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The Prehistory of the Iberian peninsula begins with the arrival of the first hominins c.900,000 BP and ends with the Punic Wars, when the territory enters the domains of written history. In this long period, some of its most significative landmarks were to host the last stand of the Neanderthal people, to develop some of the most impresive Paleolithic art, alongside with southern France, to be the seat of the earliest civilizations of Western Europe and finally to become a most desired colonial objective due to its strategical position and its many mineral riches. Portugal is a European nation whose origins go back to the Early Middle Ages. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Iberian Peninsula. ...
In red is the province of Lusitania within the Roman Empire, 120 AD Lusitania was an ancient Roman province approximately including current Portugal, except for the area between the rivers Douro and Minho (part of Hispania Tarraconensis), and part of modern day western Spain, the present autonomous communities of Extremadura...
Gallaecia or Callaecia (from Gaulish *gal-laikos smoke?-hero/warrior) was the name of a Roman province that comprised a territory in the north-west of Hispania (approximately the current Galicia of Spain and the north of Portugal). ...
A votive crown belonging to Reccesuinth (653–672) The Visigoths (Latin: ) were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe, the Ostrogoths being the other. ...
Suebi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...
Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ...
For other senses of this word, see Reconquista (disambiguation). ...
Flag Motto: Hoc Signo Tuetur Pius, Hoc Signo Vincitur Inimicus (English: With this sign thou shalt defend the pious, with this sign thou shalt defeat the enemy) Capital Cangas de Onis, San MartÃn, Pravia, Oviedo Language(s) Asturian, Latin Religion Roman Catholicism Government Monarchy King - 718-737 Pelayo of...
Coat of arms Kingdom of León, 1030 Capital León Language(s) Mainly Latin and Astur-Leonese. ...
History of Portugal series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383–1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian...
The County of Coimbra (Portuguese: Condado de Coimbra) was a political entity instituted as a military unit of defense in the borders of the Kingdom of Galicia in the Iberian Peninsula, and in what is today central Portugal. ...
History of Portugal Series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383-1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian...
History of Portugal series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383–1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian...
Anthem: O Hino da Carta (from 1834) The Kingdom of Portugal in 1561 Capital Lisbon¹ Language(s) Portuguese Religion Roman Catholic Government Monarchy King - 1139-1185 Afonso I - 1908-1910 Manuel II History - Established 26 July, 1139 - Peninsular War 1808-1814 - Brazilian suzerainty 1815 - Brazilian independence October 12, 1822 - Revolution...
History of Portugal series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383–1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian...
History of Portugal series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383–1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian...
The 1383–1385 crisis is a period of civil war and anarchy in Portuguese history that began with the death of King Fernando I of Portugal, who left no male heirs, and ended with the accession to the throne of King João I in 1385, in the wake of...
For additional context, see History of Portugal and Portuguese Empire. ...
An anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire (1415-1999). ...
// Main article: Portuguese Empire An anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire (1415-1999). ...
History of Portugal series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383–1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
History of Portugal series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista Castilian and Leonese rule First County of Portugal County of Coimbra Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383–1385...
The history of Portugal from the beginning of Maria Is reign in 1777 to the end of the Liberal Wars in 1834 spans a complex historic period in which several important political and military events led to the end of the absolutist regime and to the installment of a...
This article or section is incomplete and may require expansion and/or cleanup. ...
History of Portugal series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383–1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian...
History of Portugal series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383–1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian...
Estado Novo (Portuguese for New State; pron. ...
The Portuguese Third Republic is a period in the history of Portugal corresponding to the current democratic regime installed after the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974, that put an end to the quasi-fascist Estado Novo regime of António de Oliveira Salazar and Marcello Caetano. ...
History of Portugal series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383–1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian...
History of Portugal series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383–1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian...
History of Portugal series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383–1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian...
ĢÕãÒòùäÊŞ Ă ßõî ŔûñÑèđ òΠýëŗ pæŇţž This page may meet Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ...
History of Portugal series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista Castilian and Leonese rule First County of Portugal County of Coimbra Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383–1385...
History of Portugal series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383–1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian...
Ajuda Library, created in the 15th century as Royal Library. Mother of the Portuguese and Brazilian National Libraries. ...
// In the early days of the Catholic Church, several local liturgies developed, such as the Gallican in France, the Sarum in England, the antique Roman in Rome, the Ambrosian rite in Milan. ...
This is a historical timeline of Portugal. ...
The history of Spain spans the period from pre-historic times, through the rise and fall of the first global empire, to Spains modern-day renaissance in the post-Franco era. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Alhambra-petit. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Iberian Peninsula. ...
After the disorders of the passage of the Vandals and Alans down the Mediterranean coast of Hispania from 409, the history of Medieval Spain begins with the Iberian kingdom of the Arian Visigoths (507 – 711), who were converted to Catholicism with their king Reccared in 587. ...
A votive crown belonging to Reccesuinth (653–672) The Visigoths (Latin: ) were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe, the Ostrogoths being the other. ...
The Suebi or Suevi were a Germanic people whose origin was near the Baltic Sea . ...
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The Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent under Justinian I. Justinians inherited empire in pink with his conquests, including Spania, in orange. ...
Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ...
For other senses of this word, see Reconquista (disambiguation). ...
During the reign of Emperor Charles V (Carlos I of Spain), who ascended the thrones of the kingdoms of Spain after the death of his grandfather Ferdinand, Habsburg Spain controlled territory ranging from Philippines to the Netherlands, and was, for a time, Europes greatest power. ...
The Age of Enlightenment came to Spain in the eighteenth century with the accession of King Philip V, the first Spanish king of the French Bourbon dynasty. ...
History of Spain series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Medieval Spain - Visigoths - Al-Andalus - Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Modern Spain Topics Economic History Military History Social History Spain in the...
Flag of the Spanish First Republic The First Spanish Republic lasted only two years, between 1873 and 1874. ...
Anthem Marcha Real Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Religion Roman Catholic Church Government Constitutional monarchy Monarch - 1874-1885 Alfonso XII - 1886-1931 Alfonso XIII - 1885-1902 Maria Christina of Austria (Regent) Prime Minister¹ - 1874-1875 (first term) Antonio Cánovas del Castillo - 1931 Juan Bautista Aznar Cabañas Legislature Congress...
Anthem El Himno de Riego Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Government Republic President - 1931–1936 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora - 1936–1939 Manuel Azaña Legislature Congress of Deputies Historical era Interwar period - Monarchy abolished April 14, 1931 - Spanish Civil War 1936–1939 - Surrender to Franco April 1, 1939 Currency Spanish peseta...
Not to be confused with the Spanish Civil War of 1820-1823. ...
The Spanish Civil War officially ended on 1 April 1939, the day Francisco Franco announced the end of hostilities. ...
The Spanish transition to democracy or new Bourbon restoration was the era when Spain moved from the dictatorship of Francisco Franco to a liberal democratic state. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
The Economic history of Spain covers the development of the Spanish economy over the course of its history. ...
The military history of Spain includes the history of battles fought in the territory of modern Spain, as well as her former and current overseas possessions and territories, and the military history of the Spanish people regardless of geography. ...
The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar. ...
[[{{{diversity_link}}}|Diversity]] {{{diversity}}} Binomial name {{{binomial}}} Trinomial name {{{trinomial}}} Type Species {{{type_species}}} Genera Pan (chimpanzees) Homo(humans) Paranthropus (extinct) Australopithecus (extinct) Sahelanthropus (extinct) Orrorin (extinct) Ardipithecus (extinct) Kenyanthropus (extinct) [[Image:{{{range_map}}}|{{{range_map_width}}}|]] Synonyms {{{synonyms}}} Hominini is the tribe of Homininae that only includes humans (Homo), chimpanzees (Pan), and their extinct...
Before Present (BP) years are the units of time (counted backwards to the past) used to report raw radiocarbon ages and dates referenced to the BP scale origin in the year AD 1950 (identical to 1950 CE). ...
The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BC. They are known as the Punic Wars because the Latin term for Carthaginian was Punici (older Poenici, from their Phoenician ancestry). ...
For other uses, see Neanderthal (disambiguation). ...
A current understanding of Western Europe. ...
It has been suggested that Benign colonialism be merged into this article or section. ...
Lower and Middle Paleolithic Hominin inhabitation of the Iberian Peninsula dates from the Paleolithic. Early hominin remains have been discovered at a number of sites on the peninsula. Significant evidence of an extended occupation of Iberia by Neandertal man has also been discovered. Homo sapiens first entered Iberia towards the end of the Paleolithic. For a time Neanderthals and modern humans coexisted until the former were finally driven to extinction. Modern man continued to inhabit the peninsula through the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods. // The Paleolithic is a prehistoric era distinguished by the development of stone tools. ...
Homo sapiens (Latin: wise man) is the scientific name for the human species. ...
The Mesolithic (Greek mesos=middle and lithos=stone or the Middle Stone Age[1]) was a period in the development of human technology between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods of the Stone Age. ...
An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ...
Homo neanderthalensis La Ferrassie 1 Iberia has a wealth of prehistoric sites. Many of the best preserved prehistoric remains are in the Atapuerca region, rich with limestone caves that have preserved a million years of human evolution. Among these sites is the cave of Gran Dolina, where six hominin skeletons, dated between 780,000 and one million years ago, were found in 1994. Experts have debated whether these skeletons belong to the species Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, or a new species called Homo antecessor. In the Gran Dolina, investigators have found evidence of tool use to butcher animals and other hominins, the first evidence of cannibalism in a hominin species. Evidence of fire has also been found at the site, suggesting they cooked their meat. This work is copyrighted. ...
This work is copyrighted. ...
