorticoid used in the treatment of several conditions, including hemorrhoids. ... Fluorometholone is a corticosteroid, most often used after Laser Eye Surgery. ... Fluperolone acetate is a corticosteroid. ... Fluprednidene acetate is a corticosteroid. ... Fluticasone proprionate is a glucocorticoid often prescribed as treatment for asthma and allergic rhinitis. ... Formocortal is a corticosteroid used in ophthalmology. ... Halcinonide is a corticosteroid. ... Halometasone is a corticosteroid. ... Hydrocortisone aceponate is a corticosteroid. ... Hydrocortisone buteprate (or hydrocortisone 17-butyrate 21-propionate) is a corticosteroid. ... Steroid skeleton. ... Loteprednol (or loteprednol etabonate) is a corticosteroid used in ophthalmology. ... Medrysone is a corticosteroid used in ophthalmology. ... Meprednisone is a glucocorticoid. ... Methylprednisolone (molecular weight 374. ... Methylprednisolone aceponate is a corticosteroid. ... Mometasone furoate (also referred to as Mometasone) is a moderately potent glucocorticoid steroid used in the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders (such as eczema and psoriasis), allergic rhinitis (such as hay fever), and asthma for patients unresponsive to less potent corticosteroids. ... Paramethasone is a fluorinated glucocorticoid used as an anti-inflammatory. ... Prednicarbate is a corticosteroid. ... Prednisolone is the active metabolite of prednisone. ... Prednylidene is a glucocorticoid for systemic use. ... Rimexolone (VexolÂ®) is a corticosteroid, often used in eye drops to treat inflammation in the eye. ... Tixocortol is a corticosteroid used as a intestinal anti-inflammatory and decongestant. ... Triamcinolone (trade names Kenalog, Aristocort, Nasacort, Tri-Nasal, Triderm, Azmacort, Trilone, Volon A, Tristoject, Fougera;) is a synthetic corticosteroid given orally, by injection, inhalation, or as a topical ointment or cream. ... Ulobetasol (or halobetasol) is a corticosteroid. ... An antidiarrhoeal drug is the term used for any drug which provides symptomatic relief for diarrhoea. ... The intestine is the portion of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. ... Anti-inflammatory refers to the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation. ... An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. ... A division of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System A Alimentary tract and metabolism A07A Intestinal anti-infectives A07AA Antibiotics A07AA01 Neomycin A07AA02 Nystatin A07AA03 Natamycin A07AA04 Streptomycin A07AA05 Polymyxin B A07AA06 Paromomycin A07AA07 Amphotericin B A07AA08 Kanamycin A07AA09 Vancomycin A07AA10 Colistin A07AA11 Rifaximin A07AA51 Neomycin, combinations A07AA54 Streptomycin, combinations... Staphylococcus aureus - Antibiotics test plate. ... Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that is found in many topical medications such as creams, ointments and eyedrops. ... Nystatin (Nystan®, Infestat®, Nystamont®) is an polyene antimycotic drug Nystatin is considered one of the clean drugs as it has no proven side effects. ... Natamycin, also known as pimaricin, is a polyene antifungal drug. ... Streptomycin is an antibiotic drug, the first of a class of drugs called aminoglycosides to be discovered, and was the first antibiotic remedy for tuberculosis. ... Polymyxin B (also referred to as PMB) are antibiotics primary used for resistant gram negative infections. ... Paromomycin sulfate (brand name HumatinÂ®) is a drug that fights intestinal infections such as cryptosporidiosis and amoeba infection, or amoebiasis and was developed as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis by the Institute for OneWorld Health. ... Amphotericin B (FungilinÂ®, FungizoneÂ®, AbelcetÂ®, AmBisomeÂ®, FungisomeÂ®, AmphocilÂ®, AmphotecÂ®) is a polyene antimycotic drug, used intravenously in systemic fungal infections. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Crystal structure of a short peptide L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala (bacterial cell wall precursor, in green) bound to vancomycin (blue) through hydrogen bonds. ... Colistin (polymyxin E) is a polymyxin antibiotic produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. ... Rifaximin Xifaxan Rifaximin is a nonabsorbable antibiotic, meaning that the drug will not pass the gastrointestinal wall into the circulation as is common for other types of orally administered antibiotics. ... There are several sulphonamide-based groups of drugs. ... Miconazole is an imidazole antifungal agent commonly applied topically (to the skin) or mucus membranes to cure fungal infections. ... Nifuroxazide (INN) is an oral nitrofuran antibiotic used to treat colitis and diarrhea. ... In chemistry, adsorption of a substance is its concentration on a particular surface. ... Charcoal is the blackish residue consisting of impure carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. ... General Name, Symbol, Number bismuth, Bi, 83 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 15, 6, p Appearance lustrous pink Standard atomic weight 208. ... Pectin, a white to light brown powder, is a heterosaccharide derived from the cell wall of higher terrestrial