NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Presidency of Ronald Reagan

The United States Presidency of Ronald Reagan, also known as the Reagan Administration, lasted from 1981 until 1989 and was conservative, steadfastly anti-communist, employed a foreign policy of “peace through strength,” and favored tax cuts and smaller government. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (594x750, 49 KB) Official Portrait of President Reagan, 1981. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 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Conservatism in the United States comprises a constellation of political ideologies including fiscal conservatism, free market or economic liberalism, social conservatism,[1] bioconservatism and religious conservatism,[2][3] as well as support for a strong military,[4] small government and promotion of states rights. ... Ideologies Communist internationals Prominent communists Related subjects Anti-communism refers to opposition to communism. ... A countrys foreign policy is a set of political goals that seeks to outline how that particular country will interact with other countries of the world and, to a lesser extent, non-state actors. ... Peace through strength is the doctrine that military strength is a primary or necessary component of peace. ... A tax cut is a reduction in the rate of tax charged by a government, for example on personal or corporate income. ...

Overview

Reagan was an advocate of free markets and, upon taking office, believed that the American economy was hampered by excessive economic controls and misguided welfare programs enacted during the 1960s and 1970s. Taking office during a period of stagflation, Reagan said in his first inauguration speech, which he himself authored^[1], "In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem." His first act as president was to issue an executive order ending certain price controls. His economic policies, similar to supply-side economics and dubbed "Reaganomics," achieved a 25% cut in the federal personal income tax, moderate deregulation and tax reform, which he believed would remove barriers to efficient economic activity. After a sharp recession, a long period of high economic growth without significant inflation ensued. A free market is an idealized market, where all economic decisions and actions by individuals regarding transfer of money, goods, and services are voluntary, and are therefore devoid of coercion and theft (some definitions of coercion are inclusive of theft). Colloquially and loosely, a free market economy is an economy... This article uses excessive clichÃ©s and jargon. ... Supply-side economics is a school of macroeconomic thought that argues that economic growth can be most effectively created using incentives for people to produce (supply) goods and services, such as adjusting income tax and capital gains tax rates. ... Ronald Reagan, the US president from which Reaganomics derives its name Reaganomics (a blend of Reagan and economics, coined by radio broadcaster Paul Harvey) is a term that has been used to both describe and decry free market advocacy economic policies of U.S. President Ronald Reagan, who served from... Tax rates around the world Tax revenue as % of GDP Economic policy Monetary policy Central bank Money supply Fiscal policy Spending Deficit Debt Trade policy Tariff Trade agreement Finance Financial market Financial market participants Corporate Personal Public Banking Regulation An income tax is a tax levied on the financial income...

Despite Reagan's stated desire to cut spending, federal spending grew during his administration. However, economist Milton Friedman points out that non-defense spending as a percentage of national income stabilized throughout Reagan's term, breaking a long upward trend; the number of new regulations added each year dramatically decreased as well.^[2]

One of Reagan's most controversial early moves was to fire most of the nation's air traffic controllers who took part in an illegal strike. Reagan strengthened Social Security to make it solvent longer by cutting disability benefits, and survivor benefits, and by increasing the FICA payroll withholding tax. He also took tough positions against crime, declared a renewed war on drugs, but was criticized for being slow to respond to the AIDS epidemic. Controllers survey the field at Misawa Air Base, Japan. ... Social Security, in the United States, currently refers to the Federal Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program. ... Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) tax is a United States tax levied in an equal amount on employees and employers to fund old-age, survivors, and disability insurance portion of the Social Security system and the hospital insurance portion ( Medicare). ... Massive mark-ups for drugs, areas/drugs/index. ... For other uses, see AIDS (disambiguation). ...

In foreign affairs, Reagan initially rejected détente and directly confronted the Soviet Union through a policy of "peace through strength," including increased military spending, firm foreign policies against the USSR and support for anti-communist groups around the world. Reagan later embraced and negotiated with Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev, a reformer, and together they contributed greatly to a peaceful end of the Cold War. DÃ©tente is a French term, meaning a relaxing or easing; the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s. ... A military budget of an entity, most often a nation or a state is the budget and financial resources dedicated to raising and maintaining armed forces for that entity. ... The Reagan Doctrine was a strategy orchestrated and implemented by the United States to oppose the global influence of the Soviet Union during the final years of the Cold War. ... Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev[1] (Russian: , IPA: ; born 2 March 1931) is a Russian politician. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ...

Reagan authorized military action in Lebanon, Grenada, and Libya throughout his terms in office. It was later discovered that the Administration also engaged in covert arms sales to Iran in order to fund anti-communist Contra rebels in Nicaragua. The resulting Iran-Contra Affair became a scandal to which Reagan professed ignorance. A significant number of officials in the Reagan Administration were either convicted or forced to resign as a result of the scandal. The Contras (from the Spanish term La Contra, short for movement of the contrarrevolucionarios) were the armed opponents of Nicaraguas Sandinista Junta of National Reconstruction following the July 1979 overthrow of Anastasio Somoza Debayle (which ended the Somoza dynasty), and continuing throughout the following decade. ... The Iran-Contra Affair was a political scandal occurring in 1987 as a result of earlier events during the Reagan administration in which members of the executive branch sold weapons to Iran, an avowed enemy, and illegally used the profits to continue funding anti-Communist rebels, the Contras, in Nicaragua. ...

By the end of the Reagan presidency, a high level of public approval (64% of the nation) indicated that the administration had recovered its image among the American public due to the perceived restoration of America's power, prosperity and national pride.

Major issues of Presidency

Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The Kemp-Roth Tax Cut (officially the Economic Recovery Tax Act, or ERTA) of 1981 reduced marginal income tax rates in the United States by approximately 25% over three years (the top rate falling to 50% from 70% while the bottom rate dropped to 11% from 14%) and indexed them... The United States Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 rescinded some of the effects of the huge Kemp-Roth Tax Cut passed the year before. ... Social Security, in the United States, currently refers to the Federal Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program. ... President Ronald Reagan signs the Tax Reform Act of 1986 on the South Lawn. ... The Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986 Pub. ... The Immigration Reform and Control Act (Simpson-Mazzoli Act (IRCA), Pub. ...

Administration and Cabinet

Sandra Day OConnor (born March 26, 1930) is an American jurist who served as the first female Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1981 to 2006. ... William Hubbs Rehnquist (October 1, 1924 â€“ September 3, 2005) was an American lawyer, jurist, and a political figure who served as an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court of the United States and later as the Chief Justice of the United States. ... Antonin Gregory Scalia (born March 11, 1936[1]) is an American jurist and the second most senior Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. ... Robert Heron Bork (born March 1, 1927) is a conservative American legal scholar who advocates the judicial philosophy of originalism. ... Douglas H. Ginsburg (born May 25, 1946) is the Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. ... Justice Anthony Kennedy Anthony McLeod Kennedy (born July 23, 1936) has been a US Supreme Court Associate Justice since 1988. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 743 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (900 Ã— 726 pixel, file size: 137 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Cabinet - Class Photo, 1984: Front row : Donald Regan, Secretary of the Treasury; Vice President Bush; President Reagan; George Shultz, Secretary of State; Caspar Weinberger, Secretary of... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 743 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (900 Ã— 726 pixel, file size: 137 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Cabinet - Class Photo, 1984: Front row : Donald Regan, Secretary of the Treasury; Vice President Bush; President Reagan; George Shultz, Secretary of State; Caspar Weinberger, Secretary of...

First Term (1981-1985)

In his inaugural address, Reagan addressed the economic malaise he inherited, arguing: "Government is not the solution to our problems; Government is the problem." The Reagan Presidency began in an historic manner. On January 20, 1981 while Reagan was delivering his inaugural address, just 30 minutes into his term, 52 American hostages, held by Iran for 444 days were set free.^[3] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Reagan redirects here. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... The United States Capitol is the capitol building that serves as the location for the United States Congress, the legislative branch of the U.S. federal government. ... is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ... Iranian militants escort a blindfolded U.S. hostage to the media. ...

Assassination attempt

On March 30, 1981, only 69 days into the new administration, Reagan, his press secretary James Brady, and two others were struck by gunfire from a deranged would-be assassin, John Hinckley, Jr.. Missing Reagan’s heart by less than an inch, the bullet instead pierced his left lung, which likely saved his life. In the operating room, Reagan joked to the surgeons, "I hope you're all Republicans!"^[4] Though they were not, Dr. Joseph Giordano replied, "Today, Mr. President, we're all Republicans." Reagan famously told his wife, "Honey, I forgot to duck" (using defeated boxer Jack Dempsey's quip). On April 12, Nancy Reagan and their daughter, Patti, escorted the President home from the hospital. The Reagan assassination attempt occurred on March 30, 1981, just 69 days into the presidency of Ronald Reagan. ... is the 89th day of the year (90th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ... James Brady James Scott â€œJimâ€ Brady (born August 29, 1940) was Assistant to the President and White House Press Secretary under President Ronald Reagan. ... John Warnock Hinckley, Jr. ... William Harrison Jack Dempsey (June 24, 1895 â€“ May 31, 1983) was an American boxer who held the world heavyweight title between 1919 and 1926. ... is the 102nd day of the year (103rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins on July 6, 1921) is the widow of the former United States President Ronald Reagan and was First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989. ... Patti Davis (born Patricia Ann Reagan on October 21, 1952 in Los Angeles, California) is the daughter of former President of the United States Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Davis. ...