Atapuerca, also known as Sierra de Atapuerca or Sierra Atapuerca, is an ancient karst topography region of Spain, containing several caves such as the Gran Dolina site, where fossils and stone tools of the one of the earliest known hominids in Europe have been found, dating to between 780,000...
Gran Dolina is a cave site in the Atapuerca region of Spain, where archaeologists have found five or six hominids dating to between 800,000 to 1 million years ago. ...
Binomial name (Dubois, 1892) Synonyms †Pithecanthropus erectus †Sinanthropus pekinensis †Javanthropus soloensis †Meganthropus paleojavanicus Homo erectus (Latin: upright man) is an extinct species of the genus Homo. ...
Binomial name †Homo heidelbergensis Schoetensack, 1908 Homo heidelbergensis (Heidelberg Man) is an extinct species of the genus Homo and the direct ancestor of Homo neanderthalensis in Europe. ...
Binomial name †Homo antecessor Bermudez de Castro et al. ...
A modern hammer is directly descended from ancient hand tools A tool or device is a piece of equipment which typically provides a mechanical advantage in accomplishing a physical task, or provides an ability that is not naturally available to the user of a tool. ...
Butcher shop in Valencia A butcher is someone who prepares various meats and other related goods for sale. ...
Cannibal redirects here. ...
For other uses, see Fire (disambiguation). ...
Also in Atapuerca, is the site at Sima de los Huesos, or "Pit of Bones". Excavators have found the remains of 30 hominins dated to about 400,000 years ago. The remains have been tentatively classified as Homo heidelbergensis and may be ancestors of the Neanderthals. No evidence of habitation has been found at the site except for one stone hand-ax, and all of the remains at the site are of young adults or teenagers. The age similarity suggests the remains were not the result of accidents. The seemingly deliberate placement of remains and lack of habitation may mean that the bodies were deliberately interred in the pit as a place of burial, which would make the site the first evidence of hominin burial. Genera Gorilla Pan (chimpanzees) Homo (humans) Paranthropus (extinct) Australopithecus (extinct) Sahelanthropus (extinct) Ardipithecus (extinct) Kenyanthropus (extinct) Homininae is a subfamily of Hominidae, including Homo sapiens and some extinct relatives, as well as the gorillas and the chimpanzees. ...
 Neanderthals in Europe (simplified). Around 200,000 BC, during the Lower Paleolithic period, Neanderthals first entered the Iberian Peninsula. Around 70,000 BC, during the Middle Paleolithic period the last ice age began and the Neanderthal Mousterian culture was established. Around 35,000 BC, during the Upper Paleolithic, the Neanderthal Châtelperronian cultural period began. Emanating from Southern France this culture extended into Northern Iberia. This culture continued to exist until around 28,000 BC when Neanderthal man faced extinction, their final refuge being present-day Portugal. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 519 pixelsFull resolution (924 × 600 pixel, file size: 336 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) map of main sites where classical Neandertal fossil where found. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 519 pixelsFull resolution (924 × 600 pixel, file size: 336 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) map of main sites where classical Neandertal fossil where found. ...
The Lower Paleolithic (or Lower Palaeolithic) is the earliest subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. ...
The Middle Paleolithic (or Middle Palaeolithic) is the second subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia. ...
This article or section should be merged with Wisconsinan glaciation The Wisconsin (in North America), Weichsel (in Scandinavia), Devensian (in the British Isles) or Würm glaciation (in the Alps) is the most recent period of the Ice Age, and ended some 10,000 Before Present (BP). ...
Mousterian is a name given by archaeologists to a style of predominantly flint tools (or industry) associated primarily with Homo neanderthalensis and dating to the Middle Paleolithic, the middle part of the Old Stone Age. ...
The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia. ...
Châtelperronian was the earliest industry of the Upper Palaeolithic in central and south western France. ...
This region consists of the southern part of France. ...
Neanderthal remains have been found at a number of sites on the Iberian Peninsula. A Neanderthal skull was found in Forbes's Quarry in Gibraltar in 1848 making Spain the first country where remains of Neanderthals were found. Neanderthals were not recognized as a separate species until the discovery of remains in Neandertal, Germany in 1856. Subsequent Neanderthal discoveries in Gibraltar have also been made including the skull of a four-year-old child and preserved excrement on top of baked mussel shells. Location of Neanderthal, Germany The Neanderthal (Neandertal) is a small valley of the river Düssel in the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia, located on the area of the towns Erkrath and Mettmann around their border, near the capital city of North Rhine-Westphalia, Düsseldorf. ...
Subclasses Pteriomorpha (marine mussels) Palaeoheterodonta (freshwater mussels) Heterodonta (zebra mussels) The term mussel is used for several families of bivalve molluscs inhabiting lakes, rivers, and creeks, as well as intertidal areas along coastlines worldwide. ...
In Zafarraya a Neanderthal mandible and Mousterian tools, associated with the Neanderthal culture, were found in 1995. The mandible was dated to about 28,000 BC and the tools to about 25,000 BC. These dates make the Zafarraya remains the youngest evidence of Neanderthals and have expanded the timeline of Neanderthal existence. The more recent dating of the remains also provides the first evidence for prolonged co-existence between Neanderthals and modern man. L'Arbreda Cave in Catalonia contains Aurignacian cave paintings, as well as earlier remains from Neanderthals. Some have also suggested that the newer remains in Iberia suggest Neanderthals were driven out of Central Europe by modern man to the Iberian peninsula where they sought refuge. Zafarraya is a town in Granada, Andalusia, Spain, with a population of 2,200 (2003). ...
The mandible (from Latin mandibÅla, jawbone) or inferior maxillary bone is, together with the maxilla, the largest and strongest bone of the face. ...
Modern Man - Not you. ...
This article is about the Spanish autonomous community. ...
Aurignacian is the name of a culture of the Upper Palaeolithic present in Europe and south west Asia. ...
Cave, or rock, paintings are paintings painted on cave or rock walls and ceilings, usually dating to pre_historic times. ...
Central Europe The Alpine Countries and the Visegrád Group (Political map, 2004) Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. ...
Upper Paleolithic
Early Upper Paleolithic The Chatelperronian culture (typically associated with Neanderthal man) is found in the Cantabrian region and in Catalonia. Ch telperronian was the earliest industry of the Upper Palaeolithic in central and south western France. ...
the inhabitants of the Franco-Cantabric region produced some of the finest Paleolithic mural art, as this horse at Lascaux cave Franco-Cantabric region (also Franco-Cantabrian region) is a term applied in Archaeology and History to refer to an area that stretches from Asturias, in northern Spain, to Provence...
This article is about the Spanish autonomous community. ...
The Aurignacian culture (work of Homo sapiens) succeeds it and has the following periodization[1]: Aurignacian is the name of a culture of the Upper Palaeolithic present in Europe and south west Asia. ...
Homo sapiens (Latin: wise man) is the scientific name for the human species. ...
- Archaic Aurignacian: found in Cantabria (Morín and El Pendo caves), where it alternates with Chatelperronian, and in Catalonia. The C-14 dates for Morín cave are relatively late in the European context: c. 28,500 BP, but the occupation dates for El Pendo (where it's older than Chatelperronian layers) must be of earlier date.
- Typical Aurignacian: it is found in Cantabria (Morín, El Pendo, Castillo), the Basque Country (Santimamiñe) and Catalonia. The radicarbon datations give the following dates: 32,425 and 29,515 BP.
- Evolved Aurignacian: it is found in Cantabria (Morin, El Pendo, El Otero, Hornos de la Peña), Asturias (El Cierro, El Conde) and Catalonia.
- Final Aurignacian: in Cantabria (El Pendo), after the Gravettian interlude.
In the Mediterranean area (south of the Ebro), Aurignacian remains have been found sparsely distributed in the Lands of Valencia (Les Mallaetes) and Murcia (Las Pereneras) and Andalusia (Higuerón), as far west as Gibraltar (Gorham's Cave). The radiocarbon dates available are: 29,100 BP (Les Mallaetes), 28,700 BP and 27,860 BP (Gorham's Cave). For the Mesozoic island Cantabria, see Cantabria (Mesozoic island). ...
Before Present (BP) years are the units of time (counted backwards to the past) used to report raw radiocarbon ages and dates referenced to the BP scale origin in the year AD 1950 (identical to 1950 CE). ...
Pays Basque) see Northern Basque Country. ...
Santimamiñe cave, Kortezubi, Biscay, Basque Country is one of the most important archaeological sites of the Basque Country, including a nearly complete sequence from the Middle Paleolithic to the Iron Age. ...
Anthem: Asturias, patria querida Capital Oviedo Official language(s) Spanish; Asturian has special status Area – Total – % of Spain Ranked 10th 10,604 km² 2. ...
For the Spanish truck maker of the same name, see Ebro trucks. ...
Capital Valencia Official language(s) Valencian and Spanish Area – Total – % of Spain Ranked 8th 23,255 km² 4. ...
Capital Murcia Official language(s) Spanish; Murcian dialect unofficially Area – Total – % of Spain Ranked 9th 11,313 km² 2. ...
For other uses, see Andalusia (disambiguation). ...
Middle Upper Paleolihic
Gravettian The Gravettian culture followed the steps of the Aurignacian expansion but its remains are not very aboundant in the Cantabrian area (north), while in the southern region they are more common. The Gravettian was an industry of the European Upper Palaeolithic. ...
