NationMaster - Encyclopedia: President Dwight D. Eisenhower

Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was an American soldier and politician. He served as the 34th President of the United States (1953–1961) as well as Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe during World War II, with the rank of General of the Army. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... January 20 is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1953 (MCMLIII) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... January 20 is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 â€“ April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ... Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 â€“ December 26, 1972) was the thirty-fourth Vice President (1945) and the thirty-third President of the United States (1945â€“53), succeeding to the office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. ... John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 â€“ November 22, 1963), often referred to as John F. Kennedy, JFK, or Jack Kennedy, was the 35th President of the United States. ... October 14 is the 287th day of the year (288th in Leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1890 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Denison is a city located in Grayson County, Texas. ... March 28 is the 87th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (88th in Leap years). ... 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday For other uses, see Number 1969. ... Location in the United States of America Washington, D.C. is the capital city of the United States of America. ... The Republican Party, often called the GOP (for Grand Old Party), is one of the two major political parties in the United States, the other being the Democratic Party. ... Mamie Eisenhower, with her husband Dwight, on the steps of St. ... October 14 is the 287th day of the year (288th in Leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1890 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... March 28 is the 87th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (88th in Leap years). ... 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday For other uses, see Number 1969. ... The armed forces, also known as the armed services, of the United States of America consist of the United States Army United States Marine Corps United States Navy United States Air Force United States Coast Guard Approximately 1. ... The federal government of the United States was established by the United States Constitution. ... The President of the United States (fully, President of the United States of America; unofficially abbreviated POTUS) is the head of state of the United States and the chief executive of the federal government. ... 1953 (MCMLIII) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary force was a title held by Dwight D. Eisenhower during the Second World War. ... When spelt with a capital A, Allies usually denotes the countries that fought together against the Central Powers in World War I and against the Axis Powers in World War II. For more information, see the related articles: Allies of World War I and Allies of World War II. Other... World map showing Europe Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiogeographic one. ... Combatants Allied Powers Axis Powers Commanders {{{commander1}}} {{{commander2}}} Strength {{{strength1}}} {{{strength2}}} Casualties 17 million military deaths 7 million military deaths World War II, also known as the Second World War (sometimes WW2 or WWII), was a mid-20th century conflict that engulfed much of the globe and is accepted as... Military rank, or simply rank, is a system of grading seniority and command within military organizations. ... General of the Army is historically the second most senior rank in the United States Army, equivalent to a Field Marshal in other militaries. ...

Early life and family

Eisenhower was born in Denison, Texas, the third of seven sons born to David Jacob Eisenhower and Ida Elizabeth Stover, and their only child born in Texas. He was named David Dwight, but quickly began to go by his middle name. The Eisenhower family is from German descent and came from Forbach, Alsace, but had lived in America since the 18th century. The family moved back to Abilene, Kansas in 1892. Eisenhower graduated from Abilene High School in 1909 and he worked at Belle Springs Creamery from 1909 to 1911. Denison is a city located in Grayson County, Texas. ... Centre Centre Forbach is a town and commune, in the Moselle dÃ©partement, in France. ... Capital Strasbourg Land areaÂ¹ 8,280 kmÂ² Regional President Adrien Zeller (UMP) (since 1996) Population - Jan. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ...

Eisenhower married Mamie Geneva Doud (1896–1979), of Denver, Colorado on July 1, 1916. They had two children, Doud Dwight Eisenhower (1917–1921) whose tragic death in childhood haunted the couple forever, and John Sheldon David Doud Eisenhower (born 1922). John Eisenhower served in the United States Army, then became an author and served as U.S. Ambassador to Belgium. John's son, David Eisenhower, after whom Camp David is named, married Richard Nixon's daughter Julie in 1968. Mamie Eisenhower, with her husband Dwight, on the steps of St. ... 1896 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... This page refers to the year 1979. ... Denver skyline, 1999. ... July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January-February January 1 -The first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... John Sheldon David Doud Eisenhower (b. ... US Army Seal HHC, US Army Distinctive Unit Insignia The Army is the branch of the United States armed forces that has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... David Eisenhower (1948-) is the grandson of the supreme commander of the Allied forces in Europe during World War II and the 34th President of the United States, Dwight D. Eisenhower. ... Main Lodge at Camp David during Nixon administration, February 9, 1971. ... Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 â€“ April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ... Julie Nixon Eisenhower (born July 5, 1948 in Washington, D.C.) is the daughter of Richard Nixon and his wife Patricia. ... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ...

Religion

Eisenhower's family originally belonged to the local River Brethren sect of the Mennonites. However, when Ike was five years old, his parents became followers of the WatchTower Society, whose members later took the name Jehovah's Witnesses. The Eisenhower home served as the local WatchTower meeting Hall from 1896 to 1915, when Eisenhower's father stopped regularly associating due to the WatchTower's failed prophesies that Armageddon would occur in October 1914 and 1915. Ike's father received a WatchTower funeral when he died in the 1940s. Ike and his brothers also stopped associating regularly after 1915, but Ike's mother continued as an active Jehovah's Witness until her death. Ike enjoyed a close relationship with his mother throughout their lifetimes, and he even used a WatchTower printed Bible for his second Presidential Inauguration. In later years, Eisenhower was baptized, confirmed, and became a communicant in the Presbyterian church in a single ceremony on February 1, 1953, just weeks after his first inauguration as president. In his retirement years, he was a member of the Gettysburg Presbyterian Church [1] in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The River Brethren is a name used to indicate certain Christian groups originating in 1770, during a revival movement among German colonizers in Pennsylvania. ... The Mennonites are a group of Christian Anabaptist denominations based on the teachings and tradition of Menno Simons. ... Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ... February 1 is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Gettysburg is a borough 38 miles (68 km) south by southwest of Harrisburg located in Adams County, Pennsylvania, USA, of which it is the county seatGR6. ...

Military career

Eisenhower enrolled at the United States Military Academy, West Point, New York, in June, 1911. USMA redirects here, but this abbreviation can also mean U.S. Metric Association. ... West Point painting West Point is a federal military base (and a census-designated place) located in the Town of Highlands in Orange County, New York. ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ...

Eisenhower was a great athlete at the time but his football career came to an end after he injured his knee trying to tackle the legendary Jim Thorpe. Thorpe participated in the 1912 Summer Olympics. ...