Air traffic controllers' strike

Only a short time into his administration, Federal air traffic controllers went on strike, violating a regulation prohibiting Government unions from striking.^[5] Declaring the situation an emergency as described in the 1947 Taft Hartley Act, Reagan held a press conference in the White House Rose Garden, where he stated that if the air traffic controllers "do not report for work within 48 hours, they have forfeited their jobs and will be terminated."^[6] On August 5, 1981, Reagan fired 11,359 striking air traffic controllers who had ignored his order to return to work. The Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization or PATCO was a labor union that once represented air traffic controllers in the United States in matters relating to wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment. ... The Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization or PATCO was a labor union that once represented air traffic controllers in the United States in matters relating to wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment. ... The Taft-Hartley Act severely restricted the activities and power of labor unions in the United States. ... The tulips are in full bloom in the Rose Garden at the White House, April 20, 2005. ... is the 217th day of the year (218th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ...

"Reaganomics" and the economy

When Ronald Reagan entered office, the American economy faced the highest rate of inflation since 1947 (11.83% in January of 1981), as well as double-digit unemployment. Those, along with high interest rates, were considered the nation's principal economic problems. Reagan focused on reviving the economy through his economic policies, partially based on supply-side economics. The policies sought to stimulate the economy with large, across-the-board tax cuts^[7]^[8] and aimed to reduce the growth of domestic government spending, regulation, and inflation.^[9] In attempting to reduce or eliminate decades-long social programs and to significantly increase defense spending, while at the same time lowering taxes, Reagan's approach was a departure from his immediate predecessors.^[9] Reagan's expansionary fiscal policies soon became known as "Reaganomics",^[7] and were considered by some to be the most serious attempt to change the course of U.S. economic policy of any administration since the New Deal.^[9] Ronald Reagan, the US president from which Reaganomics derives its name Reaganomics (a blend of Reagan and economics, coined by radio broadcaster Paul Harvey) is a term that has been used to both describe and decry free market advocacy economic policies of U.S. President Ronald Reagan, who served from... CIA figures for world unemployment rates, 2006 Unemployment is the state in which a worker wants, but is unable, to work. ... An interest rate is the rental price of money. ... Supply-side economics is a school of macroeconomic thought that argues that economic growth can be most effectively created using incentives for people to produce (supply) goods and services, such as adjusting income tax and capital gains tax rates. ... A tax cut is a reduction in the rate of tax charged by a government, for example on personal or corporate income. ... Ronald Reagan, the US president from which Reaganomics derives its name Reaganomics (a blend of Reagan and economics, coined by radio broadcaster Paul Harvey) is a term that has been used to both describe and decry free market advocacy economic policies of U.S. President Ronald Reagan, who served from... The New Deal was the title President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave to the series of programs he initiated between 1933 and 1938 with the goal of providing relief, recovery, and reform (3 Rs) to the people and economy of the United States during the Great Depression. ...

President Reagan's tenure marked a time of economic prosperity for many Americans. Income tax rates were lowered significantly, with the top personal tax bracket dropping from 70% to 28% in 7 years.^[10] Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth recovered strongly after the 1982 recession, growing at an annual rate of 3.4% per year.^[11]^[12] Unemployment peaked at over 11 percent in 1982, then dropped steadily,^[8] and inflation significantly decreased, falling from 13.6% in 1980 (President Carter's final year in office) to 4.1% by 1988.^[12] Reagan reappointed Fed Chairman Paul Volcker, as well as the monetarist Alan Greenspan to succeed him. He preserved the core New Deal safeguards, such as the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the GI Bill and Social Security, while rolling back what he viewed as the excesses of 1960s and 1970s liberal policies. This article is about GDP in the context of economics. ... The Chairman of the Board of Governors of the United States Federal Reserve is the head of the central bank of the United States and one of the more important decision-makers in American economic policies. ... Paul Adolph Volcker (born September 5, 1927 in Cape May, New Jersey), is best-known as the Chairman of the Federal Reserve (The Fed) under United States Presidents Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan (from August 1979 to August 1987). ... Squalltoonix (born March 6, 1926 in New York City) is an American economist and was Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve of the United States from 1987 to 2006. ... SEC redirects here. ... The FDIC logo The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is a United States government corporation created by the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933. ... The G. I. Bill of Rights or Servicemens Readjustment Act of 1944 provided for college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans as well as one-year of unemployment compensation. ... Social Security, in the United States, currently refers to the Federal Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program. ...

Reagan's 1981 income tax cuts, the largest in American history, were passed with bipartisan support by the Republican-controlled Senate and the Democratic-controlled House. Reagan's support for an increased defense budget also was supported by Congressional Democrats and Republicans. However, congress was not so willing to go along with Reagan's proposed cuts in domestic programs. Tax breaks and increased military spending resulted in an increase of the national budget deficit and led Reagan and Congress to approve tax increases in 1982 and 1983.

The policies were derided by some as "Trickle-down economics,"^[13] due to the facts that the combination of significant tax cuts and a massive increase in Cold War related defense spending caused large budget deficits,^[14] the U.S. trade deficit expansion,^[14] and contributed to the Savings and Loan crisis,^[15] as well as the stock market crash of 1987. In order to cover new federal budget deficits, the United States borrowed heavily both domestically and abroad, raising the national debt from $700 billion to $3 trillion,^[16] and the United States moved from being the world's largest international creditor to the world's largest debtor nation.^[17] Reagan described the new debt as the "greatest disappointment" of his presidency.^[16] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Trickle-down economics and trickle-down theory, in political rhetoric, are characterizations by opponents of the policy of lowering taxes on high incomes and business activity. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... The Savings and Loan crisis of the 1980s was a wave of savings and loan association failures in the United States in which over 1,000 savings and loan institutions failed in the largest and costliest venture in public misfeasance, malfeasance and larceny of all time. ... DJIA (19 July 1987 through 19 January 1988). ... Government debt (public debt, national debt) is money owed by government, at any level (central government, federal government, national government, municipal government, local government, regional government). ...

Donald Regan, the President's former Secretary of the Treasury, and later Chief of Staff, criticized Reagan for his supposed lack of understanding of economics: "In the four years that I served as Secretary of the Treasury, I never saw President Reagan alone and never discussed economic philosophy or fiscal and monetary policy with him one—on—one....The President never told me what he believed or what he wanted to accomplish in the field of economics.”^[18] However, Reagan's chief economic advisor Martin Feldstein, argues the opposite: "I briefed him on Third World debt; he didn't take notes, he asked very few questions.... The subject came up in a cabinet meeting and he summarized what he had heard perfectly. He had a remarkably good memory for oral presentation and could fit information into his own philosophy and make decisions on it.^[19] Donald Thomas Regan (December 21, 1918 â€“ June 10, 2003) was the 66th United States Secretary of the Treasury, from 1981 to 1985, and Chief of Staff from 1985 to 1987 in the Ronald Reagan Administration, where he advocated Reaganomics and tax cuts to create jobs and stimulate production. ... The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the finance minister of the Federal Government of the United States. ... Joshua B. Bolten, the current White House Chief of Staff. ... Martin Stuart Feldstein (born November 25, 1939) is an American economist. ...

Some economists argue that Reagan's tax policies invigorated America's economy, such as Nobel Prize winner Milton Friedman, who wrote that the Reagan tax cuts were "one of the most important factors in the boom of the 1990s." Similarly, fellow Nobel Prize winning economist Robert A. Mundell wrote that the tax cuts "made the U.S. economy the motor for the world economy in the 1990s, on which the great revolution in information technology was able to feed."^[20] Other economists argue that the deficits slowed economic growth during the following administration^[21] and was the reason that Reagan's successor, George H.W. Bush, reneged on a campaign promise and raised taxes. Nobel prize winning economist Robert Solow stated, "As for Reagan being responsible [for the 1990s boom], that's far-fetched. What we got in the Reagan years was a deep recession and then half a dozen years of fine growth as we climbed out of the recession, but nothing beyond that."^[20] The Nobel Prize (Swedish: ), as designated in Alfred Nobels will in 1895, is awarded in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace. ... Milton Friedman (July 31, 1912 â€“ November 16, 2006) was an American Nobel Laureate economist and public intellectual. ... Robert Alexander Mundell (born October 24, 1932) is a Canadian economist who graduated from the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. ... Order: 41st President Vice President: Dan Quayle Term of office: January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993 Preceded by: Ronald Reagan Succeeded by: Bill Clinton Date of birth: June 12, 1924 Place of birth: Milton, Massachusetts First Lady: Barbara Pierce Bush Political party: Republican George Herbert Walker Bush, KBE (born... Bush delivering the famous line at the 1988 convention Read my lips: No new taxes was a famous pledge made by Republican Presidential candidate George H.W. Bush at the 1988 Republican convention in his acceptance speech on August 18. ... Robert Merton Bob Solow (born August 23, 1924) is an American economist particularly known for his work on the theory of economic growth. ...

"War on Drugs"

Not long after being sworn into office, Reagan declared more militant policies in the "War on Drugs".^[22]^[23] He promised a "planned, concerted campaign" against all drugs,^[24]leading to decreases in adolescent drug use in America.^[25]^[26] Massive mark-ups for drugs, areas/drugs/index. ...