In the Cantabrian area all Gravettian remains belong to late evolved phases and are found always mixed with Aurignacian technology. The main sites are found in the Basque Country (Lezetxiki, Bolinkoba), Cantabria (Morín, El Pendo, El Castillo) and Asturias (Cueto de la Mina). It is archeologically divide in two phases characterized by the amount of Gravettian elements: the phase A has a C-14 date of c.20,710 BP and the phase B is of later date. the inhabitants of the Franco-Cantabric region produced some of the finest Paleolithic mural art, as this horse at Lascaux cave Franco-Cantabric region (also Franco-Cantabrian region) is a term applied in Archaeology and History to refer to an area that stretches from Asturias, in northern Spain, to Provence...
The Cantabrian Gravettian has been paralleled to the Perigordian V-VII of the French sequence. It eventually vanishes from the archaeological sequence and is replaced by an "Aurignacian renaissance", at least in El Pendo cave. It is considered "intrusive", in contrast with the Mediterranean area, where it probably means a real colonization[1]. Périgordian is a term for several distinct but related Upper Palaeolithic cultures which are thought by some archaeologists to represent a contiguous tradition. ...
In the Mediterranean region, the Gravettian culture also had a late arrival. Nevertheless, the south-east has an important number of sites of this culture, specially in he Land of Valencia (Les Mallaetes, Parpaló, Barranc Blanc, Meravelles, Coba del Sol, Ratlla del Musol, Beneito). It is also found in the Land of Murcia (Palomas, Palomarico, Morote) and Andalusia (Los Borceguillos, Zájara II, Serrón, Gorham's Cave).
The first indications of modern human colonization of the interior and the west of the peninsula are found only in this cultural phase, with a few late Gravettian elements found in the Manzanares valley (Madrid) and Salemas cave (Alemtejo, Portugal). The Manzanares is a river in central Spain which passes through the countrys capital, Madrid. ...
Capital Madrid Area – Total – % of Spain Ranked 12th 7 995 km² 1,6% Population – Total (2005) – % of Spain – Density Ranked 3rd 5 964 143 13,5% 745,98/km² Demonym – English – Spanish Madrilenian madrileño/a Statute of Autonomy March 1, 1983 ISO 3166-2 M Parliamentary representation – Congress seats...
Alentejo is a south-central region of Portugal. ...
Solutrean The Solutrean culture shows its earliest appearances in Laugerie Haute (Dordogne, France) and Les Mallaetes (Land of Valencia), with radiocarbon dates of 21,710 BP and 20,890 BP respectively[1]. In the Iberian peninsula it shows three different facies: The Solutrean industry was an advanced flint tool making style of the Upper Palaeolithic. ...
Dordogne (Occitan: Dordonha) is a department in central France named after the Dordogne River. ...
The Iberian (or Mediterranean) facies is defined by the sites of Parpalló and Les Mallaetes in the province of Valencia. They are found immersed in important Gravettian perdurations that would eventually redefine the facies as "Gravettizing Solutrean"[1]. The archetypical sequence, that of Parpalló and Les Mallaetes caves, is: Valencia province Valencia (Castilian Spanish: Valencia /balenθja/; Valencian Catalan: València /vałεnsia/) is a province of Spain, in the central part of the Valencian Country. ...
- Initial Solutrean.
- Full or Middle Solutrean, dated in its lower layers to 20,180 BP.
- An sterile layer with signs of intense cold that is related to the Last Glacial Maximum.
- Upper or Evolved Solutrean, including bone tools and also needles of this material.
These two caves are surrounded by many other sites (Barranc Blanc, Meravelles, Rates Penaes, etc.) that show only a limited impact of Solutrean and instead have many Gravettian perdurations, showing a convergence that has been named as "Gravetto-Solutrean". Temperature proxies for the last 40,000 years The Last Glacial Maximum refers to the time of maximum extent of the ice sheets during the last glaciation, approximately 21 thousand years ago. ...
Look up needle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Solutrean is also found in the Land of Murcia, Mediterranean Andalusia and the lower Tagus (Portugal). In the Portuguese case there are no signs of Gravettization. View over Tejo River from Almourol Castle in Portugal (May 2005). ...
The Cantabrian facies shows two markedly different tendencies in Asturias and the Vasco-Cantabrian area. The oldest findings are all in Asturias and lack of the initial phases, beginning with the full Solutrean in Las Caldas (Asturias) and other nearby sites, followed by evolved Solutrean, with many unique regional elements. Radiocarbon dates oscilate between 20,970 and 19,000 BP[1].
In the Vasco-Cantabrian area instead the Gravettian influences seem persistent and the typical Solutrean foliaceous elements are minority. Some transitional elements that prelude the Magdalenian, like the monobiselated bone spear point, are already present. Most important sites are Altamira, Morín, Chufín, Salitre, Ermittia, Atxura, Lezetxiki, and Santimamiñe. Cave painting of a Bison from Altamira Outline of cave paintings. ...
In northern Catalonia there is an early local Solutrean, followed by scarce middle elements but with a well developed final Solutrean. It is related to the French Pyrenean sequences. Main sites are Cau le Goges, Reclau Viver and L'Arbreda. Girona province Girona (Catalan:Girona;Spanish: Gerona) is a province of eastern Spain, in the northern part of the autonomous community of Catalonia. ...
In the region of Madrid there were some findings attributed to Solutrean that are today missing.
Late Upper Paleolithic This phase is defined by the Magdalenian culture, even if in the Mediterranean area the Gravettian influence is still persistent. Magdalenian horse head carving Magdalenian people dwelt not just in caves but also used tents like this one of Pincevent (France) Magdalenian weapons of bone The Magdalenian, also spelled Magdalénien, refers to one of the later cultures of the Upper Palaeolithic in western Europe. ...
In the Cantabrian area, the early Magdalenian phases show two different facies: the "Castillo facies" evolves locally over final Solutrean layers, while the "Rascaño facies" appears in most cases directly over the natural soil (no earlier occupations of these sites). the inhabitants of the Franco-Cantabric region produced some of the finest Paleolithic mural art, as this horse at Lascaux cave Franco-Cantabric region (also Franco-Cantabrian region) is a term applied in Archaeology and History to refer to an area that stretches from Asturias, in northern Spain, to Provence...
In the second phase, the lower evolved Magdalenian, there are also two facies but now with a geographical divide: the "El Juyo facies" is found in Asturias and Cantabria, while the "Basque Country facies" is only found in this region.
The dates for this early Magdalenian period oscilate between 16,433 BP for Rascaño cave (Rascaño facies), 15,988 and 15,179 BP for the same cave (El Juyo facies) and 15,000 BP for Altamira (Castillo facies). For the Basque Country facies the cave of abauntz has given 15,800 BP[1].
The middle Magdalenian shows less aboundance of findings.
The upper Magdalenian is closely related to that of southern France (Magdalenian V and VI), being characterized by the presence of harpoons. Again there are two facies (called A and B) that appear geographically interwined, though the facies A (dates: 15,400-13,870 BP) is absent in the Basque Country and the facies B (dates 12,869-12,282 BP) is rare in Asturias.
In Portugal there have been some findings of the upper Magdalenian north of Lisbon (Casa da Moura, Lapa do Suão). A possible intermediate site is La Dehesa (Salamanca, Spain), that is clearly associated with that of the Cantabrian area. For other uses, see Lisbon (disambiguation). ...
Salamanca province. ...
In the Mediterranean area, Catalonia again is directly connected with the French sequence, at least in the late phases. Instead the rest of the region shows a unique local evolution known as Parpallense.
The sometimes called Parpalló "Magdalenian" (extended by all the south-east) is actually a continuity of the local Gravetto-Solutrean. Only the late upper Magdlenian actually includes true elements of this culture, like proto-harpoons. Radicarbon dates for this phase are of c. 11,470 BP (Borran Gran). Other sites give later dates that actually approach the Epi-Paleolithic[1].
Paleolithic art Together with France, the Iberian peninsula is one of the prime areas of Paleolithic cave paintings. This artistic manifestation is found most importantly in the northern Cantabrian area, where the earliest manifestations (Castillo, El Conde) are as old as Aurignacian times, even if rare. Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ...
Cave or Rock Paintings are paintings on cave or rock walls and ceilings, usually dating to prehistoric times. ...
The practice of this mural art increases in frequency in the Solutrean period, when the first animals are drawn, but it is not until the Magdalenian cultural phase when it becomes truly widespread, being found in almost every cave.
Most of the representations are of animals (bison, horse, deer, bull, reindeer, goat, bear, mammouth, moose) and are painted in ochre and black colors but there are exceptions and human-like forms as well as abstract drawings also appear in some sites.
In the Mediterranean and interior areas, the presence of mural art is not so aboundant but exists as well since the Solutrean.
Also, several examples of open-air art exist, such as the monumental Côa Valley (Portugal), Domingo García and Siega Verde (both in Spain). , The Côa Valley Paleolithic Art site is one of the largest known open air site of Paleolithic art. ...
Domingo GarcÃa is a municipality located in the province of Segovia, Castile and León, Spain. ...
Archaeogenetics
 World map of human migrations Around 40,000 BC the first large settlement of Europe by modern humans, nomadic hunter-gathereres came from the steppes of Central Asia, characterized by the M173 mutation in the Y chromosome, defining them as an haplogroup R population. When the last ice age reached its maximum extent, these modern humans took refuge in Southern Europe, namely in Iberia, and in the steppes of southern Ukraine and Russia. Image File history File links Map of human races migration, according to the mithocondrial dna. ...
Image File history File links Map of human races migration, according to the mithocondrial dna. ...
For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...
Communities of nomadic people move from place to place, rather than settling down in one location. ...
In anthropology, the hunter-gatherer way of life is that led by certain societies of the Neolithic Era based on the exploitation of wild plants and animals. ...
The steppe of Western Kazakhstan in early spring In physical geography, steppe (from Slavic step) is a plain without trees (apart from those near rivers and lakes); it is similar to a prairie, although a prairie is generally reckoned as being dominated by tall grasses, while short grasses are said...
Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ...
For linguistic mutation, see Apophony. ...
The human Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes, it contains the genes that cause testis development, thus determining maleness. ...
In the study of molecular evolution, a haplogroup is a large group of haplotypes, which are series of alleles at specific locations on a chromosome. ...
Southern Europe is a region of the European continent. ...
From around 32,000 to 21,000 BC the modern human Aurignacian culture dominated Europe. Around 30,000 BC a new wave of modern humans made their way from Southern France into the Iberian peninsula. Here, this genetically homogenous population (characterized by the M173 mutation in the Y chromosome), developed the M343 mutation, giving rise to the R1b Haplogroup, still dominant in modern Portuguese and Spanish populations. Around 28,000 BC the Gravettian culture began to succeed the Aurignacian. Aurignacian is the name of a culture of the Upper Palaeolithic present in Europe and south west Asia. ...
This region consists of the southern part of France. ...
Population genetics is the study of the distribution of and change in allele frequencies under the influence of the four evolutionary forces: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and migration. ...
For linguistic mutation, see Apophony. ...
The human Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes, it contains the genes that cause testis development, thus determining maleness. ...
M343 is a genetic marker, announced in 2004, which defines a specific Y chromosome binary polymorphism. ...
Haplogroup R1b (M343) is the most frequent Y-Chromosome haplogroup in Europe. ...
In the study of molecular evolution, a haplogroup is a large group of haplotypes, which are series of alleles at specific locations on a chromosome. ...
The Gravettian was an industry of the European Upper Palaeolithic. ...
Epipaleolithic Around 10,000 BC an interstadial deglaciation called the Allerød Oscillation occurred, weakening the rigorous conditions of the last ice age. This climatic change also represents the end of the Upper Palaeolithic period, beginning the Epipaleolithic. A glaciation (a created composite term meaning Glacial Period, referring to the Period or Era of, as well as the process of High Glacial Activity), often called an ice age, is a geological phenomenon in which massive ice sheets form in the Arctic and Antarctic and advance toward the equator. ...
The Allerød period is a part of a temperature oscillation towards the end of the last Ice Age in Europe, where temperatures in the Northern Atlantic region rose from glacial to almost present day level in the Bølling and Allerød periods and returned to glacial levels in...
This article or section should be merged with Wisconsinan glaciation The Wisconsin (in North America), Weichsel (in Scandinavia), Devensian (in the British Isles) or Würm glaciation (in the Alps) is the most recent period of the Ice Age, and ended some 10,000 Before Present (BP). ...
The Upper Paleolithic or Palaeolithic is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia. ...
The Epipalaeolithic (or Epi-Palaeolithic, Epipaleolithic, or Epi-Paleolithic) was a period in the development of human technology that immediately precedes the neolithic period, as an alternative to mesolithic. ...
As the climate became warmer, the late Magdalenian peoples of Iberia modified their technology and culture. The main techno-cultural change is the process of microlithization: the reducton of size of stone and bone tools, also found in other parts of the World. Also the cave sanctuaries seem to be abandoned and art becomes rarer and mostly done on portable objects, such as peebles or tools. A microlith is a small stone tool, typically knapped of flint or chert, usually about three centimetres long or less. ...
It also implies changes in diet, as the megafauna virtually disappears when the steppe becomes woodlands. In this period, hunted animals are of smaller size, typically deer or wild goats, and seafood becomes an important part of the diet where available. It has been suggested that Charismatic megafauna be merged into this article or section. ...
Azilian The first Epipaleolithic culture is the Azilian, also known as microlaminar microlithism in the Mediterranean. This culture is the local evolution of Magdalenian, parallel to other regional derivatives found in Central and Northern Europe. Original from the Franco-Cantabrian region, it eventually expands to Mediterranean Iberia as well. The Azilian is a name given by archaeologists to an industry of the terminal Palaeolithic and early Mesolithic in northern Spain and south western France. ...
the inhabitants of the Franco-Cantabric region produced some of the finest Paleolithic mural art, as this horse at Lascaux cave Franco-Cantabric region (also Franco-Cantabrian region) is a term applied in Archaeology and History to refer to an area that stretches from Asturias, in northern Spain, to Provence...
An archetypical Azilian site in the Iberian peninsula is Zatoya (Navarre), where it is difficult to discern the early Azilian elements from those of late Magdalenian (this transition dated to 11,760 BP [1]). Full Azilian in the same site is dated to 8,150 BP, followed by appearance of geometric elements at a later date, that continue until the arrival of pottery (subneolithic stage). “Navarra†redirects here. ...
The term subneolithic is used in archaeological contexts to refer to peoples that, while being in contact with neolithic (farmer) groups, remain attached to their traditional hunter-gatherer practices, incorporating only some secondary neolithic elements (typically pottery). ...
In the Mediterranean area, virtually this same material culture is often named microlaminar microlithism because it lacks of the bone industry typical of Franco-Cantabrian Azilian. It is found in parts of Catalonia, Lands of Valencia and Murcia and Mediterranean Andalusia. It has been dated in Les Mallaetes at 10,370 BP[1].
Geometrical microlithism In the late phases of the Epipaleolithic a new trend arrives from the north: the geometrical microlithism, directly related to Sauveterrian and Tardenoisian cultures of the Rhin-Danube region. The Sauveterrian is the name for an archaeological culture of the European Mesolithic which flourished around 7000-8000 years BC. The name is derived from the type site of Sauveterre le Lémance in the French departement of Lot et Garonne It was focused on Southern France and surrounding areas. ...
The Tardenoisian is an archaeological culture of the Mesolithic period from north-western France and Belgium. ...
Rhin is also the French name for the river Rhine. ...
This article is about the Danube River. ...
While in the Franco-Cantabrian region it has a minor impact, not altering the Azilian culture substantially, in Mediterranean Iberia and Portugal its arrival is more noticeable. The Mediterranean geometrical microlithism has two facies:
- The Filador facies is directly related to French Sauveterrian and is found in Catalonia, north of the Ebro river.
- The Cocina facies is more widespread and, in many sites (Málaga, Portugal), shows a strong dependence of fishing and seafood gathering. The Portuguese sites (south of the Tagus, Muge group) have given dates of c.7350 BP[1].
Málaga province The Province of Málaga (Spanish Provincia de Málaga) is located on the southern coast of Spain, in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia. ...
Asturian An rather mysterious exception to generalized microlithism is the so called Asturian culture, actually identified by a single fossil: the Asturian pick-axe, and found only in coastal locations, specially in Eastern Asturias and Western Cantabria. It is believed that the Asturian tool was used for seafood gathering. Pickaxe on the ground Pickhandle redirects here. ...
Neolithic In the 6th millennium BCE Andalusia experiences the arrival of the first agriculturalists. Their origin is uncertain (though North Africa is a serious candidate) but they arrive with already developed crops (cereals and legumes). The presence of domestic animals instead is unlikely, as only pig and rabbit remains have been found and these could belong to wild animals. They also consumed large amounts of olives but it's uncertain too wether this tree was cultivated or merely harvested in its wild form. Their typical fossil is the La Almagra style pottery, quite variegated[1]. (7th millennium BC – 6th millennium BC – 5th millennium BC – other millennia) Events c. ...
For other uses, see Andalusia (disambiguation). ...
Cereal crops are mostly grasses cultivated for their edible seeds (actually a fruit called a grain, technically a caryopsis). ...
Varieties of soybean seeds, a popular legume The term legume has two closely related meanings in botany, a situation encountered with many botanical common names of useful plants whereby an applied name can refer to either the plant itself, or to the edible fruit (or useful part). ...
For other uses, see Pig (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Rabbit (disambiguation). ...
Binomial name L. 19th century illustration The Olive (Olea europaea) is a species of small tree in the family Oleaceae, native to coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean region, from Lebanon and the maritime parts of Asia Minor and northern Iran at the south end of the Caspian Sea. ...
The Andalusian Neolithic also influenced other areas, notably Southern Portugal, where, soon after neolithization, the first dolmen tombs begin to be built c.4800 BCE, being possibly the oldest of their kind anywhere[1]. Poulnabrone dolmen in County Clare, Ireland For the French TV miniseries, see Dolmen (TV miniseries). ...
4004 BC redirects here. ...
C.4700 BCE Cardium Pottery Neolithic culture (also known as Mediterranean Neolithic) arrives to Eastern Iberia. While some remains of this culture have been found as far west as Portugal, its distribution is basically Mediterranean (Catalonia, Valencian region, Ebro valley, Balearic islands). The 5th millennium BC sees the spread of agriculture from the Near East throughout southern and central Europe. ...
Cardium Pottery or rather Printed-Cardium Pottery is a Neolithic decorative style that gets its name from the imprinting of the clay with the shell of the Cardium edulis, a marine molusk. ...
The interior and the northern coastal areas remain largely marginal in this process of spread of agriculture. In most cases it would only arrive in a very late phase or even already in the Chalcolithic age, together with Megalithism. Megalithic tomb, Mane Braz, Brittany Bronze age wedge tomb in the Burren area of Ireland For the record label, see Megalith Records. ...
Chalcolithic
 An interpretation of the developement of the European Megalithic Culture The Chalcolithic or Copper Age is the earliest phase of metallurgy. Copper, silver and gold started to be worked then, though these soft metals could hardly replace stone tools for most purposes. The Chalcolithic is also a period of increased social complexity and stratification and, in the case of Iberia, that of the rise of the first civilizations and of extense exchange networks that would reach to the Baltic and Africa. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
The Chalcolithic (Greek khalkos + lithos copper stone) period, also known as the Eneolithic (Aeneolithic) or Copper Age period, is a phase in the development of human culture in which the use of early metal tools appeared alongside the use of stone tools. ...