Eisenhower recalled of Thorpe in a 1961 speech. "Here and there, there are some people who are supremely endowed,""My memory goes back to Jim Thorpe. He never practiced in his life, and he could do anything better than any other football player I ever saw."[2][3]

Eisenhower graduated in 1915. He served with the infantry until 1918 at various camps in Texas and Georgia. During World War I, Eisenhower was active in the tank corps and rose to Lieutenant Colonel in the National Army. Upon the conclusion of hostilities, Eisenhower reverted to his regular rank of Captain (and was promoted to Major the next day) before assuming duties at Camp Meade, Maryland where he remained until 1922. 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Official language(s) None. ... Combatants Entente Powers Central Powers Commanders {{{commander1}}} {{{commander2}}} Strength {{{strength1}}} {{{strength2}}} Casualties > 5 million military deaths > 3 million military deaths World War I, also known as the First World War and (before 1939) the Great War, the War of the Nations and the War to End All Wars, was a... In the U.S. Army, Air Force and Marine Corps, a lieutenant colonel is a commissioned officer superior to a major and inferior to a colonel. ... The National Army was the combined conscript and volunteer force that was was formed by the United States War Department in 1918 to fight in World War I. The National Army was formed from the old corps of the United States Army, augmented by units of the United States National... Fort George G. Meade, 5 miles (8 km) northeast of the town of Laurel, Maryland, is a semi_active US Army installation. ... State nickname: Old Line State; Free State Official languages None Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Governor Robert L. Ehrlich (R) Senators Paul Sarbanes (D) Barbara Mikulski (D) Area - Total - % water Ranked 42nd 32,160 kmÂ² 21 Population - Total (2000) - Density Ranked 19th 5,296,486 165/kmÂ² (5th) Admission into... 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

He was next assigned as executive officer to General Fox Conner in the Panama Canal Zone, where he served until 1924. In 1925 and 1926 he attended the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and then served as a battalion commander, at Fort Benning, Georgia, until 1927. The Panama Canal Zone was a 553 mileÂ² (1,432 kmÂ²) territory inside of Panama, consisting of the Panama Canal and an area extending 5 mi (8. ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... First established in 1881 as a school for infantry and cavalry, the U.S. Armys Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas functions as a graduate school for U.S. and Allied military leaders. ... In 1827, Colonel Henry Leavenworth established a post on the bluffs overlooking the western bank of the Missouri River to protect the fur trade, safeguard commerce on the Santa Fe Trail and maintain the peace among the inhabitants. ... State nickname: The Sunflower State Official languages None Capital Topeka Largest city Wichita Governor Kathleen Sebelius (D) Senators Sam Brownback (R) Pat Roberts (R) Area - Total - % water Ranked 15th 82,277 miÂ²; 213,096 kmÂ² 0. ... Fort Benning is a military base facility of the United States military southwest of Columbus, Georgia. ... 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

During the late 1920s and early 1930s Eisenhower's career in the peacetime Army stagnated. He was assigned to the American Battle Monuments Commission, directed by General John J. Pershing, then to the Army War College, and then served as executive officer to General George V. Moseley, Assistant Secretary of War, from 1929 to 1933. He then served as chief military aide to General Douglas MacArthur, Army Chief of Staff, until 1935, when he accompanied MacArthur to the Philippines, where he served as assistant military advisor to the Philippine government. He was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel in 1936 after sixteen years as a Major. Download high resolution version (1260x2248, 1120 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Dwight D. Eisenhower Mamie Eisenhower Categories: U.S. history images ... Download high resolution version (1260x2248, 1120 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Dwight D. Eisenhower Mamie Eisenhower Categories: U.S. history images ... Sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or primarily in North America and in Australia as the Roaring Twenties . In Europe it is sometimes refered to as the Golden Twenties. ... // Events and trends A public speech by Benito Mussolini, founder of the Fascist movement The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the global depression. ... The American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC) is a small independent agency of the Executive Branch of the United States federal government. ... General John Pershing John Joseph Black Jack Pershing (September 13, 1860 â€“ July 15, 1948) was an officer in the United States Army. ... The United States Army War College is a U. S. Army school located in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, specifically in the historic Carlisle Barracks. ... -1... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... General Douglas MacArthur aboard a battleship toward the end of World War II, 1945 Douglas MacArthur (January 26, 1880 â€” April 5, 1964) was an American military leader who was instrumental in defeating the Japanese in World War II. He helped rebuild Japan after the war and played a key role... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... In the U.S. Army, Air Force and Marine Corps, a lieutenant colonel is a commissioned officer superior to a major and inferior to a colonel. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Eisenhower returned to the U.S. in 1939 and held a series of staff positions in Washington, D.C., California, and Texas. In June 1941 he was appointed Chief of Staff to General Walter Kreuger, Commander of the 3rd Army, at Fort Sam Houston, Texas. He was promoted to Brigadier-General in September 1941. Although his administrative abilities had been noticed, on the eve of the U.S. entry into World War II he had never held an active command and was far from being considered as a potential commander of major operations. 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Area - Total - Width - Length - % water - Latitude - Longitude Ranked 3rd 410,000 kmÂ² 402. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film) 1941 (MCMXLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Fort Sam Houston is a US Army base in Texas. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film) 1941 (MCMXLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Combatants Allied Powers Axis Powers Commanders {{{commander1}}} {{{commander2}}} Strength {{{strength1}}} {{{strength2}}} Casualties 17 million military deaths 7 million military deaths World War II, also known as the Second World War (sometimes WW2 or WWII), was a mid-20th century conflict that engulfed much of the globe and is accepted as...

After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Eisenhower was assigned to the General Staff in Washington, where he served until June 1942. He was appointed Deputy Chief in charge of Pacific Defenses under the Chief of War Plans Division, General Leonard Gerow, and then succeeded Gerow as Chief of the War Plans Division. Then he was appointed Assistant Chief of Staff in charge of Operations Division under the Chief of Staff, General George C. Marshall. It was his close association with Marshall which finally brought Eisenhower to senior command positions. Marshall recognized his great organizational and administrative abilities. Listen to this article (2 parts) Part 1 Â· Part 2 This audio file was created from the revision dated 2006-01-12, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ... This article is about the year. ... George C. Marshall George Catlett Marshall (December 31, 1880–October 16, 1959), an American military leader and statesman, was born into a middle-class family in Uniontown, Pennsylvania. ...

Wartime commander

In June 1942 Eisenhower was appointed Commanding General, European Theater of Operations (ETOUSA) and was based in London. In November he was also appointed Supreme Commander Allied (Expeditionary) Force of the North African Theater of Operations through the new operational Headquarters A(E)FHQ. The word Expeditionary was dropped soon after his appointment for security reasons. In February 1943 his authority was extended as commander of AFHQ across the Mediterranean Sea basin to include the British 8th Army, commanded by General Bernard Montgomery. The 8th Army had advanced across the Western Desert from the east and was ready for the start of the Tunisia Campaign. Eisenhower gained his fourth star and gave up command of ETOUSA to be commander of NATOUSA. After the capitulation of Axis forces in North Africa, Eisenhower remained in command of the renamed Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO) keeping the operational title and continued in command of NATOUSA redesignated MTOUSA. In this position he oversaw the invasion of Sicily and the invasion of the Italian mainland. Dwight D. Eisenhower (left) and Winston Churchill. ... Dwight D. Eisenhower (left) and Winston Churchill. ... The Right Honourable Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS (30 November 1874 â€“ 24 January 1965) was a British statesman, best known as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. ... This article is about the year. ... The European Theater of Operations, or ETO, was the term used by the United States in World War II to refer to most United States military activity in Europe north of the Mediterranean coast. ... London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ... Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (abbreviated as SHAEF), was the headquarters of the Commander of Allied forces in north west Europe, from late 1943 until the end of World War II. General Dwight Eisenhower was in command of SHAEF throughout its existence. ... The Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO) was originally called North African Theater of Operations (NATO) and is an American term for the conflict that took place between the Allies and Axis powers in North Africa and Italy during World War II. It begins with American troops, part of the Allied... Allied Forces Headquarters was the headquarters that controlled all Allied forces in the Mediterranean theatre from late 1943 to the end of the war. ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) is a common year starting on Friday. ... Satellite image The Mediterranean Sea is a part of the Atlantic Ocean almost completely enclosed by land, on the north by Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by Asia. ... The Eighth Army was one of the best-known formations in World War II, fighting in the campaigns in North Africa and Italy. ... Bernard Law Montgomery Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein (November 17, 1887 - March 24, 1976) was a British military officer during World War II often referred to as Monty. ... The Western Desert Campaign was the primary early theatre of the North African Campaign of World War II. It is sometimes referred to as the Egypt-Libya Campaign. ... The Tunisia Campaign was a series of World War II battles that took place in Tunisia during the North African Campaign of the World War II, between forces of the German/Italian Axis, and allied forces consisting primarily of US, British and small numbers of Vichy French. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... North Africa is a region generally considered to include: Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara The Azores, Canary Islands, and Madeira are sometimes considered to be a part of North Africa. ... This pages deals with the United States militarys Mediterranean Theater of Operations. ... Husky was also the codename of Australian military support to Sierra Leone ending in February 2003. ... This article covers the invasion of mainland Italy by the World War II Allies in September 1943 during the Italian Campaign. ...