On October 27, 1986, President Reagan signed a drug enforcement bill into law, which granted $1.7 billion to fight drugs, and ensured a mandatory minimum penalty for drug offenses.^[27] The Bill was criticized for promoting significant racial disparities in the prison population, because of the differences in sentencing for crack vs. powder cocaine.^[27] is the 300th day of the year (301st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ...

Many critics also charged that the administration's policies did little to actually reduce the availability of drugs or crime on the street, while resulting in a great financial and human cost for American society.^[28] Many critics regarded Reagan as indifferent to the needs of poor and minority citizens.

Reagan's First Lady, Nancy, even took on the War on Drugs as her main cause, by founding the "Just Say No" anti-drug association. Today, there are still hundreds of "Just Say No" clinics around the country aimed at helping and rehabilitating children and teenagers with drug problems.^[27] First Lady Laura Bush and former first ladies (from left to right) Rosalynn Carter, Sen. ... Mrs. ...

Lebanon and Grenada, 1983

American peacekeeping forces in Beirut, a part of a multinational force during the Lebanese Civil War, were attacked on October 22, 1983. The Beirut barracks bombing, in which 241 American servicemen were killed by suicide bombers, was the deadliest single-day death toll for the United States Marine Corps since the Battle of Iwo Jima, and the deadliest single-day death toll for the United States military since the first day of the Tet offensive. Reagan called the attack "despicable," pledged to keep a military force in Lebanon, and planned to target the Sheik Abdullah barracks in Baalbek, Lebanon, which housed Iranian Revolutionary Guards believed to be training Hezbollah fighters.^[29]^[30] Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger aborted the mission, however, reportedly because of his concerns that it would harm U.S. relations with other Arab nations. Besides a few shellings, there was no serious American retaliation, and the Marines were moved offshore where they could not be targeted. On February 7, 1984, President Reagan ordered the Marines to begin withdrawal from Lebanon. This was completed on February 26: the rest of the MNF was withdrawn by April. Combatants United States Antigua and Barbuda Barbados Dominica Jamaica Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Grenada Cuba Commanders Ronald Reagan Joseph Metcalf H. Norman Schwarzkopf Hudson Austin Pedro Tortolo Strength 7,300 Grenada: 1,500 regulars Cuba: about 722 (mostly military engineers)[1] Casualties 19 killed; 116 wounded[2... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 534 pixelsFull resolution (1000 Ã— 667 pixel, file size: 99 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) http://www. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 534 pixelsFull resolution (1000 Ã— 667 pixel, file size: 99 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) http://www. ... Dame (Mary) Eugenia Charles, DBE (May 15, 1919â€“September 6, 2005) was the Prime Minister of Dominica from July 21, 1980 until June 14, 1995. ... The Oval Office from above in 2003, during the administration of George W. Bush. ... This article is about the Lebanese city. ... Combatants Lebanese Front Syria LNM PLO Israel Commanders Bachir Gemayel Dany Chamoun Kamal Jumblatt Yasser Arafat Ariel Sharon The Lebanese Civil War (1975â€“1990) was a multifaceted civil war whose antecedents trace back to the conflicts and political compromises reached after the end of Lebanons administration by the Ottoman... is the 295th day of the year (296th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar). ... The 1983 Beirut barracks bombing was a major incident on October 23, 1983, during the Lebanese Civil War. ... Combatants United States Empire of Japan Commanders Holland Smith Tadamichi Kuribayashi â€ Strength 110,000 21,000 Casualties 6,821 dead 19,189 wounded,[1] 494 missing[1] Total: 26,504 20,703 dead,[1] 216 captured[1] Total: 20,919 yeah it was touching. ... Combatants Republic of Vietnam, United States, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, Australia National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam, Democratic Republic of Vietnam Commanders William C. Westmoreland VÃµ NguyÃªn GiÃ¡p Strength 1. ... Temple of Bacchus Details inside Temple of Bacchus Baalbek (Arabic: ) is a town in the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon, altitude 3,850 ft (1,170 m), situated east of the Litani River. ... For other uses, see Hezbollah (disambiguation). ... Caspar Willard Cap Weinberger, GBE (August 18, 1917 â€“ March 28, 2006), was an American politician and Secretary of Defense under President Ronald Reagan from January 21, 1981, until November 23, 1987, making him the third longest-serving defense secretary to date, after Robert McNamara and Donald Rumsfeld. ... is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Three days later, U.S. forces invaded Grenada, where a 1979 coup d’état had established a Marxist-Leninist government aligned with the Soviet Union and Cuba. The Grenadan government began military expansion and construction of an international airport with Cuban assistance. On October 13, 1983, a faction led by Deputy Prime Minister Bernard Coard seized power. A formal appeal from the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) led to the intervention of U.S. forces; President Reagan also cited the regional threat posed by a Soviet-Cuban military build-up in the Caribbean and concern for the safety of several hundred American medical students at St. George's University as adequate reasons to invade. On October 25, 1983, in the first major operation conducted by the U.S. military since the Vietnam War, several days of fighting commenced, and led to U.S. victory,^[31] with 19 American fatalities and 116 wounded American soldiers.^[32] In mid-December, after a new government was appointed by the Governor-General, U.S. forces withdrew.^[31] Coup redirects here. ... Vladimir Lenin in 1920 Leninism is a political and economic theory which builds upon Marxism; it is a branch of Marxism (and it has been the dominant branch of Marxism in the world since the 1920s). ... is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar). ... Winston Bernard Coard (born August 10, 1944) was a Grenadian politician who was part of the coup dÃ©tat that overthrew Maurice Bishops government in 1983. ... Map of the Eastern Caribbean showing OECS member states (dark green) and associate member states (light green) Secretariat Castries, St. ... West Indies redirects here. ... is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar). ... Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam Peopleâ€™s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000...

1984 presidential campaign

Reagan accepted the Republican nomination in Dallas, Texas, on a wave of positive feeling bolstered by the recovering economy and the dominating performance by the U.S. athletes at the Los Angeles Olympics that summer. He became the first American president to open a summer Olympic Games held in the United States.^[33] Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Download high resolution version (1182x635, 103 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: U.S. presidential election, 1984 Categories: National Atlas images ... Download high resolution version (1182x635, 103 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: U.S. presidential election, 1984 Categories: National Atlas images ... Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Area Ranked 12th - Total 87,014 sq mi (225,365 kmÂ²) - Width 250 miles (400 km) - Length 400 miles (645 km) - % water 8. ... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... Dallas redirects here. ... Music sample: Olympic Fanfare and Theme ( file info) â€” composed by John Williams for the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles Problems listening to the file? See media help. ...

Reagan's opponent in the 1984 presidential election was former Vice President Walter Mondale. With questions about Reagan's age, and a weak performance in the first presidential debate, many wondered if he was up to the task of being president for another term.^[34] Reagan rebounded in the second debate, and confronted questions about his age, stating, "I will not make age an issue of this campaign. I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent's youth and inexperience," which generated applause and laughter from members of the audience. Reagan thus evaded a serious and legitimate concern by using his typical humor.^[35] Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Walter Frederick Fritz Mondale (born January 5, 1928) is an American politician and member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (largely established by former Vice President Hubert Humphrey). ...

In the 1984 presidential election, Reagan was re-elected over Mondale, winning 49 of 50 states. The president's landslide victory saw Mondale carry only his home state of Minnesota (by 3,761 votes) and the District of Columbia. Reagan received 58.8 percent of the popular vote.^[36] Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Area Ranked 12th - Total 87,014 sq mi (225,365 kmÂ²) - Width 250 miles (400 km) - Length 400 miles (645 km) - % water 8. ... ...

Second Term (1985-1989)

Reagan was sworn in as President for the second time on January 20, 1985, in a private swearing in at the White House. He was sworn in publicly in the Capitol Rotunda the next day, because January 20 fell on a Sunday, and thus no public celebration was held. January 21 was one of the coldest days on record in Washington, D.C., thus due to the low temperatures, inaugural celebrations were held inside the Capitol. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... For other uses, see White House (disambiguation). ... United States Capitol . The United States Capitol is the building which serves as home for the legislative branch of the United States government. ... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ...

On July 13, 1985, Reagan underwent surgery to remove polyps from his colon, causing the first-ever invocation of the Acting President clause of the 25th Amendment,^[37] and on January 5, 1987, Reagan underwent surgery for prostate cancer which caused further worries about his health. At this time, the President was 76 years old. is the 194th day of the year (195th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar). ...