Georg Agricola, author of De re metallica, an important early book on metal extraction Metallurgy is a domain of materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their compounds, which are called alloys. ...
For other uses, see Copper (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the chemical element. ...
GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ...
Central New York City. ...
The Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 20°E to 26°E longitude. ...
A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...
The conventional date for the beginning of Chalcolithic in Iberia is c. 3000 BCE. In the following centuries, specially in the south of the peninsula, metal goods, often decorative or ritual, become increasingly common. Additionally there is an increased evidence of exchanges with areas far away: ambar from the Baltic and ivory and ostrich-egg products from Northern Africa[1]. (31st century BC - 30th century BC - 29th century BC - other centuries) (4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC) Events 2925 - 2776 BC - First Dynasty wars in Egypt 2900 BC - Beginning of the Early Dynastic Period I in Mesopotamia. ...
Ambar - War of the Elementals, is a text-based and free Massively Multiplayer Online Strategy Game that has been around for many years. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 The present-day distribution of Ostriches. ...
Categories: Africa geography stubs | North Africa ...
It is also the period of the great expansion of Megalithism, with its associated collective burial practices. In the early Chalcolithic period this cultural phenomenon, maybe of religious undertones, expands along the Atlantic regions and also through the south of the peninsula (additionally it's also found in virtually all European Atlantic regions). In contrast, most of the interior and the Mediterranean regions remain refractary to this phenomenon.
Another phenomenon found in the early chalcolithic is the development of new types of funerary monuments: tholoi and artificial caves. These are only found in the more developed areas: southern Iberia, from the Tagus estuary to Almería, and SE France. The Treasure of Atreus tholos in 2004 Beehive tombs, also known as Tholos tombs (plural tholoi), are a style of Mycenaean chamber tomb from the Bronze Age. ...
View over Tejo River from Almourol Castle in Portugal (May 2005). ...
AlmerÃa province AlmerÃa is a province of southern Spain, in the eastern part of the autonomous community of Andalusia. ...
Eventually, c. 2600 BCE, urban communities begin to appear, again specially in the south. The most important ones are Los Millares in SE Spain and Zambujal (belonging to Vila Nova de São Pedro culture) in Portuguese Estremadura, that can well be called civilizations, even if they lack of the literary component. Los Milares is the name of a Chalcolithic occupation site 17km outside Almeria in the Spanish province of Andalucia. ...
Vila Nova de São Pedro is the name of an archaeological site in Portuguese Estremadura where thousands of arrowheads were found inside a fortified site. ...
Estremadura Estremadura is a historical province of Portugal. ...
Central New York City. ...
 Extent of the Beaker culture It is very unclear if any cultural influence originated in the Eastern Mediterranean (Cyprus?) could have sparked these civilizations. On one side the tholos does have a precedent in that area (even if not used yet as tomb) but on the other there is no material evidence of any exchange between the Eastern and Western Mediterranean, in contrast with the aboundance of goods imported from Northern Europe and Africa[1]. Image File history File links Beaker_culture. ...
Image File history File links Beaker_culture. ...
Since c. 2150 BCE, the Bell Beaker culture intrudes in Chalcolithic Iberia. After the early Corded style beaker, of quite clear Central European origin, the peninsula begins producing its own types of Bell Beaker pottery. Most important is the Maritime or International style that, associated specially with Megalithism, is for some centuries aboundant in all the peninsula and southern France. approximate extent of the Beaker culture The Bell-Beaker culture (sometimes shortened to Beaker culture, Beaker people, or Beaker folk; German: ), ca. ...
Since c. 1900, the Bell Beaker phenomenon in Iberia shows a regionalization, with different styles being produced in the various regions: Palmela type in Portugal, Continental type in the plateau and Almerian type in Los Millares, among others[1].
Like in other parts of Europe, the Bell Beaker phenomenon (speculated to be of trading or maybe religious nature) does not significatvely alter the cultures it inserts itself in. Instead the cultural contexts that existed previously continue basically unchanged by its presence.
Bronze Age
Map of Iberian Middle Bronze Age c. 1500 BCE, showing the main cultures, the two main cities and the location of strategic tin mines Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Early Bronze The center of Bronze Age technology is in the southeast since c.1800 BCE[1]. There the civilization of Los Millares was followed by that of El Argar, initially with no other discontinuity than the displacement of the main urban center some kilometers to the north, the gradual appearance of true bronze and arsenical bronze tools and some greater geographical extension. The Argarian people lived in rather large fortified towns or cities. The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze. ...
(19th century BC - 18th century BC - 17th century BC - other centuries) (3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC) Events 1787 - 1784 BC -- Amorite conquests of Uruk and Isin 1786 BC -- Egypt: End of Twelfth Dynasty, start of Thirteenth Dynasty, start of Fourteenth Dynasty 1766 BC -- Shang conquest of...
El Argar is the name given to an ancient civilization that flourished from the town of Antas, Almeria, in the south of Spain between 1700 BCE and 1400 BCE. The El Argar civilization was characterized by its early adoption of bronze, which briefly allowed this tribe local dominance over other...
This article is about the metal alloy. ...
Arsenical bronze (or arsenical copper) is an alloy in which arsenic is added to copper as opposed to, or in addition to other constituent metals. ...
From this center, bronze technology spread to other areas. Most notable are:
- Bronze of Levante: in the Land of Valencia. Their towns were smaller and show intense interation with their neighbours of El Argar.
- South-Western Iberian Bronze: in southern Portugal and SW Spain. These poorly defined archaeological horizons show the presence of bronze daggers and an expansive trend in northwards direction.
- Cogotas I culture (Cogotas II is Iron Age Celtic): the pastoralist peoples of the plateau become for the first time culturally unified. Their typical fossil is a rough troncoconic pottery.
Some areas like the civilization of Vila Nova seem to have remained apart from the spread of bronze metallurgy remaining technically in the Chalcolithic period for centuries. Bronze of Levante (Spanish: Bronce de Levante) is the name of the proto-Iberian culture extending approximately by the Land of Valencia in the 2nd millennium BCE. It is contemporary of the culture of El Argar by which it is strongly influenced. ...
Capital Valencia Official language(s) Valencian and Spanish Area – Total – % of Spain Ranked 8th 23,255 km² 4. ...
The Horizon of Atalaia was the apogee of this culture The South-Western Iberian Bronze is a poorly defined Bronze Age culture of Southern Portugal and nearby areas of SW Spain (Huelva, Seville, Extremadura). ...
Bold text This article is about the weapon. ...
Pastoralists are people whose main source of livelihood is livestock with which they move seasonally in search of fresh pasture and water. ...
Middle Bronze This period is basically a continuation of he previous one. The most noticeable change happens in El Argar civilization, that adopts the Aegean custom of burial in pithos[1]. This phase is known as El Argar B, beginning c.1500 BCE. A pithos (plural pithoi: the word is Greek) is a large clay jar used for storage. ...
(Redirected from 1500 BCE) Centuries: 17th century BC - 16th century BC - 15th century BC Decades: 1550s BC 1540s BC 1530s BC 1520s BC 1510s BC - 1500s BC - 1490s BC 1480s BC 1470s BC 1460s BC 1450s BC Events and Trends Stonehenge built in Wiltshire, England The element Mercury has been...
In the North-West (Galicia and northern Portugal), a region that held some of the largest reserves of tin (needed to make true bronze) in Western Eurasia became a focus for mining, incorporating then the bronze technology. Their typical fossil are bronze axes (Group of Montelavar). There are two well-known places called Galicia: Galicia, one of Spains autonomous communities. ...
This article is about the metallic chemical element. ...
The semi-desertic region of La Mancha shows its first signs of colonization with the fortified scheme of the Motillas (hillforts). This group is clearly related to the Bronze of Levante, showing the same material culture[1]. Thanks to Miguel de Cervantes, La Mancha is famous for its windmills. ...
The Motillas in the context of Iberian Bronze Age The Motillas were the first attested settlement of La Mancha (Spain), which took place in the Middle Bronze Age by people belonging to the culture of Bronze of Levante. ...
Late Bronze
Map of Iberian Late Bronze Age since c. 1300 BCE, showing the main cultural areas. Dots show isolated remains of these cultures outside their main area C. 1300 BCE several major changes happen in Iberia, among them: Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
- The Chalcolithic culture of Vila Nova vanishes, possibly in direct relation to the silting of the canal connecting the main city Zambujal with the sea [2]. It is replaced by a non-urban culture, whose main fossil is an externally burnished pottery.
- El Argar also disappears as such, what had been a vey homogeneous culture, a centralized state for some, becomes an array of many post-Argaric fortified cities.
- The Motillas are abandoned.
- The proto-Celtic Urnfield culture appears in the North-East, conquering all Catalonia and some neighbouring areas.
- The Lower Guadalquivir valley shows its first clearly differentiated culture, defined by internally burnished pottery. This group might have some relation with the semi-historical, yet-to-be-found, Tartessos.
- Western Iberian Bronze cultures show some degree of interaction, not just among them but also with other Atlantic cultures in Britain, France and elsewhere. This has been called the Atlantic Bronze complex[1].
Celts, normally pronounced //, is a modern term used to describe any of the European peoples who spoke, or speak, a Celtic language. ...
The Urnfield culture of central European culture is dated roughly between 1300 BC and 750 BC. The name describes the custom of cremating the dead and placing them in cemeteries. ...
The Guadalquivir is the second longest river in Spain (after the Tagus). ...
Tartessos (also Tartessus) was a harbor city on the south coast of the Iberian peninsula (in modern Andalusia, Spain), at the mouth of the Guadalquivir river. ...