In December 1943 it was announced that Eisenhower would be Supreme Allied Commander in Europe. In January 1944 he resumed command of ETOUSA and the following month was officially designated as the Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), serving in a dual role until the end of hostilities in Europe in May 1945. In these positions he was charged with planning and carrying out the Allied assault on the coast of Normandy in June 1944 under the code name Operation Overlord, the liberation of western Europe and the invasion of Germany. A month after the Normandy D-Day on June 6, 1944, the invasion of southern France took place, and control of the forces which took part in the southern invasion passed from the AFHQ to the SHAEF. From then until the end of the War in Europe on May 8, 1945, Eisenhower through SHAEF had supreme command of all operational Allied forces², and through his command of ETOUSA, administrative command of all U.S. forces, on the Western Front north of the Alps. World map showing Europe Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiogeographic one. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Badge of SHAEF Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (abbreviated as SHAEF), was the headquarters of the Commander of Allied forces in north west Europe, from late 1943 until the end of World War II. General Dwight Eisenhower was in command of SHAEF throughout its existence. ... Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (abbreviated as SHAEF), was the command headquarters of the commander of Allied forces in North West Europe in 1944 and 1945. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Combatants Allied Powers Nazi Germany Commanders Dwight D. Eisenhower (Supreme Allied Commander) Bernard Montgomery (land) Bertram Ramsay (sea) Trafford Leigh-Mallory (air) Gerd von Rundstedt (OB WEST) Erwin Rommel (Heeresgruppe B) Strength 326,000 (by June 11) ? Casualties 53,700 dead, 18,000 missing, 155,000 wounded about 200,000... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Battle of Normandy was fought in 1944 between the German forces occupying Western Europe and the invading Allies. ... Land on Normandy In military parlance, D-Day is a term often used to denote the day on which a combat attack or operation is to be initiated. ... June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining. ... A map of the operation. ... This article chronicles the end of the European Theatre of World War II. On April 25, 1945 United States and Soviet troops linked-up, cutting Germany in two. ... May 8 is the 128th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (129th in leap years). ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... During World War II, the Western Front was the theater of fighting west of Germany, encompassing France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxemberg, and Denmark. ...

As recognition of his senior position in the Allied command, on December 20, 1944, he was promoted to General of the Army equivalent to the rank of Field Marshal in most European armies. In this and the previous high commands he held, Eisenhower showed his great talents for leadership and diplomacy. Although he had never seen action himself, he won the respect of front-line commanders such as Omar Bradley and George Patton. He dealt skillfully with difficult allies such as Winston Churchill, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery and General Charles de Gaulle. He had fundamental disagreements with Churchill and Montgomery over questions of strategy, but these rarely upset his relationships with them. He negotiated with Soviet Marshal Zhukov, and such was the confidence that President Franklin D. Roosevelt had in him, he sometimes worked directly with Stalin. December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... General of the Army, or less formally five-star general, is historically the second most senior rank in the United States Army. ... Note: This article is about the military usage of the word marshal. For other usages, see the end of this article. ... General of the Army Omar N. Bradley Omar Nelson Bradley (February 12, 1893 â€“ April 8, 1981) was one of the main U.S. Army field commanders in North Africa and Europe during the World War II and a General of the Army of the United States Army. ... General George Smith Patton Jr. ... The Right Honourable Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS (30 November 1874 â€“ 24 January 1965) was a British statesman, best known as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. ... Bernard Law Montgomery Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein (November 17, 1887 - March 24, 1976) was a British military officer during World War II often referred to as Monty. ... General Charles AndrÃ© Joseph Marie De Gaulle ( â–¶ (helpÂ· info)) (November 22, 1890-November 9, 1970), in France commonly referred to as gÃ©nÃ©ral De Gaulle or Le GÃ©nÃ©ral, was a French military leader and statesman. ... State motto (Russian): ÐŸÑ€Ð¾Ð»ÐµÑ‚Ð°Ñ€Ð¸Ð¸ Ð²ÑÐµÑ… ÑÑ‚Ñ€Ð°Ð½, ÑÐ¾ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÑÐ¹Ñ‚ÐµÑÑŒ! (Transliterated: Proletarii vsekh stran, soedinyaytes!) (Translated: Workers of the world, unite!) Capital Moscow Official language None; Russian (de facto) Government Federation of Socialist republics/ Communist state Area - Total - % water Largest on the planet 22,402,200 kmÂ² ?% Population - Total - Density 3rd before collapse 293,047,571 (July... Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgi Zhukov Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov (Russian: Ð“ÐµÐ¾Ñ€Ð³Ð¸Ð¹ ÐšÐ¾Ð½ÑÑ‚Ð°Ð½Ñ‚Ð¸Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð–ÑƒÐºÐ¾Ð²) (December 1 N.S./November 19 O.S., 1896 â€“ June 18, 1974), Soviet military commander and politician, considered by many as one of the most successful field commanders of World War II. // Prewar career Born into a peasant family... Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 â€“ April 12, 1945), 32nd President of the United States (1933-1945), is best known for his leading the U.S. through the Great Depression via his New Deal, his building a powerful political coalition, the New Deal Coalition, that dominated American politics for decades... â–¶ (helpÂ· info) (Russian, in full: Ð˜Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ñ„ Ð’Ð¸ÑÑÐ°Ñ€Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð¡Ñ‚Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð½ (Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin), real name: Ð˜Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ñ„ Ð’Ð¸ÑÑÐ°Ñ€Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð”Ð¶ÑƒÐ³Ð°ÑˆÐ²Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ (Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili), Georgian: áƒ˜áƒáƒ¡áƒ”áƒ‘ áƒ¯áƒ£áƒ¦áƒáƒ¨áƒ•áƒ˜áƒšáƒ˜ (Ioseb Jughashvili); (December 18 [O.S. December 6] 1878 (from birth certificate, but the date on his death certificate is December 21 [O.S. December 9] 1879)) â€“ March 5, 1953) was the Premier of the Soviet...