In 1985, Ronald and Nancy Reagan visited a cemetery in Bitburg, Germany, where Reagan was to lay a wreath. Some Jewish leaders criticized him for deciding to visit the cemetery, after they discovered that 47 Waffen SS men were buried there.^[38] Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel pleaded with Reagan not to go, stating, "May I, Mr. President, if it is possible at all, implore you to do something else, to find a way, to find another way, another site."^[39] Reagan argued that it would be wrong to back down on a promise he had made to Chancellor Helmut Kohl, and in the end, two retired generals laid the wreath in the cemetery with Reagan present.^[40] In 1983, and again in 1984, Reagan told prominent Israelis and American Jews — notably Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir of Israel, Simon Wiesenthal, and Rabbi Martin Hier of Los Angeles — of his personal experience vis-à-vis the Holocaust, saying "I was there" and that that he himself had assisted personally at the liberation of Nazi death camps; in fact, he was in a film unit in Hollywood that processed raw footage it received from Europe for newsreels, but Reagan was not in Europe itself during the war.^[41] Bitburg (English - Bit Castle) is a city in Germany, capital of the district Bitburg-PrÃ¼m, in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... For other uses, see Holocaust (disambiguation) and Shoah (disambiguation). ... Elie Wiesel KBE (born Eliezer Wiesel on September 30, 1928) [1] is a Romanian novelist, political activist, Nobel Laureate and Holocaust survivor. ... Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (born April 3, 1930) is a German conservative politician and statesman. ... (Hebrew ×™Ö´×¦Ö°×—Ö¸×§ ×©Ö¸××žÖ´×™×¨) (born October 15, 1915) was Prime Minister of Israel from 1983 to 1984 and again from 1986 to 1992. ... Simon Wiesenthal, KBE, (Buczacz, December 31, 1908 â€“ Vienna, September 20, 2005) was an Austrian-Jewish architectural engineer who hunted down Nazi war criminals, after surviving the Holocaust. ... Flag Seal Nickname: City of Angels Location Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates , Government State County California Los Angeles County Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (D) Geographical characteristics Area City 1,290. ... For other uses, see Holocaust (disambiguation) and Shoah (disambiguation). ...

Response to AIDS

Reagan's presidency saw the advent of HIV-AIDS as a widespread epidemic in the United States. Although AIDS was first identified in 1981, Reagan did not mention it publicly for several more years. Critics of Reagan typically state that he did not do so until 1987, but this claim is false, as he discussed funding for AIDS research in a press conference in 1985. The death from AIDS of his friend Rock Hudson helped motivate Reagan to support more active measures to contain the spread of AIDS, although in retrospect those measures are still seen by Reagan's critics as inadequate. File links The following pages link to this file: George H. W. Bush Ronald Reagan Reagan Administration Categories: U.S. history images ... File links The following pages link to this file: George H. W. Bush Ronald Reagan Reagan Administration Categories: U.S. history images ... Species Human immunodeficiency virus 1 Human immunodeficiency virus 2 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS, a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections). ... For other uses, see AIDS (disambiguation). ... Year 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar). ... This article is about the year. ... The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. ...

Possibly in deference to the views of the powerful religious right, which saw AIDS as a disease limited to the gay male community and spread by immoral behavior, Reagan prevented his Surgeon General, C. Everett Koop, from speaking out about the epidemic. When in 1986 Reagan finally authorized Koop to issue a report on the epidemic, he expected it to be in line with conservative policies; instead, Koop's Surgeon General's Report on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome greatly emphasized the importance of a comprehensive AIDS education strategy, including widespread distribution of condoms, and rejected mandatory testing. This approach brought Koop into conflict with other administration officials such as Education Secretary William Bennett. Homosexuality refers to sexual interaction and / or romantic attraction between individuals of the same sex. ... US Public Health Service US Public Health Service Collar Device US Public Health Service Cap Device The Surgeon General of the United States is the head of the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (PHSCC) and thus the leading spokesperson on matters of public health in the U.S... C. Everett Koop Charles Everett Koop, M.D. (born October 14, 1916 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American physician. ... This article is about the male contraceptive device. ... For other persons named William Bennett, see William Bennett (disambiguation). ...

Social action groups such as ACT UP worked to raise awareness of the AIDS problem. In 1987, Reagan responded by appointing the Watkins Commission on AIDS, which was succeeded by a permanent advisory council, and subsequently (under the administration of President Clinton) by the "AIDS czar". ACT UP, or the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power, is a diverse, non-partisan group of individuals . ... The President’s Commission on the HIV Epidemic was a commission formed by then-President Ronald Reagan in 1987 to investigate the AIDS epidemic. ...

Many socially conservative commentators saw Reagan's handling of the AIDS crisis as a common sense approach to a problem they believed was caused by social immorality. Members of the gay and lesbian communities saw his policies as anything from politically motivated willful blindness to outright contempt for groups affected by the disease. Social conservatism generally refers to a political ideology or personal belief system that advocates the conservation or resurrection of what one, or ones community, considers to be traditional morality and social structure. ... Morality is a complex of principles based on cultural, religious, and philosophical concepts and beliefs, by which an individual determines whether his or her actions are right or wrong. ... The sociological construct of a gay community is complex among those that classify themselves as homosexual, ranging from full-embracement to complete and utter rejection of the concept. ...

Regardless of the aesthetic merits (or lack thereof) of the administration's approach to the disease, discretionary spending by the Federal government on AIDS research programs for both prevention and treatment increased steadily during Reagan's two terms in office, and afterwards. [2]

Iran-Contra Affair

In 1986, the Reagan Administration was found to have illegally sold arms to Iran to fund the Contras in Nicaragua. The Iran-Contra Affair was the largest political scandal in the United States during the 1980s.^[42] President Reagan professed ignorance of the plot's existence and quickly called for an Independent Counsel to investigate. Reagan's denial of awareness of the scandal belied his signing a secret presidential "finding" describing the deal as "arms-for-hostages." Critics objected to his comparison of the Contras to the Founding Fathers and to the French Resistance. The International Court of Justice, in its ruling on Nicaragua v. United States, found that the U.S. had been involved in the "unlawful use of force" in Nicaragua due to its treaty obligations and the customary obligations of international law not to intervene in the affairs of other states.^{[citation needed]} The Iran-Contra Affair was a political scandal occurring in 1987 as a result of earlier events during the Reagan administration in which members of the executive branch sold weapons to Iran, an avowed enemy, and illegally used the profits to continue funding anti-Communist rebels, the Contras, in Nicaragua. ... Lt-Col. ... For other uses, see Contra. ... The Iran-Contra Affair was a political scandal occurring in 1987 as a result of earlier events during the Reagan administration in which members of the executive branch sold weapons to Iran, an avowed enemy, and illegally used the profits to continue funding anti-Communist rebels, the Contras, in Nicaragua. ... This article provides a list of major political scandals of the United States. ... The International Court of Justice (known colloquially as the World Court or ICJ; French: ) is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations. ... The Republic of Nicaragua v. ...

Reagan appointed the non-partisan, three-man Tower Commission to review the Scandal. Headed by John Tower, the other two members were Edmund Muskie and Brent Scowcroft. In the end, ten officials in the Reagan Administration were convicted, and others were forced to resign.^[43] Secretary of Defense Casper Weinberger was indicted for perjury and later received a presidential pardon from George H.W. Bush. In 2006, historians ranked the Iran-Contra affair as one of the ten worst mistakes by a U.S. president.^[44] John Tower John Goodwin Tower (September 29, 1925 â€“ April 5, 1991) was the first Republican United States senator from Texas since the Reconstruction after the Civil War. ... Edmund Muskie (March 28, 1914 â€“ March 26, 1996) was an American Democratic politician from Maine. ... Lieutenant General Brent Scowcroft KBE (born March 19, 1925 in Ogden, Utah), USAF (Ret. ... Caspar Willard Weinberger (born August 18, 1917) is best known as United States Secretary of Defense under President Ronald Reagan from 1982 through 1987, and for his related roles in the Strategic Defense Initiative program (popularly known as Star Wars), and in the Iran-Contra Affair. ...

Cold War

Reagan escalated the Cold War, accelerating a reversal from the policy of détente which began in 1979 following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.^[45]The Reagan Administration implemented new policies towards the Soviet Union: reviving the B-1 bomber program that had been canceled by the Carter administration, and producing the MX "Peacekeeper" missile.^[46] In response to Soviet deployment of the SS-20, Reagan oversaw NATO's deployment of the Pershing II missile in West Germany.^[47] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Type Bicameral Houses House of Commons House of Lords Speaker of the House of Commons Michael Martin MP Lord Speaker HÃ©lÃ¨ne Hayman, PC Members 1377 (646 Commons, 731 Peers) Political groups Labour Party Conservative Party Liberal Democrats Scottish National Party Plaid Cymru Democratic Unionist Party Sinn FÃ©in... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... DÃ©tente is a French term, meaning a relaxing or easing; the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s. ... Combatants USSR DRA Mujahideen of Afghanistan Commanders Soviet forces: Sergei Sokolov Valentin Varennikov Boris Gromov DRA: Babrak Karmal Mohammad Najibullah Abdul Haq Jalaluddin Haqqani Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Ismail Khan Ahmad Shah Massoud Strength Soviet forces: 80,000-104,000 Afghan forces: 329,000 (in 1989)[1] 45,000 (in 1983) 150... The Boeing IDS (formerly Rockwell) B-1B Lancer is a long-range strategic bomber in service with the USAF. Together with the B-52 Stratofortress, it is the backbone of the United Statess long-range bomber force. ... Order: 39th President Term of Office: January 20, 1977–January 20, 1981 Preceded by: Gerald Ford Succeeded by: Ronald Reagan Date of birth: October 1, 1924 Place of birth: Plains, Georgia Date of death: Place of death: First Lady: Rosalynn Carter Political party: Democratic Vice President: Walter Mondale James...