The so called Atlantic Bronze Age is a cultural complex of the approx. ...
Iron Age The Iron Age in the Iberian peninsula has two focus: the Hallstatt-related Iron Age Urnfields of the North-East and the Phoenician colonies of the South. Iron Age Axe found on Gotland This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age, for the mythological Iron Age see Iron Age (mythology). ...
Phoenician can mean: The Phoenician ancient civilization The Phoenician alphabet The Phoenician languages This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
Indo-European (Celtic) expansion
 Approximate extension of Celts c.400 BCE Since the late 8th century BCE, the Urnfield culture of North-East Iberia begins to incorporate Iron metallurgy and, eventually, elements of the Hallstatt culture. In this period it experiences a clear expansion mainly oriented upstream along the Ebro river, arriving to La Rioja and (in a hybrid local form) also to Alava, but also southwards into Castelló, with less marked influences arriving further south. Some offshots are also detected along the Iberian mountains, in what can be a prelude of the formation of the Celtiberi[1]. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
(9th century BC - 8th century BC - 7th century BC - other centuries) (800s BC - 790s BC - 780s BC - 770s BC - 760s BC - 750s BC - 740s BC - 730s BC - 720s BC - 710s BC - 700s BC - other decades) (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD) Events Golden age in Armenia Assyria...
The Urnfield culture of central European culture is dated roughly between 1300 BC and 750 BC. The name describes the custom of cremating the dead and placing them in cemeteries. ...
The Hallstatt culture was the predominant Central European culture during the local Bronze Age, and introduced the Iron Age. ...
Capital Logroño Area – Total – % of Spain Ranked 16th 5 045 km² 1,0% Population – Total (2005) – % of Spain – Density Ranked 17th 301 084 0,7% 59,68/km² Demonym – English – Spanish — riojano/a Statute of Autonomy June 9, 1982 Parliament – Congress seats – Senate seats 4 1 President Pedro Sanz...
lava (Basque Araba, Spanish lava) is a province of northern Spain, in the southern part of the autonomous community of the Basque Country. ...
Castellón province Castellón (Spanish) or Castelló (Catalan/Valencian) is a province in the northern part of the Valencian Country, Spain. ...
Botorrita: Bronze plate with inscription. ...
In this period the social differentiation is more visible and there is also evidence of the existence of local chiefdoms and a horse-riding elite. It is possible that these transformations represent the arrival of new waves from Central Europe.
From these outposts in the Upper Ebro and the Iberian montains, the Celtic culture expanded into the plateau and the Atlantic coast. Several groups can be described[1]: Image File history File links Galice_castro. ...
Image File history File links Galice_castro. ...
Galicia (Spain) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...
- The Bernorio-Miraveche group (northern Burgos and Palencia provinces), that would influence the peoples of the northern fringe.
- The Duero group, probable precursor of the Vaccei.
- The Cogotas II culture, likely precursor of the Vettones, of marked cattle-herder nature, that would gradually expand southwards into Extremadura.
- The Lusitanian Castros group, in Central Portugal, precursor of the Lusitani.
- The North-West Castros culture, in Northern Portugal and Galicia, related to the previous one but with strong peculiarities due to the clear persistence of the Atlantic Bronze substrate.
All these Indo-European groups have some common elements, like combed pottery since the 6th century and uniform weaponry. Burgos province Burgos is a province of northern Spain, in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. ...
Categories: Spain geography stubs | Castile-Leon | Provinces of Spain ...
Map locating the area occupied by the Vaccaei. ...
The Vettones were one of the pre-Roman peoples of Iberia, dwelling in the northwestern part of the meseta— the high central upland plain of the Iberian peninsula, the region where the Spanish provinces of Avila and Salamanca are today, as well as parts of Zamora, Toledo and C...
The Lusitanians (or Lusitani in Latin) were a tribe, or various tribes, from the western Iberian peninsula (province of Lusitania), who spoke a Lusitanian language until the conquest of their territory by the Romans. ...
Since c.600 BCE the Urnifields of the North-East are replaced by the Iberian culture, in a process that won't be completed until the 4th century BCE[1]. This physical separation from their continental relatives would mean that the Celts of the Iberian peninsula never received the cultural influences of La Tène culture, including Druidism. Centuries: 8th century BC - 7th century BC - 6th century BC Decades: 650s BC 640s BC 630s BC 620s BC 610s BC - 600s BC - 590s BC 580s BC 570s BC 560s BC 550s BC Events and Trends Fall of the Assyrian Empire and Rise of Babylon 609 BC _ King Josiah...
The La Tène culture was an Iron Age culture named after the archaeological site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchatel in Switzerland, where a rich trove of artifacts was discovered by Hansli Kopp in 1857. ...
For other uses, see Druid (disambiguation). ...
Phoenician colonization and influence
 Phoenician sarcophagus found in Cadiz The Phoenicians of Asia, Greeks of Europe, and Carthaginians of Africa all colonized parts of Iberia to facilitate trade. During the tenth century BC the first contacts between Phoenicians and Iberia (along the Mediterranean coast) were made. This century also saw the emergence of towns and cities in the southern littoral areas of eastern Iberia. Image File history File links Anthropoid sarcophagus discovered at Cadiz From http://www. ...
Image File history File links Anthropoid sarcophagus discovered at Cadiz From http://www. ...
Phoenicia (or Phenicia ,[1] from Biblical Phenice [1]) was an ancient civilization centered in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coast of modern day Lebanon and Syria. ...
For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the ancient city-state of Carthage in North Africa. ...
The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ...
For other uses, see City (disambiguation). ...
The Phoenicians founded colony of Gadir (modern Cádiz) near Tartessos. The foundation of Cádiz, the oldest continuously-inhabited city in western Europe, is traditionally dated to 1104 BC, although, as of 2004, no archaeological discoveries date back further than the ninth century BC. The Phoenicians continued to use Cádiz as a trading post for several centuries leaving a variety of artifacts, most notably a pair of sarcophaguses from around the fourth or third centuries BC Contrary to myth, there is no record of Phoenician colonies west of the Algarve (namely Tavira), even though there might have been some voyages of discovery. Phoenician influence in what is now Portuguese territory was essentially through cultural and commercial exchange with Tartessos. Location Location of Cádiz Coordinates : Time Zone : General information Native name Cádiz (Spanish) Spanish name Cádiz Postal code – Website http://www. ...
Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
For referencing in Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Citing sources. ...
The 4th century BC started the first day of 400 BC and ended the last day of 301 BC. It is considered part of the Classical era, epoch, or historical period. ...
The 3rd century BC started the first day of 300 BC and ended the last day of 201 BC. It is considered part of the Classical era, epoch, or historical period. ...
Algarve NUTS II region, and the district of Faro in Portugal. ...
Tavira or Tabira is another name for Durango, Spain. ...
During the ninth century BC the Phoenicians (from the city-state of Tyre founded the colony of Carthage (in North Africa). During this century Phoenicians also had great influence on Iberia with the introduction the use of Iron, of the Potter's wheel, the production of Olive oil and Wine. They were also responsible for the first forms of Iberian writing, had great religious influence and accelerated urban development. However, there is little evidence to support the myth of a Phoenician foundation of the city of Lisbon as far back as 1300 BC, under the name Alis Ubbo ("Safe Harbour"), even if in this period there are organized settlements in Olissipona (modern Lisbon, in Portuguese Estremadura) with clear Mediterranean influences. The Triumphal Arch Tyre (Arabic , Phoenician , Hebrew Tzor, Tiberian Hebrew , Akkadian , Greek Týros) is a city in the South Governorate of Lebanon. ...
Roman Carthage with former military harbor Carthage (Greek: , Latin: , from the Phoenician meaning new town; Arabic: ) refers both to an ancient city in Tunisia and to the civilization that developed within the citys sphere of influence. ...
Northern Africa (UN subregion) geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ...
For other uses, see Iron (disambiguation). ...
Classic potters kick-wheel at Erfurt, Germany The potters wheel is a machine used in the shaping of round ceramic wares. ...
For the Popeye character, see Olive Oyl. ...
For other uses, see Wine (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Lisbon (disambiguation). ...
(Redirected from 1300 BC) Centuries: 15th century BC - 14th century BC - 13th century BC Decades: 1350s BC 1340s BC 1330s BC 1320s BC 1310s BC - 1300s BC - 1290s BC 1280s BC 1270s BC 1260s BC 1250s BC Events and Trends Cecrops II, legendary King of Athens dies after a reign...
Estremadura Estremadura is a historical province of Portugal. ...
The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ...
There was strong Phoenician influence and settlement in the city of Balsa (modern Tavira in the Algarve) in the eighth century BC. Phoenician influenced Tavira was destroyed by violence in the sixth century BC. With the decadence of Phoenician colonization of the Mediterranean coast of Iberia in the sixth century BC many of the colonies are deserted. The sixth century BC also saw the rise of the colonial might of Carthage, which slowly replaced the Phoenicians in their former areas of dominion. Tavira or Tabira is another name for Durango, Spain. ...
Algarve NUTS II region, and the district of Faro in Portugal. ...
(2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) Ruins of the training grounds at Olympia, Greece. ...
(2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) The 6th century BC started on January 1, 600 BC and ended on December 31, 501 BC. // Monument 1, an Olmec colossal head at La Venta The 5th and 6th centuries BC were a time of empires, but more importantly, a time...
The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ...
Roman Carthage with former military harbor Carthage (Greek: , Latin: , from the Phoenician meaning new town; Arabic: ) refers both to an ancient city in Tunisia and to the civilization that developed within the citys sphere of influence. ...