Eisenhower was offered the Medal of Honor for his leadership in the European Theater but refused it, saying that it should be reserved for bravery and valor. The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration awarded by the United States. ...

It was never a certainty that Overlord would succeed. The tenuousness surrounding the entire decision including the timing and the location of the Normandy invasion might be summarized by a short speech that Eisenhower himself wrote, in advance, in case he might need it. In it, he took full responsibility for catastrophic failure, should that be the final result. Long after the successful landings on D-Day and the BBC broadcast of Eisenhower's brief speech concerning them, the never-used second speech was found in a shirt pocket by an aide. It read: Corporate logo of the British Broadcasting Corporation The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the national public service broadcaster of the United Kingdom (see British television). ...

Following the German unconditional surrender on May 8, 1945, Eisenhower was appointed Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone, based in Frankfurt-am-Main. Germany was divided into four Occupation Zones, one each for the U.S., Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. He made the controversial decision to reclassify German prisoners of war or POWs in U.S. custody as Disarmed Enemy Forces or DEFs. As DEFs, they could be compelled to serve as unpaid conscript labor. An unknown number may have died in custody as a consequence of malnutrition, exposure to the elements, and lack of medical care (see Eisenhower and German POWs). Unconditional surrender refers to a surrender without conditions, except for those provided by international law. ... May 8 is the 128th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (129th in leap years). ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Frankfurt am Main [ˈfraŋkfʊrt] is the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth largest city in Germany. ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... Disarmed Enemy Forces is a designation for captive enemy soldiers. ... // Accusation of genocide According to Canadian historian James Bacque hundreds of thousands or millions of German POWs died of starvation or exposure while held in post-war internment camps. ...

Eisenhower was named Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army in November 1945, and in December 1950 was named Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from active service on May 31, 1952, upon entering politics. During this period Eisenhower served as president of Columbia University from 1948 until 1953, though he was on leave from the University while he served as NATO commander. NATO 2002 Summit The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), sometimes called North Atlantic Alliance, Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for defence collaboration established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on April 4, 1949. ... May 31 is the 151st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (152nd in leap years), with 214 days remaining. ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a [[leap year starting on Tueday] (link will take you to calendar). ... Columbia University is a private university in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. ... The NATO flag NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), sometimes called North Atlantic Alliance, Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for defence collaboration established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, D.C., on April 4...

Download high resolution version (575x765, 36 KB)Eisenhower - 1947 photo Source: webpage DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY -- NAVAL HISTORICAL CENTER [1] Copyright: [2] Quote: To the best of our knowledge, all Online Library pictures are in the public domain and can therefore be freely downloaded and used for any purpose without... Download high resolution version (575x765, 36 KB)Eisenhower - 1947 photo Source: webpage DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY -- NAVAL HISTORICAL CENTER [1] Copyright: [2] Quote: To the best of our knowledge, all Online Library pictures are in the public domain and can therefore be freely downloaded and used for any purpose without...

Dates of rank

Second Lieutenant is the lowest commissioned rank in many armed forces. ... US Army Seal HHC, US Army Distinctive Unit Insignia The Army is the branch of the United States armed forces that has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... First Lieutenant is a military rank. ... Captain is both a nautical term and a military rank. ... Major is a military rank denoting an officer of mid-level command status. ... The National Army was the combined conscript and volunteer force that was was formed by the United States War Department in 1918 to fight in World War I. The National Army was formed from the old corps of the United States Army, augmented by units of the United States National... In the U.S. Army, Air Force and Marine Corps, a lieutenant colonel is a commissioned officer superior to a major and inferior to a colonel. ... The Regular Army is the name given to the permanent force of the United States Army that is maintained during peacetime. ... Colonel is a military rank of a commissioned officer, with the corresponding ranks existing in nearly every country in the world. ... A Brigadier General, or one-star general, is the lowest rank of general officer in the United States and some other countries, ranking just above Colonel and just below Major General. ... Insignia of a United States Air Force Major General German Generalmajor Insignia Major General is a military rank used in many countries. ... The Army of the United States is the official name for the draft force of the United States Army that may be raised at the discretion of the United States Congress in the event of the United States entering into a major armed conflict. ... Lieutenant General is a military rank used in many countries. ... General is a high military rank, used by nearly every country in the world. ... General of the Army, or less formally five-star general, is historically the second most senior rank in the United States Army. ...

Eisenhower's Presidency

After his many wartime successes, General Eisenhower returned to the U.S. a great hero. It would not be long before many supporters were pressuring him to run for public office.

Eisenhower was generally considered a political moderate, and it was not immediately clear which party he would choose to join. Eventually he settled on the Republican Party, and in 1952 he was nominated as the party's star candidate in the 1952 U.S. presidential election. Eisenhower easily defeated Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson and became the first career soldier since Ulysses S. Grant to be elected President. Although many presidents have served in the military, Eisenhower would be the only general to serve as President in the 20th century. The Republican Party, often called the GOP (for Grand Old Party), is one of the two major political parties in the United States, the other being the Democratic Party. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Portrait of Adlai Stevenson Adlai Ewing Stevenson II (February 5, 1900 â€“ July 14, 1965) was an American politician and statesman, noted for his skill in debate and oratory. ... Ulysses S. Grant (April 27, 1822 â€“ July 23, 1885) was the 18th President of the United States (1869â€“1877). ...

Foreign affairs

Eisenhower's presidency was dominated by the Cold War, the prolonged confrontation with the Soviet Union which had begun during Truman's term of office. Eisenhower Library Photo No. ... Eisenhower Library Photo No. ... The 1952 Republican National Convention was held in Chicago, Cook County, from 7 July to 11 July and nominated the popular general and war hero Dwight David Eisenhower also known as Ike for president and the anti-communist crusading senator from California, Richard Milhous Nixon, for vice president. ... For the generic term for a high-tension struggle between countries, see cold war (war). ... Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 â€“ December 26, 1972) was the thirty-fourth Vice President (1945) and the thirty-third President of the United States (1945â€“53), succeeding to the office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. ...

During his campaign, Eisenhower had promised to end the stalemate Korean War, and indeed a cease-fire was signed in July 1953. He signed defense treaties with South Korea and the Republic of China, and formed an anti-Communist alliance with Asian and Pacific countries, SEATO, to halt the spread of Communism in Asia. The Korean War, from June 25, 1950 to cease-fire on July 27, 1953 (technically speaking, the war has not yet ended), was a conflict between North Korea and South Korea. ... National motto: None Official language Mandarin Chinese Capital and largest city Taipei President Chen Shui-bian Vice President Annette Lu Premier Frank Hsieh Area - Total - % water Ranked 138th 35,980 kmÂ² 2. ... External links kamouflage. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ...