One of Reagan's more controversial proposals was the Strategic Defense Initiative, or SDI, a defense project.^[48] The program would use ground- and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles.^[49] Reagan believed that this defense shield could make nuclear war impossible,^[48]^[50] but the unlikelihood that the technology could ever work led opponents to dub SDI "Star Wars," and argue that the technological objective was unattainable.^[48]The Soviets became concerned about the possible effects SDI would have,^[51] and leader Yuri Andropov considered the possibility that Reagan was pushing to win the Cold War,^[52] saying it put "the entire world in jeopardy."^[52] The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was proposed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983[1] to use ground-based and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles. ... Andropov, then the LKSM KFSSR First Secretary, speaks at the May 9, 1945, victory celebrations Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (Russian: , Jurij VladimiroviÄ Andropov) (June 15 [O.S. June 2] 1914 â€“ February 9, 1984) was a Soviet politician and General Secretary of the CPSU from November 12, 1982 until his death just...

In a famous address on June 8, 1982 to the British Parliament, Reagan called the Soviet Union an "Evil Empire" that would be consigned to the "ash heap of history." On March 3, 1983, Reagan predicted that Communism would collapse, stating, "communism is another sad, bizarre chapter in human history whose last pages even now are being written."^[53] After Soviet fighters downed Korean Airlines Flight 007 on September 1, 1983, Reagan labeled the act a "massacre" and declared that the Soviets had turned "against the world and the moral precepts which guide human relations among people everywhere." ^[54] The Reagan administration responded to the incident by suspending all Soviet passenger air service to the United States, and dropped several agreements being negotiated with the Soviets, hurting them financially.^[54] is the 159th day of the year (160th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ... The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative institution in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories (it alone has parliamentary sovereignty). ... The term evil empire was applied to the former Soviet Union (USSR) by U.S. President Ronald Reagan, American conservatives, and other Americans, particularly hawks. ... is the 62nd day of the year (63rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar). ...

Reagan's foreign policies were criticized variously as aggressive, imperialistic, and were derided as "warmongering".^[51] All this was before a reformer, Mikhail Gorbachev, rose to power in the Soviet Union in 1985. To confront the Soviet Union's serious economic problems, Gorbachev implemented bold new policies for openness and reform called glasnost and perestroika. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev[1] (Russian: , IPA: ; born 2 March 1931) is a Russian politician. ... // (Russian: IPA: ) is politics of maximal openness, transparency of activity of all official (governmental) institutes, and freedom of information. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

End of the Cold War

By the late years of the Cold War, Moscow had built up a military which surpassed that of the United States.^[55]In the past, the United States had relied on the qualitative superiority of its weapons to essentially frighten the Soviets, but with Soviet technological advances in the 1980s, the gap between the two nations was narrowed.^[55] With the military buildup came large budget deficits, and as a result, Gorbachev offered major concessions to the United States on the levels of conventional forces, nuclear weapons, and policy in Eastern Europe.^[56]

Ronald Reagan recognized the change in the direction of the Soviet leadership with Gorbachev, and shifted to diplomacy, with a view to encourage the Soviet Leader to go further with his reforms. Gorbachev agreed to meet Reagan in four summit conferences around the world: the first in Geneva, Switzerland, the second in Reykjavík, Iceland, the third held in Washington, D.C., along with the fourth summit in Moscow, Russia.^[57] Reagan believed that if he could persuade the Soviets to look at the prosperous American economy, they would embrace free markets and a free society. Gorbachev, facing severe economic problems at home, was swayed.^[56] Speaking in front of the Berlin Wall on June 12, 1987 Ronald Reagan challenged reformist Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down this wall. ... Speaking in front of the Berlin Wall on June 12, 1987 Ronald Reagan challenged reformist Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down this wall. ... East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, November 20, 1961. ... Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev[1] (Russian: , IPA: ; born 2 March 1931) is a Russian politician. ... U.S. President Ronald Reagan speaking in front of the Brandenburg Gate at the Berlin Wall. ... Geneva (pronunciation //; French: GenÃ¨ve //, German: //, Italian: Ginevra //, Romansh: Genevra) is the second most populous city in Switzerland (after ZÃ¼rich), and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French-speaking part of Switzerland). ... Location in Iceland Coordinates: , Constituency Government - Mayor (BorgarstjÃ³ri) Dagur B. Eggertsson Area - City 274. ... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ...

Speaking at the Berlin Wall, on June 12, 1987, Reagan challenged Gorbachev to go further: East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, November 20, 1961. ... is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar). ...

When Gorbachev visited Washington, D.C. for the third summit in 1987, he and Reagan signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty at the White House (they finalized it a year later), which eliminated an entire class of nuclear weapons.^[58] U.S. President Ronald Reagan speaking in front of the Brandenburg Gate at the Berlin Wall. ... U.S. President Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev signing the INF Treaty, 1987. ... For other uses, see White House (disambiguation). ...

When Reagan visited Moscow for the fourth summit in 1988, he was viewed as a celebrity by Russians. A journalist asked the president if he still considered the Soviet Union the evil empire. "No," he replied, "I was talking about another time, another era."^[59] At Gorbachev’s request, Reagan gave a speech on free markets at Moscow University.^[60] For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... Moscow State University campus M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (Московский Государственный Университет име&#1085...

In his autobiography An American Life, Reagan expressed his optimism about the new direction that they charted, his warm feelings for Gorbachev, and his concern for Gorbachev's safety because Gorbachev pushed reforms so hard: "I was concerned for his safety," Reagan wrote. "I've still worried about him. How hard and fast can he push reforms without risking his life?"^[61] Events would unravel far beyond what Gorbachev originally intended. In 1990, the Berlin Wall was torn down. A year later, the Soviet Union officially collapsed. Image File history File links Reagan_and_Gorbachev_signing. ... Image File history File links Reagan_and_Gorbachev_signing. ... The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty was an agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union signed in Washington, D.C. on December 8, 1987 by Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev. ... For other uses, see White House (disambiguation). ... East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, November 20, 1961. ...

Close of the Reagan Era

In 1988, Reagan's Vice President, George H. W. Bush, was elected President of the United States. On January 11, 1989, Reagan addressed the nation for the last time on television from the Oval Office, nine days before handing over the presidency to Bush. On the morning of January 20, 1989, Ronald and Nancy Reagan escorted the Bushes to the Capitol Building, where Bush took the Oath of Office. The Reagans then boarded a Presidential helicopter, and flew to Andrews Air Force Base in Maryland. There, they boarded the Presidential Jet (in this instance, it was not called Air Force One), and flew home to California – to their new home in the wealthy suburb of Bel Air in Los Angeles. Reagan was the oldest president to serve (at 77), surpassing Dwight Eisenhower, who was 70 when he left office in 1961. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States, serving from 1989 to 1993. ... is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... The Oval Office from above in 2003, during the administration of George W. Bush. ... is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... Emblem of the AFDW Andrews Air Force Base (ICAO code KADW) is a United States Air Force base near Washington, DC and the home base of the U.S. presidential aircraft, Air Force One. ... Official language(s) None (English, de facto) Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Largest metro area Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area Area Ranked 42nd - Total 12,407 sq mi (32,133 kmÂ²) - Width 101 miles (145 km) - Length 249 miles (400 km) - % water 21 - Latitude 37Â° 53â€² N to 39Â° 43â€² N... For the current aircraft, see Boeing VC-25. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area Ranked 3rd - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 kmÂ²) - Width 250 miles (400 km) - Length 770 miles (1,240 km) - % water 4. ... Bel-Air is a neighborhood in the city of Los Angeles, California. ... Flag Seal Nickname: City of Angels Location Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates , Government State County California Los Angeles County Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (D) Geographical characteristics Area City 1,290. ... Dwight David Ike Eisenhower (October 14, 1890–March 28, 1969), American soldier and politician, was the 34th President of the United States (1953–1961) and supreme commander of the Allied forces in Europe during World War II, with the rank of General of the Army. ...

Political philosophy

During his Presidency, Ronald Reagan pursued policies that reflected his optimism in individual freedom, expanded the American economy, and contributed to the end of the Cold War.^[62] The "Reagan Revolution", as it came to be known, aimed to reinvigorate American morale, and reduce the people's reliance upon government.^[62] As President, Reagan kept a series of leather bound diaries, in which he talked about daily occurrences of his presidency, commented on current issues around the world (expressing his point of view on most of them), and frequently mentioned his wife, Nancy. The diaries were recently published into the bestselling book, The Reagan Diaries.^[63] The Reagan Doctrine was a strategy orchestrated and implemented by the United States to oppose the global influence of the Soviet Union during the final years of the Cold War. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (700x878, 61 KB) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (700x878, 61 KB) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Categories: NPOV disputes | APEC | OECD | WTO members | U.S. economic history | National economies | Economy of the United States ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins on July 6, 1921) is the widow of the former United States President Ronald Reagan and was First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989. ... The Reagan Diaries is an edited version of diaries written by President Ronald Reagan while in the White House. ...