plants. ... Kaolin Kaolinite (Aluminium Silicate Hydroxide) Kaolinite is a mineral with the chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Palygorskite (also known as attapulgite) is a magnesium aluminum silicate from a type of clay soil common to the Southeastern United States. ... An antipropulsive is a drug which is used in the treatment of diarrhea. ... On opiod agonist used for the treatment of diarrhea. ... This article is about the drug. ... Imodium redirects here. ... Difenoxin (Motofen) is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine). ... Imodium redirects here. ... Prednisolone is the active metabolite of prednisone. ... Hydrocortisone is a synthetic corticosteroid drug which may be given by injection or by topical application. ... Betamethasone dipropionate is a corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive abilities, used especially where water retention is undesirable. ... Tixocortol is a corticosteroid used as a intestinal anti-inflammatory and decongestant. ... Budesonide is a glucocorticoid steroid for the treatment of asthma, non-infectious rhinitis (including hay fever and other allergies), and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis. ... Beclometasone is an inhaled corticosteroid drug for the use of prophylaxis of asthma. ... Cromoglicate (INN) (also referred to as cromolyn (USAN) or cromoglycate (former BAN)) is traditionally described as a mast cell stabilizer, and is commonly marketed as the sodium salt sodium cromoglicate. ... Aminosalicylic acid (C7H7NO3) is also known as para-aminosalicylic acid, p-aminosalicylic acid or 4-aminosalicylic acid; abbreviated 4-ASA, PAS or P. It is sold in the US by Jacobus Pharmaceutical as PaserÂ®. 5-aminosalicylic acid is a closely related compound that also has medical uses. ... Sulfasalazine is a sulfa drug, a derivative of Mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid abbreviated as 5-ASA), used primarily as an anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease as well as for rheumatoid arthritis. ... Mesalazine (INN, BAN), also known as Mesalamine (USAN) or 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), is an anti-inflammatory drug used to treat inflammation of the digestive tract (Crohns disease) and mild to moderate ulcerative colitis. ... Olsalazine is an anti-inflammatory drug used in the treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. ... Balsalazide is an anti-inflammatory drug used in the treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. ... Binomial name Saccharomyces boulardii Henri Boulard Saccharomyces boulardii is a tropical strain of yeast first isolated from lychee and mangosteen fruit in 1923 by French scientist Henri Boulard. ... Binomial name Linnaeus The Carob tree (from Arabic: Ø®Ø±ÙˆØ¨ kharoub and Hebrew: ×—×¨×•×‘ Charuv), Ceratonia siliqua, is an evergreen shrub or tree native to the Mediterranean region, cultivated for its edible seed pods. ... In physiology, corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... Mineralocorticoids is a class of steroids characterised by their similarity to aldosterone and their influence on salt and water metabolism. ... Aldosterone is a steroid hormone (mineralocorticoid family) produced by the outer-section (zona glomerulosa) of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. ... Fludrocortisone acetate is a synthetic corticosteroid with moderate glucocorticoid potency and much greater mineralocorticoid potency. ... Desoxycorticosterone (11-deoxycorticosterone) is a mineralocorticoid secreted from Zona reticularis and Zona fascicula of the adrenal gland. ... Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones characterised by an ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. ... Betamethasone dipropionate is a corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive abilities, used especially where water retention is undesirable. ... Dexamethasone is a potent synthetic member of the glucocorticoid class of steroid hormones. ... Fluocortolone is a glucocorticoid used in the treatment of several conditions, including hemorrhoids. ... Methylprednisolone (molecular weight 374. ... Paramethasone is a fluorinated glucocorticoid used as an anti-inflammatory. ... Prednisolone is the active metabolite of prednisone. ... Triamcinolone (trade names Kenalog, Aristocort, Nasacort, Tri-Nasal, Triderm, Azmacort, Trilone, Volon A, Tristoject, Fougera;) is a synthetic corticosteroid given orally, by injection, inhalation, or as a topical ointment or cream. ... Hydrocortisone is a synthetic corticosteroid drug which may be given by injection or by topical application. ... Cortisone (IPA:ËˆkÃ´rtÉ™ËŒsÅn) is a steroid hormone. ... Prednylidene is a glucocorticoid for systemic use. ... Rimexolone (VexolÂ®) is a corticosteroid, often used in eye drops to treat inflammation in the eye. ... Deflazacort is a glucocorticoid. ... Cloprednol is a glucocorticoid. ... Meprednisone is a glucocorticoid. ... Cortivazol is a glucocorticoid. ... Trilostane is an inhibitor of 3 Î²-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase used in the treatment of Cushings syndrome. ...

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