Eisenhower, while accepting the doctrine of containment originally developed by George Kennan, sought to fight the USSR through more active means as detailed in the State Department memorandum NSC-68. His covert action policy was laid out in NSC 162/2. He, along with Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, developed the tactic of covert action, taking advantage of the newly created CIA to interfere with suspected Communist governments abroad. An early use of covert action was against the anti-American Iranian prime minister Mossadeq in 1953. The Iranians army ejected him from power and replaced him with Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the legitimate ruler. Containment refers to the foreign policy strategy of the United States in the early years of the Cold War. ... George Frost Kennan (February 16, 1904 â€“ March 17, 2005) was an American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as the father of containment and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. ... NSC 68 was a policy paper written by the National Security Council for President Harry Truman providing a comprehensive analysis of the capabilities of the Soviet Union and of the United States of America from military, economic, political and psychological standpoints. ... Title page of NSC 162/2. ... John Foster Dulles John Foster Dulles (February 2, 1888 â€“ May 24, 1959) was an American statesman who served as Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from (1953 - 1959). ... Bold textCovert action is a practice that generally falls into the human intelligence area, that varies in purpose which may include gathering intelligence, kidnapping, sabotage, assasination, and other health altering practices. ... The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ... Mohammed Mossadegh (Persian: محمد مصدق‎) (May 19, 1882 - March 4, 1967) was prime minister of Iran from 1951 to 1953. ... Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (Persian: Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯Ø±Ø¶Ø§ Ø´Ø§Ù‡ Ù¾Ù‡Ù„ÙˆÛŒ) (October 26, 1919, Tehran â€“ July 27, 1980, Cairo), styled His Imperial Majesty Shahanshah Aryamehr (Light of the Aryans), was the last reigning Shah of Iran to date, ruling from 1941 until 1979. ...

Covert action continued throughout Eisenhower's administration. In the newly independent but chaotic Republic of Congo, the Soviet Union and the KGB had intervened in favor of popularly elected Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba. Anti-Communism had become an issue and the U.S. and CIA gave weapons and covert support to pro-Western and Democratic CIA assets Joseph Kasavubu and his subordinate, Colonel Joseph Mobutu. The initial struggle came to a close in December 1960, after Kasavubu and Mobutu overthrew Lumumba and proceeded to turn the country (later known as Zaire) into an autocracy which was unstable long after the end of Eisenhower's term. Mobutu assassinated Lumumba shortly after his overthrow, and some allege that the CIA (Sidney Gottlieb), collaborated with Mobutu in the assassination. The KGB emblem and motto: The sword and the shield KGB (transliteration of ÐšÐ“Ð‘) is the Russian-language acronym for the Committee for State Security, (Russian: â–¶ (helpÂ· info); transliteration: Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti). ... Patrice Lumumba Patrice Emery Lumumba (2 July 1925 - 17 January 1961) was an African nationalist leader and the first Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo when it declared its independence in June 1960. ... The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ... Joseph Kasa Vubu (c. ... Mobutu Sese Seko Nkuku wa za Banga (or Mobutu Sese Seko Koko Ngbendu Wa Za Banga; October 14, 1930 - September 7, 1997) was the President of Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) from 1965 to 1997. ... Autocracy is a form of government in which unlimited power is held by a single individual. ... This is an incomplete list of persons that were assassinated for political and other reasons, and who have individual entries. ... Sidney Gottlieb Sidney Gottlieb (August 3, 1918 â€“ March 7, 1999) was an American chemist probably best-known for his involvement with the Central Intelligence Agency mind control program (MKULTRA). ...

In 1956, Eisenhower strongly disapproved of the actions of Britain and France in sending troops to Egypt in the dispute over control of the Suez Canal (see Suez crisis). He used the economic power of the U.S. to force his European allies to back down and withdraw from Egypt. 1881 drawing of the Suez Canal The Suez Canal (Arabic: Ù‚Ù†Ø§Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø³ÙˆÙŠØ³, QanÄ al-Suways), west of the Sinai Peninsula, is a 163 km maritime canal in Egypt between Port Said (BÅ«r SaÄ«d) on the Mediterranean Sea and Suez (al-Suways) on the Red Sea. ... Combatants Israel, France, United Kingdom Egypt Commanders Moshe Dayan (CoS of the IDF) General Sir Charles Keightley (C-in-C), Vice-Admiral Pierre Barjot (Deputy) Gamal Abdel Nasser Strength 45,000 British, 34,000 French, 175,000 Israeli 300,000 Egyptians Casualties 200 Israelis, 107 British, 43 French dead or...

During his second term he became increasingly involved in Middle Eastern affairs, sending troops to Lebanon in 1958. A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...

Under Eisenhower's presidency the U.S. developed as a global nuclear power. When Russia also developed their nuclear weapons, fears of mutual annihilation in a Third World War intensified. On 30 October 1953, Eisenhower approved the security policy document NSC 162/2, which emphasized nuclear weapons above all other defense means. Nuclear weapons were seen as the most economically feasible means to deter the Soviet Union from military action against what then was called the "Free World." American chagrin at the Soviets' 1957 surprise launch of Sputnik, the first artificial satellite, led to many strategic initiatives, including the creation of NASA in 1958. Eisenhower hoped that after the death of Stalin in 1953, it would be possible to come to an agreement with subsequent Russian leaders to halt the nuclear arms race. Several attempts at convening a summit conference were made. The last attempt failed in 1960 when Nikita Khrushchev withdrew following the shooting down of an American U-2 spy plane over the Soviet Union. Nuclear war, or atomic war, is war in which nuclear weapons are used. ... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the epicenter. ... Nuclear fireball from a U.S. nuclear test World War III is the name given to a hypothetical world war that would be fought after World War II. Most usages of the term include the use of weapons of mass destruction such as nuclear weapons. ... Title page of NSC 162/2. ... 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Sputnik 1 The Sputnik program was a series of unmanned space missions launched by the Soviet Union in the late 1950s to demonstrate the viability of artificial satellites. ... The Sputnik crisis was a turning point of the Cold War that began on October 4, 1957 when the Soviet Union launched the Sputnik 1 satellite. ... NASA Logo Listen to this article Â· (info) This audio file was created from the revision dated 2005-09-01, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვილი; see Other names section) (December 21, 1879[1] – March 5, 1953) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and leader of the Soviet Union. ... The nuclear arms race was a competition for supremacy in nuclear weapons between the United States and Soviet Union during the Cold War. ... Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchof (Khrushchev) (Russian: ÐÐ¸ÐºÐ¸ÌÑ‚Ð° Ð¡ÐµÑ€Ð³ÐµÌÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð¥Ñ€ÑƒÑ‰Ñ‘Ð² â–¶ (helpÂ· info), April 17, 1894 â€“ September 11, 1971) was the leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ... The U-2 is a single-seat, single-engine, high-altitude Surveillance aircraft flown by the United States Air Force. ...

Domestic affairs

Like most Republican presidents, Eisenhower believed that a free enterprise economy should run itself, and he took little interest in domestic policy. Although his 1952 landslide gave the Republicans control of both houses of the Congress, Eisenhower believed that taxes could not be cut until the budget was balanced. "We cannot afford to reduce taxes, [and] reduce income," he said, "until we have in sight a program of expenditure that shows that the factors of income and outgo will be balanced." The Democrats regained control in the 1954 Senate and House elections, limiting his freedom of action on domestic policy. He forged a good relationship with Congressional leaders, particularly House Speaker Sam Rayburn. Free Enterprise is am economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods; investments that are determined by private decision rather than by state control; and determined in a free market. ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a [[leap year starting on Tueday] (link will take you to calendar). ... Results -- Republican holds in light red, pickups in dark red, Democratic holds in light blue, pickups in dark blue The U.S. Senate election, 1954 was an election for the United States Senate which was a midterm election in the first term of Dwight D. Eisenhowers presidency. ... The U.S. House election, 1954 was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1954 which occurred in the middle of President Dwight Eisenhowers first term. ... Samuel Taliaferro Rayburn (6 January 1882â€“16 November 1961) was a United States politician from Texas. ...