As a politician and as President, Ronald Reagan portrayed himself as being a conservative, anti-communist, in favor of tax cuts, in favor of smaller government (with the exclusion of the military), and in favor of removing regulations on corporations. Ronald Reagan is credited with increasing spending on national defense and diplomacy which contributed to the end of the Cold War, deploying U.S. Pershing II missiles in West Germany in response to the Soviet stationing of SS-20 missiles near Europe, negotiating the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) to substantially reduce nuclear arms and initiating negotiations with the Soviet Union for the treaty that would later be known as START I, proposing the Strategic Defense Initiative, a controversial plan to develop a missile defense system, re-appointing monetarists Paul Volcker and (later) Alan Greenspan to be chairmen of the Federal Reserve, ending the high inflation that damaged the economy under his predecessors Jimmy Carter and Gerald Ford, lowering tax rates significantly (under Reagan, the top personal tax bracket dropped from 70% to 28% in 7 years [3]) and leading a major reform of the tax system, providing arms and other support to anti-communist groups such as the Contras and the mujahideen, selling arms to foreign allies such as Taiwan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq (see Iran-Iraq War), greatly escalating the "war on drugs" with his policies and Nancy Reagan's "Just Say No" campaign, ordering the April 14, 1986 bombing of Tripoli and Benghazi in retaliation for an April 5 bombing of a West Berlin nightclub frequented by U.S. servicemen, in which the Libyan government was deemed complicit, and signing the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 which compensated victims of the Japanese American Internment during World War II. American conservatism is a constellation of political ideologies within the United States under the blanket heading of conservative. ... Ideologies Communist internationals Prominent communists Related subjects Anti-communism refers to opposition to communism. ... For other uses, see Corporation (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... The Pershing II Missile during a test flight The MGM-31 Pershing was a solid-fueled two-stage inertially guided medium range ballistic missile used by the U.S. Armys Missile Command. ... The RT-21M Pioneer was a medium-range ballistic missile with a nuclear warhead deployed by the Soviet Union from 1976 to 1988. ... U.S. President Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev signing the INF Treaty, 1987. ... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, in 1945 lifted nuclear fallout some 18 km (60,000 feet) above the epicenter. ... START (for Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) is a treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms. ... The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was proposed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983[1] to use ground-based and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles. ... Monetarism is a set of views concerning the determination of national income and monetary economics. ... Paul Adolph Volcker (born September 5, 1927 in Cape May, New Jersey), is best-known as the Chairman of the Federal Reserve (The Fed) under United States Presidents Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan (from August 1979 to August 1987). ... Squalltoonix (born March 6, 1926 in New York City) is an American economist and was Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve of the United States from 1987 to 2006. ... The Federal Reserve System is headquartered in the Eccles Building on Constitution Avenue in Washington, DC. The Federal Reserve System (also the Federal Reserve; informally The Fed) is the central banking system of the United States. ... For other persons named Jimmy Carter, see Jimmy Carter (disambiguation). ... For other persons named Gerald Ford, see Gerald Ford (disambiguation). ... The Contras (from the Spanish term La Contra, short for movement of the contrarrevolucionarios) were the armed opponents of Nicaraguas Sandinista Junta of National Reconstruction following the July 1979 overthrow of Anastasio Somoza Debayle (which ended the Somoza dynasty), and continuing throughout the following decade. ... For the Iranian opposition group, see Peoples Mujahedin of Iran. ... Combatants Iran Patriotic Union of Kurdistan Iraq Peoples Mujahedin of Iran Commanders Ruhollah Khomeini Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Ali Shamkhani Mostafa Chamran â€ Saddam Hussein Ali Hassan al-Majid Strength 305,000 soldiers 500,000 Pasdaran and Basij militia 900 tanks 1,000 armored vehicles 3,000 artillery pieces 470 aircraft... Massive mark-ups for drugs, areas/drugs/index. ... Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins on July 6, 1921) is the widow of the former United States President Ronald Reagan and was First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989. ... Mrs. ... is the 104th day of the year (105th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... Combatants United States Libya Commanders Ronald Reagan Muammar al-Gaddafi Casualties 1 F-111 2 aircrew KIA 3-5 IL-76 transport planes 14 Mig-23 Floggers 2 Helicopters[1] 15 Libyan civilians The United States bombing of Libya (code-named Operation El Dorado Canyon) comprised the joint United States... Tripoli (Arabic: Ø·Ø±Ø§Ø¨Ù„Ø³ TarÄbulus) is the capital city of Libya. ... Colourful buildings in the city centre. ... is the 95th day of the year (96th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Berlin discotheque bombing of April 5, 1986 was a terrorist attack on the West Berlin La Belle discotheque that was frequented by U.S. soldiers. ... Boroughs of West Berlin West Berlin was the name given to the western part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990. ... The Civil Liberties Act of 1988 granted reparations to Japanese Americans who had been interned by the United States government during World War II. Each internee was granted $20,000 in compensation. ... Jerome War Relocation Center in Jerome, Arkansas Japanese people heading off to an internment camp. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

Controversy

Foreign interventions

As part of the policies that became known as the Reagan Doctrine, the United States also offered financial and logistics support to the anti-communist opposition in central Europe (most notably the Polish Solidarity movement) and took an increasingly hard line against Communist governments in Afghanistan, Angola, Cambodia, and Nicaragua. ...

The Arts

As Ronald and Nancy Reagan were both former actors and he had served as president of the Screen Actor's Guild, via a 1982 Executive Order, President Reagan established the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities. In each year of his presidency, Reagan increased funding for the National Endowment for the Arts. In a 1983 speech he declared, "We support the National Endowment for the Arts to stimulate excellence and make art more available to more of our people." [4] For other uses, see Actor (disambiguation). ... The Screen Actors Guild (SAG) is the labor union representing film actors in the United States. ... An executive order is an edict issued by a member of the executive branch of a government, usually the head of that branch. ... The Presidents Committee on the Arts and Humanities was established in Washington, DC in 1982 by an Executive Order from President Ronald Reagan. ... The National Endowment for the Arts is a United States federally funded program that offers support and funding for projects that exhibit artistic excellence. ...

Other matters

Although Reagan's second term was mostly noteworthy for matters related to foreign affairs, he supported significant pieces of legislation on domestic matters. In 1982, Reagan signed legislation reauthorizing the Voting Rights Act of 1965 for another 25 years, even though he had opposed such an extension during the 1980 campaign.^[64] This extension added protections for blind, disabled, and illiterate voters. The United States Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed requiring would-be voters to take literacy tests and provided for federal registration of African American voters in areas that had less than 50% of eligible voters registered. ...

Other significant legislation included the overhaul of the Internal Revenue Code in 1986, as well as the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 which compensated victims of the Japanese-American internment during World War II. Reagan also signed legislation authorizing the death penalty for offenses involving murder in the context of large-scale drug trafficking; wholesale reinstatement of the federal death penalty did not occur until the presidency of Bill Clinton. President Ronald Reagan signs the Tax Reform Act of 1986 on the South Lawn. ... The Civil Liberties Act of 1988 granted reparations to Japanese Americans who had been interned by the United States government during World War II. Each internee was granted $20,000 in compensation. ... Jerome Relocation Camp The Japanese American internment refers to the exclusion and subsequent removal of approximately 112,000 to 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans, officially described as persons of Japanese ancestry, 62% of whom were United States citizens, from the west coast of the United States during World War... Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of a convicted criminal by the state as punishment for crimes known as capital crimes or capital offences. ... Retail selling Street selling is the bottom of the chain and can be accomplished through purchasing from prostitutes, through cloaked retail stores or refuse houses for users in the act located in red-light districts which often also deal in paraphernalia, dealers marketing merriment at night clubs and other events... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ...

In 1987 Reagan signed the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement with Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. The Free Trade Agreement (FTA) was a trade agreement signed by Canada and the United States on January 2, 1988. ... Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (predominantly known as Brian Mulroney) (born March 20, 1939), was the eighteenth Prime Minister of Canada from September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993 and was leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1983 to 1993. ...

Milton Friedman has pointed to the number of pages added to the Federal Register each year as evidence of the anti-regulatory nature of Reagan's presidency.^[65] The number of pages added to the Register each year declined sharply at the start of the Ronald Reagan presidency, breaking a steady and sharp increase since 1960. The increase in the number of pages added per year resumed an upward, though less steep, trend after Reagan left office. Milton Friedman (July 31, 1912 â€“ November 16, 2006) was an American Nobel Laureate economist and public intellectual. ... The Federal Register contains most routine publications and public notices of United States government agencies. ...

In 1983 and again in 1984, Reagan was heard to say -- by Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir of Israel and by Simon Wiesenthal and Rabbi Martin Hier of Los Angeles -- that he personally filmed the Auschwitz death camps; he was in a film unit in Hollywood that processed raw footage for newsreels, but he was not in Europe during the war.^[66] (Hebrew ×™Ö´×¦Ö°×—Ö¸×§ ×©Ö¸××žÖ´×™×¨) (born October 15, 1915) was Prime Minister of Israel from 1983 to 1984 and again from 1986 to 1992. ... Simon Wiesenthal, KBE, (Buczacz, December 31, 1908 â€“ Vienna, September 20, 2005) was an Austrian-Jewish architectural engineer who hunted down Nazi war criminals, after surviving the Holocaust. ... Flag Seal Nickname: City of Angels Location Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates , Government State County California Los Angeles County Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (D) Geographical characteristics Area City 1,290. ... Auschwitz, in English, commonly refers to the Auschwitz concentration camp complex built near the town of Oświęcim, by Nazi Germany during World War II. Rarely, it may refer to the Polish town of Oświęcim (called by the Germans Auschwitz) itself. ...