Greek colonization The Greek colony at what now is Marseilles began trading with the Celtiberians on the eastern coast around the eighth century BC. The Greeks finally founded their own colony at Ampurias, in the eastern Mediterranean shore (modern Catalonia), during the sixth century BC beginning their settlement in the Iberian peninsula. There are no Greek colonies west of the Strait of Gibraltar, only voyages of discovery. There is no evidence to support the myth of an ancient Greek founding of Olissipo (modern Lisbon) by Odysseus. Marseilles redirects here. ...
Greek amphora found at Empúries Empúries (Catalan name; in Spanish: Ampurias) is a town on the Mediterranean coast, of the Catalan comarca of Baix Empordà . It was founded in 575 BC by Greek colonists from Phocaea with the name of ἘμπόÏιον ( Emporion — market; see also List of traditional Greek...
The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ...
This article is about the Spanish autonomous community. ...
The Strait of Gibraltar as seen from space (on the left: Spain) A view across the Strait of Gibraltar taken from the hills over Tarifa, Spain The Strait of Gibraltar (Arabic: مضيق جبل طارق, Spanish: Estrecho de Gibraltar) is the strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Spain...
For other uses, see Lisbon (disambiguation). ...
For other meanings, see Odysseus (disambiguation) Ulysses redirects here. ...
The Tartessian-Orientalizing culture The name Tartessian, when applied in archaeology and linguistics does not necessarily correlate with the semi-mythical city of Tartessos but only roughly with the area where it is typically assumed it should have been located. For referencing in Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Citing sources. ...
For the journal, see Linguistics (journal). ...
Tartessos (also Tartessus) was a harbor city on the south coast of the Iberian peninsula (in modern Andalusia, Spain), at the mouth of the Guadalquivir river. ...
The Tartessian-Orientalizing culture of southern Iberia actually is the local culture as modified by the increasing influence of Eastern elements, specially Phoenician. Its core area is Western Andalusia, but soon extends to Eastern Andalusia, Extremadura and the Lands of Murcia and Valencia, where a Proto-Orientalizing Tartessian complex, rooted in the local Bronze cultures, can already be defined in the last stages of the Bronze Age (9th-8th centuries BCE), before Phoenician influences can be determined clearly.
The full Tartessian-Orientalizing culture, beginning c.720 BCE, also extends to Southern Portugal, where is eventually replaced by Lusitanian culture. One of the most significative elements of this culture is the introduction of the potter's wheel, what, along with other related technical developments, causes a major improvement in the quality of the pottery produced. There are other major advances in craftmanship, affecting jewelry, weaving and architecture[1]. This latter aspects is specially important, as the traditional circular huts were then gradually replaced by well finished rectangular buildings. It also allowed for the construction of the tower-like burial monuments that are so typical of this culture. Classic potters kick-wheel at Erfurt, Germany The potters wheel is a machine used in the shaping of round ceramic wares. ...
Jewelry (the American spelling; spelled jewellery in Commonwealth English) consists of ornamental devices worn by persons, typically made with gems and precious metals. ...
Tweed loom, Harris, 2004 Woven sheet Weaving is an ancient textile art and craft that involves placing two sets of threads or yarn called the warp and weft of the loom and turning them into cloth. ...
This article is about building architecture. ...
Agriculture also seems to have experienced major advances with the introduction of steel tools and, presumably, of the yoke and animal traction for the plough. In this period it's noticeable the increase of bovine cattle accompanied by some decrease of ovine and caprine types[1]. For other uses, see Yoke (disambiguation). ...
The traditional way: a German farmer works the land with a horse and plough. ...
Binomial name Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 Cattle are domesticated ungulates, a member of the subfamily Bovinae of the family Bovidae. ...
Species See text. ...
This article is about the domestic species. ...
Another noticeable element is the major increase in economical specialization and social stratification. This is very noticeable in burials, with some showing off great wealth (chariots, gold, ivory), while the vast majority are much more modest. There is much diversity in burial rituals in this period but the elites seem to converge in one single style: a chambered mound. Some of the most affluent burials are generally attributed to local monarchs.
One of the developments of this period is writing. Nevertheless the many inscriptions in Tartessian script remain so far undeciphered. Iberian scripts in the context of paleohispanic scripts Iberian language in the context of paleohispanic languages A northeastern dual Iberian signary Lead plaque from Ullastret using the northeastern dual signary. ...
The Iberian culture
 Main language areas of pre-Roman Iberia With the arrival of Greek influences, not limited to their few colonies, the Tartessian-Orientalizing culture begins to transform itself, specially in the South East. This late period is known as the Iberian culture, that in Western Andalusia and the non-Celtic areas of Extremadura is called Ibero-Turdetanian because of its stronger links with the Tartessian substrate. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 753 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (934 × 744 pixels, file size: 81 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Author: Sugaar Sources: F. Jordá-Cerdá et al, Historia de España 1: Prehistoria, 1986. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 753 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (934 × 744 pixels, file size: 81 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Author: Sugaar Sources: F. Jordá-Cerdá et al, Historia de España 1: Prehistoria, 1986. ...
The Hellenic influence is visible in the gradual change of the style of monuments that approach more and more the models arrived from the Greek world[1]. Thus the obelisk-like funerary monuments of the previous period now adopt a column like form, totally in line with Greek architecture.
Iberian funerary customs are dominated by cremation necropolis, that are partly due to the persistent influences of Urnfield culture, but they also include burial customs imported from the Greek cultural area (mudbrick rectangular mound)[1]. The crematorium at Haycombe Cemetery, Bath, England. ...
Urbanism was important in the Iberian cultural area, specially in the south, where Roman accounts mention hundreds of oppida (fortified towns). In these towns (some quite large, some mere fortified villages) the houses were typically arranged in contiguous blocks, in what seems to be another Urnfield cultural influx.
The Iberian script evolves from the Tartessian one with Greek influences that are noticeable in the transformation of some characters. In a few cases a variant of Greek alphabet (Ibero-Ionian script) was used to write Iberian as well. photograph of Botorrita 1 (both sides), 1st century BC. The Iberian scripts (or Iberian alphabet) are two scripts (or two styles of the same script) found on the Iberian peninsula, the Northeast and South Iberian script. ...
The Greek alphabet (Greek: ) is an alphabet consisting of 24 letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 8th or early 8th century BC. It was the first alphabet in the narrow sense, that is, a writing system using a separate symbol for each vowel...
The Iberian language describes a linguistic group identified with the Iberian civilization (7th century BC – 1st century BC), formed in the eastern and south-eastern regions of the Iberian peninsula. ...
The transformation from Tartessian to Iberian culture was not sudden but gradual and was more marked in the East, where it begins in the 6th century, than in the South-West, where it is only noticeable since the 5th century BCE and much more tenuous. A special case is the North-East where the Urnfield culture was Iberized but keeping some elements from the Indo-European substrate[1].
Portuguese Iron Age Also during the sixth century BC there was a cultural shift in southern Portuguese territory after the fall of Tartessos, with a strong Mediterranean character that prolonged and modified Tartessian culture. This occurred mainly in Low Alentejo and the Algarve, but had littoral extensions up to the Tagus mouth (namely the important city of Bevipo, modern Alcácer do Sal). The first form of writing in western Iberia (south of Portugal), the Southwest script (still to be translated), dated to the sixth century BC, denotes strong Tartessian influence in its use of a modified Phoenician alphabet. In this writings the word Conii (similar to Cunetes or Cynetes, the people of the Algarve) appears frequently. NUTS II Alentejo region. ...
Algarve NUTS II region, and the district of Faro in Portugal. ...
View over Tejo River from Almourol Castle in Portugal (May 2005). ...
Location - Country Portugal - Region Alentejo - Subregion Alentejo Litoral - District or A.R. Setúbal Mayor Pedro Paredes - Party PS Area 1465. ...
Southwest script is the name given to the form of Pre-Roman writing present in a group of tablets found in the south of Portugal. ...
The Phoenician alphabet is a continuation of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, by convention taken to begin with a cut-off date of 1050 BCE. It was used by the Phoenicians to write Phoenician, a Northern Semitic language. ...
Ancient map of the Golf of Cadis, showing part of the Roman Provinces of Lusitania and Betica. ...
Ancient Map of the Gulf of Cádiz. ...
Algarve NUTS II region, and the district of Faro in Portugal. ...
The poem Ora Maritima, written by Avienus in the fourth century AD and based on the Massaliote Periplus of the sixth century BC, states that all of western Iberia was once called for the name of its people, the Oestriminis, which were replaced by an invasion of the Saephe or Ophis (meaning Serpent). From then on western Iberia would have been know as Ophiussa (Land of the Serpents). The poem probably translates the impact of the Second wave of Indo-European migrations (Celtic) in the seventh century BC. The poem also describes the various ethnic groups the present at that time: Avienus was a Latin writer of the 4th century. ...
Avienus was a Latin writer of the 4th century. ...
As a means of recording the passage of time, the 4th century was that century which lasted from 301 to 400. ...
The Massaliote Periplus or Massaliot Periplus is the name of a now-lost merchants handbook possibly dating to as early as the sixth century BC describing the searoutes used by traders from Phoenecia and Tartessus in their journeys around Iron Age Europe. ...
(2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) The 6th century BC started on January 1, 600 BC and ended on December 31, 501 BC. // Monument 1, an Olmec colossal head at La Venta The 5th and 6th centuries BC were a time of empires, but more importantly, a time...
Oestreminis are deemed to be the first native people of Portugal. ...
Ophiussa is the ancient name given by the ancient Greeks to the Portuguese territory. ...
This article is about the European people. ...
(2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) The 7th century BC started on January 1, 700 BC and ended on December 31, 601 BC. // Overview Events Ashurbanipal, king of Assyria who created the the first systematically collected library at Nineveh A 16th century depiction of the Hanging Gardens of...