Eisenhower appointed a Cabinet full of businessmen and gave them wide latitude in handling domestic affairs. He allowed them to take credit for domestic policy and allow him to concentrate on foreign affairs. With respect to the emerging civil rights movement, he has been criticized by liberals for being reluctant to exercise leadership unless forced to. In 1957, however, he sent federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas after Governor Orval Faubus attempted to defy a Supreme Court ruling that ordered the desegregation of all public schools. Description: President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Oval Office, February 29, 1956. ... Description: President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Oval Office, February 29, 1956. ... February 29 is the 60th day of a leap year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 306 days remaining. ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Civil Rights Movement in the United States, political, legal, and social struggle to gain full citizenship rights for African American and to achieve racial equality. ... In politics, left-wing, political left, leftism, or simply the left, are terms which refer (with no particular precision) to the segment of the political spectrum typically associated with any of several strains of socialism, social democracy, or liberalism (especially in the American sense of the word), or with opposition... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Orval Eugene Faubus (7 January 1910â€“14 December 1994) was a six-term Democratic Governor of Arkansas, infamous for his 1957 stand against integration of Little Rock, Arkansas schools in defiance of U.S. Supreme Court rulings. ... The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court in the United States of America. ... Desegregation is the process of ending racial segregation, most commonly used in reference to the United States. ...

Eisenhower was also criticized for not taking a public stand against Senator Joseph McCarthy's anti-communist campaigns. Privately he held McCarthy in contempt for the senator's attacks on his friend and World War II colleague, General George Marshall, Secretary of State under Truman. He stated "I just won't get down in the gutter with that man". This was little comfort to the many people whose reputations were ruined by McCarthy's allegations of Communist conspiracies. Later, it was revealed that Eisenhower worked behind the scenes to bring McCarthy down. Yet, in a speech delivered in Milwaukee on October 3, 1952, just after being chosen as the Republican nominee, Eisenhower opted not to make any statement defending Marshall. A full paragraph in the sixth draft of that speech was written for that purpose, but Eisenhower decided to drop the paragraph. Joseph Raymond McCarthy Joseph Raymond McCarthy (November 14, 1908 â€“ May 2, 1957) was a Republican Senator from the state of Wisconsin from 1947 to 1957. ... George C. Marshall For the Olympic athlete, see George Marshall (athlete). ... This article is about Milwaukee in Wisconsin. ... October 3 is the 276th day of the year (277th in Leap years). ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a [[leap year starting on Tueday] (link will take you to calendar). ...

Eisenhower endorsed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, which created the United States' Interstate Highways. It was the largest public works program in U.S. history, providing a 41,000-mile highway system. Eisenhower had been impressed during the war with the German Autobahn system, and also recalled his own involvement in a military convoy in 1919 that took 62 days to cross the U.S. Another achievement was a 20% increase in family income during his presidency, of which he was very proud. The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, popularly known as the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act, officially began on June 29, 1956, when a hospitalized Dwight D. Eisenhower signed this bill into law. ... Interstate Highways in the lower 48 states. ... The notion of internal improvements or public works is a concept in economics and politics. ... The German and Austrian autobahn sign The Swiss autobahn sign Autobahn (pronounced in IPA) is the German word for a major high-speed road confined to motor vehicles and having full control of access, similar to a motorway or freeway in English-speaking countries. ...

Eisenhower retained his popularity throughout his presidency. In 1956 he was re-elected by an even wider margin than in 1952, again defeating Stevenson, and carrying such traditional Democratic states as Texas and Tennessee. Description: Eisenhower and President-elect John Kennedy, December, 1960. ... Description: Eisenhower and President-elect John Kennedy, December, 1960. ... Official language(s) None. ... State nickname: Volunteer State Official languages English Capital Nashville Largest city Memphis Governor Phil Bredesen (D) Senators Bill Frist (R) Lamar Alexander (R) Area - Total - % water Ranked 36th 109,247 kmÂ² 2. ...

However, there were three recessions during Eisenhower's administration — July 1953 through May 1954, August 1957 through April 1958, and April 1960 through February 1961. Real GDP growth averaged just 2.5 percent over those eight years. A recession is usually defined in macroeconomics as a fall of a countrys Gross National Product in two successive quarters. ...

Eisenhower had mixed feelings about his Vice President, Richard Nixon, and only reluctantly endorsed him as the Republican candidate at the 1960 Presidential election. Nixon campaigned against Kennedy on the great experience he had acquired in eight years as Vice President, but when Eisenhower was asked to name a decision Nixon had been responsible for in that time, he replied (intending a joke): "Give me a week and I might think of something." This was a severe blow to Nixon, and he blamed Eisenhower for his narrow loss to Kennedy. Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 â€“ April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 â€“ November 22, 1963), often referred to as John F. Kennedy, JFK, or Jack Kennedy, was the 35th President of the United States. ...

References

Scholarly secondary sources

Primary sources

Cabinet

The President of the United States (fully, President of the United States of America; unofficially abbreviated POTUS) is the head of state of the United States and the chief executive of the federal government. ... The Vice President of the United States is the second-highest executive official of the United States government, the person who, in the words of Adlai Stevenson, is a heartbeat from the presidency. ... Order: 37th President Vice President: Spiro Agnew (1969â€“1973), Gerald R. Ford (1973â€“1974) Term of office: January 20, 1969 â€“ August 9, 1974 Preceded by: Lyndon B. Johnson Succeeded by: Gerald R. Ford Date of birth: January 9, 1913 Place of birth: Yorba Linda, California Date of death: April 22... The Seal of the United States Department of State The United States Secretary of State is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with foreign affairs. ... John Foster Dulles John Foster Dulles (February 2, 1888 â€“ May 24, 1959) was an American statesman who served as Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from (1953 - 1959). ... Portrait of U.S. Secretary of State Christian Herter Christian Archibald Herter (March 28, 1895–December 30, United States politician and statesman, governor of Massachusetts, and Secretary of State 1959-1961. ... John W. Snow, the current Secretary of the Treasury. ... George Magoffin Humphrey (March 8, 1890–January 20, 1970) was an American lawyer, businessman and Cabinet secretary. ... Robert Bernard Anderson (June 4, 1910–August 14, 1989) was a U.S. administrator and businessman. ... Seal of the United States Department of Defense The United States Secretary of Defense is the head of the United States Department of Defense, concerned with the armed services and The Secretary is appointed by the President with the approval of the Senate, and is a member of the Cabinet. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Neil Hosler McElroy (30 October 1904 - 30 November 1972) was United States Secretary of Defense from 1957 to 1959 under President Eisenhower. ... Thomas Sovereign Gates, Jr. ... The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement officer of the United States government. ... Herbert Brownell, Jr. ... William Pierce Rogers (June 23, 1913 â€“ January 2, 2001) was an American politician, who served as a Cabinet officer in the administrations of two U.S. Presidents in the third quarter of the 20th century. ... The Postmaster General is the executive head of the United States Postal Service. ... Arthur Ellsworth Summerfield (17 March 1899, Pinconning, Michigan – 26 April 1972, West Palm Beach, Florida) was a U.S. political figure. ... The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior, concerned with such matters as national parks and The Secretary is a member of the Presidents Cabinet. ... James Douglas McKay (June 24, 1893 - July 22, 1959) born in Portland, Oregon, was a Republican from Oregon. ... Frederick Andrew Seaton (December 11, 1909–January 16, 1974) was United States Secretary of the Interior during Dwight Eisenhowers administration. ... Ezra Taft Benson (August 4, 1899 â€“ May 30, 1994) was United States Secretary of Agriculture for both of the administrations of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and he later served as President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1985 until his death. ... The office of the U.S. Secretary of Commerce in the mid-20th century. ... Categories: U.S. Secretaries of Commerce | People stubs | United States Senators | 1893 births | 1972 deaths ... Categories: People stubs | U.S. Secretaries of Commerce | 1896 births | 1974 deaths ... Categories: People stubs | U.S. Secretaries of Commerce | 1893 births | 1976 deaths ... Martin Patrick Durkin (1894 - 1955) was a U.S. administrator. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare was the head of the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. ... Secretary Hobby Oveta Culp Hobby (January 19, 1905â€“August 16, 1995) was the first secretary of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, first commanding officer of the Womens Army Corps, and chairman of the board of the Houston Post. ... Marion Bayard Folsom (November 23, 1893–September 27, 1976) was U.S. Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare from 1955 through 1958. ... Arthur Sherwood Flemming was a United States Secretary of Health and Welfare between 1958 - 1961 under the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. ...