Reagan's position on LGBT rights has been a subject of much controversy. In the late 1970s he wrote a private respone to the organization backing the California Briggs Initiative, stating that he opposed the proposed ban on gay public school teachers or anyone who supported gay rights. He opposed efforts to repeal the criminal laws against homosexuality and generally opposed gay rights legislation as eroding traditional moral values. Yet, Patti Davis wrote in article in the New York Times where he recalled an encounter where he father talked about Rock Hudsons homosexuality in an accepting and tolerate manner [5]. In 1984, the first openly gay couple, Ed Graber and Archie Cas, spent the night in the Reagans' private White House quarters [6]. Reagan seemed to express a certain degree of private tolerance of LGBT people, but an unwillingness to go against the influential religious right faction within the Republican Party. The initialism LGBT also GLBT is in use (since the 1990s) to refer collectively to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender people. ... The Briggs Initiative can refer popularly to one of two pieces of legislation sponsoned by California politician John Briggs: California Proposition 6 (1978), a failed initiative which would have prevented gays and lesbians from teaching in Californias public schools Another 1978 law which did pass, which expanded the types... The gay rights movement is a collection of loosely aligned civil rights groups, human rights groups, support groups and political activists seeking acceptance, tolerance and equality for non-heterosexual, (homosexual, bisexual), and transgender people - despite the fact that it is typically referred to as the gay rights movement, members also... The gay rights movement is a collection of loosely aligned civil rights groups, human rights groups, support groups and political activists seeking acceptance, tolerance and equality for non-heterosexual, (homosexual, bisexual), and transgender people - despite the fact that it is typically referred to as the gay rights movement, members also... Patti Davis (born Patricia Ann Reagan on October 21, 1952 in Los Angeles, California) is the daughter of former President of the United States Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Davis. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... GOP redirects here. ...

The oldest president

As Reagan was the oldest person to be inaugurated as president (age 69), and also the oldest person to hold the office (age 77), his health, although generally good, became a concern at times during his presidency. His age even became a topic of concern during his re-election campaign. In a debate on October 21, 1984 between Reagan and his opponent Walter Mondale, panelist Henry Trewhitt brought up how President Kennedy had to go for days on end without sleep during the Cuban Missile crisis. He then asked the President if he had any doubts about if or how he could function in a time of crisis, given his age. Without hesitation, Reagan remarked, "Not at all Mr. Trewhitt, and I want you to know I am not going to make age an issue of this campaign. I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent's youth and inexperience." Mondale (who was "only" 56 at the time) said years later in an interview that he knew at that moment he had lost the election. is the 294th day of the year (295th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Walter Frederick Fritz Mondale (born January 5, 1928) is an American politician and member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (largely established by former Vice President Hubert Humphrey). ...

On July 13, 1985, Reagan underwent surgery to remove polyps from his colon, causing the first-ever invocation of the Acting President clause of the 25th Amendment. On January 5, 1987, Reagan underwent surgery for prostate cancer which caused further worries about his health, but which significantly raised the public awareness of this "silent killer." is the 194th day of the year (195th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Polyp of sigmoid colon as revealed by colonoscopy. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Large intestine. ... Acting President of the United States is a temporary office in the U.S. government, established under the auspices of the Constitution, particularly its 25th Amendment (ratified in 1967). ... Page 1 of Amendment XXV in the National Archives Page 2 of the amendment Amendment XXV (the Twenty-fifth Amendment) of the United States Constitution clarifies an ambiguous provision of the Constitution regarding succession to the Presidency, and establishes procedures both for filling a vacancy in the office of the... is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar). ... Prostate cancer is a disease in which cancer develops in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system. ...

See also

Lt-Col. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library is the presidential library of Ronald Wilson Reagan, the 40th President of the United States. ... An October surprise is American political jargon describing a stunning news event with the potential to influence the outcome of an election, particularly one for the presidency. ... The Iran-Contra Affair was a political scandal occurring in 1987 as a result of earlier events during the Reagan administration in which members of the executive branch sold weapons to Iran, an avowed enemy, and illegally used the profits to continue funding anti-Communist rebels, the Contras, in Nicaragua. ... // Changing demographics and the growth of the Sun Belt The most widely discussed demographic phenomenon of the 1970s was the rise of the Sun Belt, the Southwest, Southeast, and especially Florida and California (surpassing New York as the nations most populous state in 1964). ... This is a list of things named after former President of the United States Ronald Reagan. ... The 600 Ship Navy was a plan put forth as a campaign plank by Ronald Reagan in 1980 to rebuild the United States Navy to its former size after post-Vietnam cutbacks. ... Wikiquote is one of a family of wiki-based projects run by the Wikimedia Foundation, running on MediaWiki software. ...

Footnotes

^ Murray, Robert K. & Blessing, Tim H. 1993. Greatness in the White House. Penn State Press. p. 80
^ Friedman, Milton. Letter to the editor of Liberty Magazine. August 5, 2004 [1] AND Friedman, Milton. Freedom's Friend. Wall Street Journal. June 11. 2004
^ Iran Hostage Crisis: November 4, 1979 to January 20, 1981. Online Highways (2005). Retrieved on 2007-05-11.
^ March 30, 1981. Techsure LLC. Retrieved on 2007-03-29.
^ Rebecca Pels (1995). The Pressures of PATCO: Strikes and Stress in the 1980s. Corcoran Department of History at the University of Virginia. Retrieved on 2007-04-30.
^ Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session With Reporters on the Air Traffic Controllers Strike. Ronald Reagan Foundation (1981). Retrieved on 2007-05-13.
^ ^a ^b Cannon, Lou (2001) p. 99
^ ^a ^b Appleby, Joyce (2003), pp. 923–924
^ ^a ^b ^c William A. Niskanen. Reaganomics. The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Retrieved on 2007-05-22.
^ Daniel J. Mitchell, Ph.D. (July 19, 1996). The Historical Lessons of Lower Tax Rates. The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-05-22.
^ Gross Domestic Product. Bureau of Economic Analysis (May 31, 2007).
^ ^a ^b William A. Niskanen (October 22, 1996). Supply Tax Cuts and the Truth About the Reagan Economic Record. Policy Analysis. Cato Institute. Retrieved on 2007-11-14.
^ Danziger, S.H.; D.H. Weinburg (1994). "The Historical Record: Trends in Family Income, Inequality, and Poverty" in Confronting Poverty: Prescriptions for Change.
^ ^a ^b Etebari, Mehrun (July 17, 2003). Trickle-Down Economics: Four Reasons why it Just Doesn't Work. faireconomy.org. Retrieved on 2007-03-31.
^ The S&L Crisis: A Chrono-Bibliography. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Retrieved on 2007-04-08.
^ ^a ^b Cannon, Lou (2001) p. 128
^ Reagan Policies Gave Green Light to Red Ink. The Washington Post. Retrieved on 2007-05-25.
^ Regan, Donald T. (1988), p. 142
^ Lee, Susan. 1996. Hands Off: Why the Government is a Menace to Economic Health. Simon & Schuster. p. 223
^ ^a ^b Reagan's Economic Legacy. Business Week. Retrieved on 2007-07-01.
^ Exploding Deficits, Declining Growth: The Federal Budget and the Aging of America. Committee for Economic Development. Retrieved on 2007-07-24.
^ The War on Drugs. pbs.org (May 10, 2001). Retrieved on 2007-04-04.
^ NIDA InfoFacts: High School and Youth Trends. National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH. Retrieved on 2007-04-04.
^ Randall, Vernellia R (April 18, 2006). The Drug War as Race War. The University of Dayton School of Law. Retrieved on 2007-04-11.
^ Interview: Dr. Herbert Kleber. PBS. Retrieved on 2007-06-12. “The politics of the Reagan years and the Bush years probably made it somewhat harder to get treatment expanded, but at the same time, it probably had a good effect in terms of decreasing initiation and use. For example, marijuana went from thirty-three percent of high-school seniors in 1980 to twelve percent in 1991.”
^ Bachman, Gerald G. et al.. The Decline of Substance Use in Young Adulthood. The Regents of the University of Michigan. Retrieved on 2007-04-04.
^ ^a ^b ^c Thirty Years of America's Drug War. pbs.org. Retrieved on 2007-04-04.
^ The Reagan-Era Drug War Legacy. stopthedrugwar.org (2004-06-11). Retrieved on 2007-04-04.
^ Bates, John D. (Presiding) (September 2003). "Anne Dammarell et al. v. Islamic Republic of Iran" (PDF). The United States District Court for the District of Columbia. Retrieved on 2006-09-21.
^ Report on the DoD Commission on Beirut International Airport Terrorist Act, October 23, 1983. ibiblio.org. Retrieved on 2007-04-02.
^ ^a ^b Operation Agent Fury (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. Retrieved on 2007-03-09.
^ Cooper, Tom (September 1, 2003). Grenada, 1983: Operation 'Urgent Fury'. Air Combat Information Group. Retrieved on 2007-04-08.
^ Los Angeles 1984. Swedish Olympic Committee. Retrieved on 2007-03-07.
^ The Debate. National Review Online. Retrieved on 2007-05-25.
^ 1984 Presidential Debates. CNN. Retrieved on 2007-05-25.
^ 1984 Presidential Election Results. David Leip. Retrieved on 2007-05-25.
^ What is the 25th Amendment and When Has It Been Invoked?. History News Network. Retrieved on 2007-06-06.
^ Reeves, Richard (2005), p. 249
^ Reeves, Richard (2005) p. 250
^ Reeves, Richard (2005) p. 255
^ Morris (1999), p. 113
^ Parry, Robert (2004-06-02). NYT's apologies miss the point. consortiumnews.com. Retrieved on 2007-04-01.
^ Rockwell, Kara (2005-03-10). A Tale of Three Countries: The Iran Contra Affair. answerpoint.org. Retrieved on 2007-03-09.
^ "U.S. historians pick top 10 presidential errors", Associated Press, ctv.ca, February 18, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-04-09.
^ Towards an International History of the War in Afghanistan, 1979-89. The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (2002). Retrieved on 2007-05-16.
^ LGM-118A Peacekeeper. Federation of American Scientists (August 15, 2000). Retrieved on 2007-04-10.
^ Cold War Generals: The Warsaw Pact Committee of Defense Ministers, 1969-90, by Christian Nünlist. Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security (PHP) (2000-2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-10.
^ ^a ^b ^c Deploy or Perish: SDI and Domestic Politics. Scholarship Editions. Retrieved on 2007-04-10.
^ Adelman, Ken (July 8, 2003). SDI:The Next Generation. Fox News. Retrieved on 2007-03-15.
^ Beschloss, Michael (2007), p. 293
^ ^a ^b Foreign Affairs: Ronald Reagan. PBS. Retrieved on 2007-06-06.
^ ^a ^b Beschloss, Michael (2007), p. 294
^ "Former President Reagan Dies at 93", Los Angeles Times Obituaries, June 6, 2004. Retrieved on 2007-03-07.
^ ^a ^b 1983:Korean Airlines flight shot down by Soviet Union. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved on 2007-04-10.
^ ^a ^b Manfred R. Hamm (23). New Evidence of Moscow's Military Threat. The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-05-13.
^ ^a ^b Michael Beschloss (2007). The Thawing of the Cold War. MSNBC. Retrieved on 2007-05-14.
^ Reagan-Gorbachev Summit Meetings. ronaldreaganweb.com. Retrieved on 2007-05-14.
^ INF Treaty. US State Department. Retrieved on 2007-05-28.
^ Martin, Lawrence (10/06/04). Gorby Had the Lead Role, Not Gipper. globeandmail.com. Retrieved on 2004-06-10.
^ Reagan, Ronald (1990), p. 713
^ Reagan, Ronald (1990), p. 720
^ ^a ^b Freidel, Frank (1995), p. 84
^ The Reagan Diaries. Harper Collins. Retrieved on 2007-06-05.
^ "Reagan Weighs In On Social Issues." U.S. News & World Report, May 12, 1982
^ Cite error 8; No text given.
^ Morris, Edmund. Dutch: A Memoir of Ronald Reagan (2000) p.465. Cannon, Lou. President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime (2000) p. 428-30.