- The Saephe or Ophis, today seen as probably Hallstatt culture Celts, in all of western Iberia (modern Portugal) between the Douro and the Sado rivers.
- The Cempsi, probably Hallstatt culture Celts, in the Tagus mouth and the south up to the Algarve.
- The Cynetes in the extreme south and some cities along the Atlantic coast (such as Olissipo, modern Lisbon), probably not Indo-European, but autochthonous Iberian of Tartessian background (even if strongly or totally celticized over the next centuries).
- The Dragani, Celt or Proto-Celt of the first Indo-European wave, in the mountainous areas of Galicia, northern Portugal, Asturias and Cantabria.
- The Lusis, probably a first reference to the Lusitanians, similar to the Dragani (Celt or Proto-Celt of the first Indo-European wave).
The fifth century BC saw the urban bloom of Tartessian influenced Tavira, further development of strong Central European (Celtic) influences and migrations in western Iberia north of the Tagus river and the development of a second Castro Village culture in Galicia and northern Portugal. Minting of coins and use of money in the Iberian peninsula dates bacl to the fifth century BC. During this century discovery voyages to the Atlantic are made by the Carthaginians. The Greek historian Herodotus of Halicarnassus cites the word Iberia to designate what is now the Iberian peninsula, according to ancient Greek costume. The Hallstatt culture was the predominant Central European culture during the local Bronze Age, and introduced the Iron Age. ...
Celts, normally pronounced //, is a modern term used to describe any of the European peoples who spoke, or speak, a Celtic language. ...
The Douro or Duero (Latin: Durius, Spanish: Duero, Portuguese: Douro, pron. ...
The Sado River is a river in southern Portugal, of which is one of the major rivers. ...
The Hallstatt culture was the predominant Central European culture during the local Bronze Age, and introduced the Iron Age. ...
Celts, normally pronounced //, is a modern term used to describe any of the European peoples who spoke, or speak, a Celtic language. ...
View over Tejo River from Almourol Castle in Portugal (May 2005). ...
Algarve NUTS II region, and the district of Faro in Portugal. ...
The Atlantic Ocean is Earths second-largest ocean, covering approximately one_fifth of its surface. ...
This article is about the European people. ...
Galicia (Spain) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...
Anthem: Asturias, patria querida Capital Oviedo Official language(s) Spanish; Asturian has special status Area – Total – % of Spain Ranked 10th 10,604 km² 2. ...
For the Mesozoic island Cantabria, see Cantabria (Mesozoic island). ...
The Lusitanians (or Lusitani in Latin) were a tribe, or various tribes, from the western Iberian peninsula (province of Lusitania), who spoke a Lusitanian language until the conquest of their territory by the Romans. ...
This article is about the European people. ...
The 5th century BC started the first day of 500 BC and ended the last day of 401 BC. // The Parthenon of Athens seen from the hill of the Pnyx to the west. ...
Historical lands and provinces in Central Europe Central Europe is the central region of Europe. ...
This article is about the European people. ...
View over Tejo River from Almourol Castle in Portugal (May 2005). ...
In Galicia and Northern Portugal a castro is fortified pre-Roman Iron Age Celtic village, usually located in a hill or some natural easy defendable place. ...
Galicia (Spain) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...
A mint is a facility which manufactures coins for currency. ...
This article is about monetary coins. ...
For other uses, see Money (disambiguation). ...
The Atlantic Ocean is Earths second-largest ocean, covering approximately one_fifth of its surface. ...
This article is about the ancient city-state of Carthage in North Africa. ...
Herodotus was an ancient historian who lived in the 5th century BC (484 BC - c. ...
The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar. ...
In the fourth century BC the Celtici, a new wave of Celtic migration (of the La Tène culture), enter Iberia going as far as modern-day Portuguese territory and settle in the Alentejo also penetrating in the Algarve. The Turduli and Turdetani, probably descendants of the Tartessians, although celticized, became established in the area of the Guadiana river, in the south of modern Portugal. A series of cities in the Algarve, such as Balsa (Tavira), Baesuris (Castro Marim), Ossonoba(Faro) and Cilpes (Silves), became inhabited by the Cynetes progressively mingled with Celtic populations. The Lusitanians (most probably proto-Celt) beagan to inhabit the area between the Douro and the Tagus rivers (and progressively penetrate the High Alentejo). They are neighbored to the east by the Vettones (also probably proto-Celt). The Celtic Calaicians or Gallaeci inhabit all the region above the Douro river (modern Galicia and northern Portugal). The 4th century BC started the first day of 400 BC and ended the last day of 301 BC. It is considered part of the Classical era, epoch, or historical period. ...
The Celtici were an ancient celtic tribe akin to the Lusitanians and Calaicians or Gallaeci, living in what today is the province of Alentejo in modern Portugal. ...
The La Tène culture was an Iron Age culture named after the archaeological site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchatel in Switzerland, where a rich trove of artifacts was discovered by Hansli Kopp in 1857. ...
NUTS II Alentejo region. ...
Algarve NUTS II region, and the district of Faro in Portugal. ...
The Turduli were an ancient celtiberian tribe akin to the Lusitanians, living in the south of modern Portugal, in the east of the province of Alentejo, along the Guadiana valley. ...
The Turdetani were an ancient (Pre-Roman) people of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania), living in what was to become the Roman Province of Hispania Baetica (modern Andalusia in todays Spain). ...
Guadiana (Latin Anas, Spanish Guadiana, Portuguese Guadiana) - one of the major rivers of Spain, part of it is the border with Portugal, ends in the Atlantic Ocean. ...
Castro Marim is a town in the Algarve region of Portugal. ...
Wall entrance City Hall The Hermitage of Nossa Senhora do Pé da Cruz Statue of King Afonso III Governo Civil Igreja da Sé (main church) Faros Island Faros Marina The old mercy/church and hospital in Faro Faro is both a city and a district in southern Portugal. ...
Image:Silves. ...
Ancient Map of the Gulf of Cádiz. ...
The Lusitanians (or Lusitani in Latin) were a tribe, or various tribes, from the western Iberian peninsula (province of Lusitania), who spoke a Lusitanian language until the conquest of their territory by the Romans. ...
The Douro or Duero (Latin: Durius, Spanish: Duero, Portuguese: Douro, pron. ...
View over Tejo River from Almourol Castle in Portugal (May 2005). ...
The Vettones were one of the pre-Roman peoples of Iberia, dwelling in the northwestern part of the meseta— the high central upland plain of the Iberian peninsula, the region where the Spanish provinces of Avila and Salamanca are today, as well as parts of Zamora, Toledo and C...
Gallaecia or Callaecia (from Gaulish *gal-laikos smoke?-hero/warrior) was the name of a Roman province that comprised a territory in the north-west of Hispania (approximately the current Galicia of Spain and the north of Portugal). ...
Arrival of Romans and Punic Wars During the fourth century BC Rome began to rise as a Mediterranean power rival to Africa-based Carthage. After their defeat to Rome in the First Punic War (264 BC–241 BC), the Carthaginians began to extend their conquest of Iberia to expand their empire further into Europe. In the Second Punic War (218 BC–202 BC), Hannibal marched his armies, which included Iberians, from Africa through Iberia to cross the Alps and attack the Romans in Italy. Carthage was again defeated and lost Iberia. Rome began its conquest and occupation of the peninsula, thus beginning the era of Hispania. Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ...
The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ...
Roman Carthage with former military harbor Carthage (Greek: , Latin: , from the Phoenician meaning new town; Arabic: ) refers both to an ancient city in Tunisia and to the civilization that developed within the citys sphere of influence. ...
Osama was here and he doesnt enjoy this site???? the red sox won and i am one happy camper. ...
Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 310s BC 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC - 260s BC - 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC Years: 269 BC 268 BC 267 BC 266 BC 265 BC - 264 BC - 263 BC 262 BC...
Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC - 240s BC - 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 246 BC 245 BC 244 BC 243 BC 242 BC - 241 BC - 240 BC 239 BC 238...
Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Publius Cornelius Scipio†, Tiberius Sempronius Longus Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, Gaius Flaminius†, Fabius Maximus, Claudius Marcellus†, Lucius Aemilius Paullus†, Gaius Terentius Varro, Marcus Livius Salinator, Gaius Claudius Nero, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus†, Masinissa, Minucius†, Servilius Geminus†Hannibal Barca, Hasdrubal Barca†, Mago Barca†, Hasdrubal Gisco†, Syphax...
The Roman empire in 218 BC (in dark red) A Carthaginian army under Hannibal attacks Romes Spanish allies. ...
Centuries: 2nd century BC - 3rd century BC - 4th century BC Decades: 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC - 200s BC - 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC Years: 207 BC 206 BC 205 BC 204 BC 203 BC - 202 BC - 201 BC 200 BC 199 BC 198 BC 197 BC Events October...
For other uses, see Hannibal (disambiguation). ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Iberian Peninsula. ...
Footnotes
References - Alberro, Manuel and Arnold, Bettina (eds.), e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies, Volume 6: The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Center for Celtic Studies, 2005.
- Cerdá, F. Jordá et al., History of Spain 1: Prehistory, Gredos, 1986. ISBN 84-249-1015-X
- Mattoso, José (dir.), História de Portugal. Primeiro Volume: Antes de Portugal, Lisboa, Círculo de Leitores, 1992. (in Portuguese)
- The concept of Atlantic Bronze Age in the framework of 20th century archeological thinking - in Portuguese, English and French
See also This is a historical timeline of Portugal. ...
This is a historical timeline of Portugal. ...
Main language areas in Iberia circa 250 BC. This is a list of the Pre-Roman people of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania - modern Andorra, Portugal and Spain). ...
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