Supreme Court appointments

Eisenhower appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court in the United States of America. ...

Earl Warren (March 19, 1891 â€“ July 9, 1974) was a California district attorney, the 30th Governor of California, and the 14th Chief Justice of the United States (from 1953 to 1969). ... 1953 (MCMLIII) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... John Marshall Harlan II (May 20, 1899 â€“ December 29, 1971) was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... William J. Brennan, official portrait, 1976. ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Charles Evans Whittaker (February 22, 1901 â€“ November 26, 1973) was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1957 to 1962. ... 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Justice Potter Stewart Potter Stewart (January 23, 1915 - December 7, 1985) was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. ... 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

States admitted to the Union

Official language(s) English Capital Juneau Largest city Anchorage Area - Total - Width - Length - % water - Latitude - Longitude Ranked 1st 663,267 miÂ² / 1,717,854 kmÂ² 808 mi / 1,300 km 1,479 mi / 2,380 km 13. ... January 3 is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Official language(s) Hawaiian and English Capital Honolulu Largest city Honolulu Area - Total - Width - Length - % water - Latitude - Longitude Ranked 43rd 28,337 kmÂ² n/a km 2,450 km 41. ... August 21 is the 233rd day of the year (234th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

White House staff and advisors

Emmett John Hughes (December 26, 1920 - September 18, 1982) was a foreign bureau chief for and article editor for Time-Life and an aide and speechwriter for U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower. ... Llewelyn Sherman A. Adams (July 8, 1899-October 27, 1986) was a United States politician, best known as White House Chief of Staff for President Dwight D. Eisenhower, the culmination of a relatively short (18-year) political career that also included a stint as Governor of New Hampshire. ... James Campbell Hagerty (May 9, 1909 - April 11, 1981) served as White House Press Secretary from 1953 to 1961 during the Eisenhower administration. ...

Retirement, death, and legacy

On January 17, 1961, Eisenhower gave his final televised speech from the Oval Office. In his farewell speech to the nation, Eisenhower raised the issue of the Cold War and role of the U.S. armed forces. He described the Cold War saying: "We face a hostile ideology global in scope, atheistic in character, ruthless in purpose and insidious in method...A vital element in keeping the peace is our military establishment. Our arms must be mighty, ready for instant action, so that no potential aggressor may be tempted to risk his own destruction." Eisenhower Library Photo No. ... Eisenhower Library Photo No. ... January 17 is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Oval Office is the official office of the President of the United States, in the West Wing of the White House, built in 1909. ... For the generic term for a high-tension struggle between countries, see cold war (war). ... For information about the band, see Atheist (band). ...

Earlier in his remarks he had warned about what he saw as unjustified government spending proposals and continued with a warning that "we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the Military-industrial complex... Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together." The term military-industrial complex usually refers to the combination of the U.S. armed forces, arms industry and associated political and commercial interests, which grew rapidly in scale and influence in the wake of World War II, although it can also be used to describe any such relationship of...

Three days later, when he handed over the presidency to John F. Kennedy, at 43 the youngest elected president, he was the oldest president to serve, at 70 years and 98 days – a record since broken by Ronald Reagan. Eisenhower was the first president affected by the 22nd Amendment, limiting presidential terms, and the first Republican president to be elected to two full terms since William McKinley (who did not live to serve them both). John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 â€“ November 22, 1963), often referred to as John F. Kennedy, JFK, or Jack Kennedy, was the 35th President of the United States. ... Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 â€“ June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981â€“1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967â€“1975). ... (Redirected from 22nd Amendment) The Twenty-second Amendment of the United States Constitution establishes a two-term limit for the Presidency. ...

Once Eisenhower left office his reputation declined, and he was seen as having been a "do-nothing" President. This was partly because of the contrast between Eisenhower and his young, activist successor, John F. Kennedy, but also due to his reluctance to support the civil rights movement or to stop McCarthyism. Such omissions were held against him during the liberal climate of the 1960s and 1970s. Eisenhower's reputation has risen since that time due to his non-partisan nature, his wartime leadership, his action in Arkansas, his being the last President to balance budget, and an increasing appreciation of how difficult it is today to maintain a prolonged peace. In recent surveys of historians, Eisenhower is often ranked in the top ten among all U.S. Presidents. McCarthyism took place during a period of intense suspicion in the United States primarily from 1950 to 1954, when the U.S. government was actively countering American Communist Party subversion, its leadership, and others suspected of being Communists or Communist sympathizers. ... Many surveys have been conducted in order to construct rankings of the success of individuals who have served as President of the United States. ...

Eisenhower is purported to have said that his September 1953 appointment of California Governor Earl Warren as Chief Justice of the United States was "the biggest damn fool mistake I ever made". Some sources place this act on Eisenhower's own list of "My Top Five Lifetime Mistakes". Eisenhower disagreed vigorously with several of the Chief Justice's decisions. Warren's appointment was perhaps in appreciation of his swinging his California delegates to support "Ike" at a crucial point of the 1952 Republican National Convention.

Eisenhower retired to the place where he and Mamie had spent much of their post-war time, a working farm adjacent to the battlefield at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The Gettysburg farm is a National Historic Site [4]. In retirement, he did not completely retreat from political life; he spoke at the 1964 Republican convention, and also appeared with Barry Goldwater in a Republican campaign commercial from Gettysburg.[5] Gettysburg is a borough 38 miles (68 km) south by southwest of Harrisburg located in Adams County, Pennsylvania, USA, of which it is the county seatGR6. ... National Historic Site is a designation for a protected area of historic significance. ... The Republican National Convention, the presidential nominating convention of the United States Republican Party, is held every four years to determine the partys candidate for the coming Presidential election and the partys platform. ... Barry Goldwater Barry Morris Goldwater (January 1, 1909 â€“ May 29, 1998) was a United States politician and a founding figure in the modern conservative movement in the USA as well as being a major inspiration for many of his youthful followers to join the libertarian movement. ...