class="preview" id="pv639"> Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 131st day of the year (132nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 88th day of the year (89th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 120th day of the year (121st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 133rd day of the year (134th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 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Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 198th day of the year (199th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 90th day of the year (91st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... April 8 is the 98th day of the year (99th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 205th day of the year (206th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 130th day of the year (131st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 94th day of the year (95th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 94th day of the year (95th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 101st day of the year (102nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 94th day of the year (95th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 94th day of the year (95th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 162nd day of the year (163rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 94th day of the year (95th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 264th day of the year (265th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 68th day of the year (69th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... April 8 is the 98th day of the year (99th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 66th day of the year (67th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 153rd day of the year (154th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 10 is the 69th day of the year (70th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 68th day of the year (69th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ... is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 99th day of the year (100th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 227th day of the year (228th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 100th day of the year (101st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 100th day of the year (101st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 100th day of the year (101st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 74th day of the year (75th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 66th day of the year (67th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 100th day of the year (101st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 133rd day of the year (134th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... May 14 is the 134th day of the year (135th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... May 14 is the 134th day of the year (135th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 148th day of the year (149th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 161st day of the year (162nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

Categories: Articles to be expanded since July 2007 | All articles to be expanded | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since June 2007 | Ronald Reagan | United States Presidential administrations Lou Cannon is an American non-fiction author and biographer. ... Lou Cannon is an American non-fiction author and biographer. ... Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins on July 6, 1921) is the widow of the former United States President Ronald Reagan and was First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989. ... Richard Reeves is a writer, syndicated columnist and lecturer at the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. ... Donald Thomas Regan (December 21, 1918 â€“ June 10, 2003) was the 66th United States Secretary of the Treasury, from 1981 to 1985, and Chief of Staff from 1985 to 1987 in the Ronald Reagan Administration, where he advocated Reaganomics and tax cuts to create jobs and stimulate production. ... Reagan redirects here. ... The Ronald Reagan Birthplace, also known as the Graham Building, is located in an apartment on the second floor of a late 19th century commercial building in Tampico, Illinois, United States. ... Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins on July 6, 1921) is the widow of the former United States President Ronald Reagan and was First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989. ... Reagan delivers the address, January 20, 1981 The first inaugural address of Ronald Reagan was the 1981 inaugural address delivered by U.S. President Ronald Reagan. ... Ronald Reagan, the US president from which Reaganomics derives its name Reaganomics (a blend of Reagan and economics, coined by radio broadcaster Paul Harvey) is a term that has been used to both describe and decry free market advocacy economic policies of U.S. President Ronald Reagan, who served from... His foreign policy labeled President Reagan as the Great Communicator. ... As part of the policies that became known as the Reagan Doctrine, the United States also offered financial and logistics support to the anti-communist opposition in central Europe (most notably the Polish Solidarity movement) and took an increasingly hard line against Communist governments in Afghanistan, Angola, Cambodia, and Nicaragua. ... The Reagan Doctrine was a strategy orchestrated and implemented by the United States to oppose the global influence of the Soviet Union during the final years of the Cold War. ... U.S. President Ronald Reagan speaking in front of the Brandenburg Gate at the Berlin Wall. ... Lt-Col. ... Ronald Reagan A portion of the two-page, handwritten letter Ronald Reagans Alzheimers letter was a hand-written letter authored by former United States President Ronald Reagan in November 1994, disclosing the fact he had recently been diagnosed with having Alzheimers disease and was departing from public... The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library is the presidential library of Ronald Wilson Reagan, the 40th President of the United States. ... Former United States First Lady Nancy Reagan kisses the casket of her husband, Former U.S. President Ronald Reagan during the week long state funeral honoring him in June of 2004. ... This is a list of things named after former President of the United States Ronald Reagan. ... The Ronald Reagan: Bibliography includes major books and articles about President Ronald Reagan and his policies. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (594x750, 49 KB) Official Portrait of President Reagan, 1981. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... Inaugurated on April 30, 1789, George Washington was the first President of the United States. ... John Adams (October 30, 1735 â€“ July 4, 1826) served as Americas first Vice President (1789â€“1797) and as its second President (1797â€“1801). ... Thomas Jeffersons Presidency, from March 4, 1801 to March 4, 1809, was the first to start and end in the White House (though at the time it was known as the Presidential Mansion). ... James Madison (March 16, 1751 â€“ June 28, 1836), an American politician and fourth President of the United States of America (1809â€“1817), was one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States. ... For other uses, see Andrew Jackson (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation). ... Theodore Roosevelt was the 26th (1901â€“1909) President of the United States. ... Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 â€“ February 3, 1924), was the 28th President of the United States. ... Roosevelt about to sign the Lend-Lease Act. ... // Dwight D. Eisenhower had been a favorite of the New Dealers during the war, especially Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Hopkins. ... Gerald Ford served 29 months as President from 1974 to 1977. ... ... President Clintons Cabinet, circa 1993 The Presidency of Bill Clinton, also known as the Clinton Administration, was the executive branch of the federal government of the United States from 1993 to 2001 while Bill Clinton served as President of the United States. ... The Presidency of George W. Bush, also known as the George W. Bush Administration, began on his inauguration on January 20, 2001 as the 43rd and current President of the United States of America. ... Image File history File links Seal_Of_The_President_Of_The_Unites_States_Of_America. ...

Contents

Overview

Major issues of Presidency

Ronald Reagan

Major acts as President

Major treaties

Major legislation signed

Major legislation vetoed

Administration and Cabinet

Supreme Court nominees

First Term (1981-1985)

Assassination attempt

Air traffic controllers' strike

"Reaganomics" and the economy

"War on Drugs"

Lebanon and Grenada, 1983

1984 presidential campaign

Second Term (1985-1989)

Response to AIDS

Iran-Contra Affair

Cold War

End of the Cold War

Close of the Reagan Era

Political philosophy

Controversy

Foreign interventions

The Arts

Other matters

The oldest president

See also

Footnotes

References

Contents

Overview GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Major issues of Presidency

Ronald Reagan

Major acts as President

Major treaties

Major legislation signed

Major legislation vetoed

Administration and Cabinet

Supreme Court nominees

First Term (1981-1985)

Assassination attempt

Air traffic controllers' strike

"Reaganomics" and the economy

"War on Drugs"

Lebanon and Grenada, 1983

1984 presidential campaign

Second Term (1985-1989)

Response to AIDS

Iran-Contra Affair

Cold War

End of the Cold War

Close of the Reagan Era

Political philosophy

Controversy

Foreign interventions

The Arts

Other matters

The oldest president

See also

Footnotes

References

Overview