Due to legal issues related to holding a military rank while in a civilian office, Eisenhower resigned his permanent commission as General of the Army before entering the office of President of the United States. Upon completion of his Presidential term, his commission on the retired list was reactivated and Eisenhower was again commissioned a five star general in the United States Army. With the exception of George Washington, who was appointed a Lieutenant General after serving as President, Eisenhower is the only United States President with military service to reenter the United States armed forces after leaving the office of President. Eisenhower Library Photo No. ... Eisenhower Library Photo No. ... General of the Army, or less formally five-star general, is historically the second most senior rank in the United States Army. ... George Washington (February 22, 1732 â€“ December 14, 1799) was the successful Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War (1775â€“1783), and later became the first President of the United States, an office to which he was elected twice (1789-1797). ... Lieutenant General is a military rank used in many countries. ... The armed forces of the United States of America consist of the United States Army United States Navy United States Air Force United States Marine Corps United States Coast Guard Note: The United States Coast Guard has both military and law enforcement functions. ...

"Ike" Eisenhower died at 12:25 PM on March 28, 1969, at Walter Reed Army Hospital in Washington D.C., after a long illness at the age of 78. He was honored with a state funeral at Washington National Cathedral and a full military funeral in Abilene, Kansas [6]. He lies alongside his wife and their first child, who died in childhood, in a small chapel called the Place of Meditation, at the Eisenhower Presidential Library, located in Abilene. March 28 is the 87th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (88th in Leap years). ... Walter Reed Army Medical Center is the U.S. Armys premier medical center on the east coast of the United States. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United... A state funeral is a public funeral ceremony held to honour heads of state or other important people of national significance. ... Washington National Cathedral was the site of two Presidential state funerals: for Dwight D. Eisenhower and Ronald W. Reagan, and a presidential burial in the cathedral mausoleum: Woodrow Wilson. ... Abilene is a city located in Dickinson County, Kansas, United States, 163 miles (262 km) west of Kansas City. ... State nickname: The Sunflower State Official languages None Capital Topeka Largest city Wichita Governor Kathleen Sebelius (D) Senators Sam Brownback (R) Pat Roberts (R) Area - Total - % water Ranked 15th 82,277 miÂ²; 213,096 kmÂ² 0. ... The Eisenhower Presidential Center includes the Eisenhower presidential library, President Dwight David Eisenhowers boyhood home, Museum, and gravesite. ...

Eisenhower's portrait was on the dollar coin from 1971 to 1978. Nearly 700 million of the copper-nickel clad coins were minted for general circulation, and far smaller numbers of uncirculated and proof issues (in both copper-nickel and 40% silver varieties) were produced for collectors. Ike reappeared on a commemorative silver dollar issued in 1990, celebrating the 100th anniversary of his birth. A beautiful example of a proof coin. ... See: Commemorative coin United States Commemorative Coin Commemorative stamp This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

In 1945, General Eisenhower was the first American made an honorary member of the British Order of Merit. Only one other American has ever been given this honor, John Gilbert Winant in 1947. Eisenhower is one of very few Americans made an honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath. 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... For other Orders see Order of Merit (disambiguation). ... John Gilbert Winant (1889-1947) was a U.S. politician. ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... This is an incomplete list of people who have been created Honorary Knights (or Dames) by the British crown, as well as those who have been raised to the two comparable Orders of Chivalry (Order of Merit and Order of the Companions of Honour) and the Royal Victorian Chain, which... Military Badge of the Order of the Bath Listen to this article Â· (info) This audio file was created from the revision dated 2005-04-11, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ...

In 1983, The Eisenhower Institute was founded in Washington, D.C. as a policy institute to advance Eisenhower's intellectual and leadership legacies. The Eisenhower Institute is a policy institute founded in 1983 to advance Dwight D. Eisenhowers intellectual and leadership legacies. ...

In 1999, the United States Congress created the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission, which is in the planning stages of creating an enduring Eisenhower National Memorial in Washington, D.C. across the street from the National Air and Space Museum on the National Mall. Congress in Joint Session. ... In 1999 the United States Congress created the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission, which is in the planning stages of creating an Eisenhower National Memorial dedicated to the memory of Dwight D. Eisenhower in Washington, D.C. across the street from the National Air and Space Museum on the National... The Eisenhower National Memorial is a proposed United States presidential memorial to be constructed for United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower. ... Location in the United States of America Washington, D.C. is the capital city of the United States of America. ... Interior of museum, with Gemini capsule, Soviet rockets, and Wright Flyer visible The National Air and Space Museum (NASM) of the United States Smithsonian Institution maintains the largest collection of aircraft and spacecraft in the world. ... 1901 plan for the National Mall proposed by the McMillan Commission. ...

Eisenhower has been portrayed by several actors, including Tom Selleck in the 2004 television program "Ike: Countdown to D-Day" which depicts the 90 days leading up to the D-Day Invasion. On June 6 of that year, Eisenhower's grandson, David, along with Roosevelt's grandson, David, and Arabella Churchill, granddaughter of British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill, appeared on MSNBC during the network's coverage of the 60th anniversary of D-Day and talked about the roles their respective grandfathers played during the allied invasion.³ Selleck at a formal affair, sans his trademark moustache. ... Land on Normandy In military parlance, D-Day is a term often used to denote the day on which a combat attack or operation is to be initiated. ... June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining. ... Arabella Churchill (born October 30th 1949) is a British philanthropist. ... The Right Honourable Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill KG, OM, CH, PC, FRS (November 30, 1874 – January 24, 1965) was a British statesman, best known as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during World War II. At various times an author, soldier, journalist, and politician, Churchill is generally regarded as... MSNBC (a grammatical blend of MSN and NBC) is a 24-hour cable news channel in the United States. ...

Quotes

From this day forward, the millions of our school children will daily proclaim in every city, every village, and every rural schoolhouse, the dedication of our nation and our people to the Almighty.
--Dwight D. Eisenhower when signing into law the phrase "One nation under God" into the Pledge of Allegiance. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (398x608, 61 KB) Summary Stamp owned by Swollib Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (398x608, 61 KB) Summary Stamp owned by Swollib Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... A USPS Truck at Night A U.S. Post Office sign The United States Postal Service (USPS) is the United States government organization responsible for providing postal service in the United States and is generally referred to as the post office. ... 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday For other uses, see Number 1969. ...

Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signifies in the final sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are not clothed. This world in arms is not spending money alone. It is spending the sweat of its laborers, the genius of its scientists, the hopes of its children. This is not a way of life at all in any true sense. Under the clouds of war, it is humanity hanging on a cross of iron.
-- Dwight Eisenhower, April 16, 1953 April 16 is the 106th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (107th in leap years). ... 1953 (MCMLIII) is a common year starting on Thursday. ...

I like to believe that people in the long run are going to do more to promote peace than our governments. Indeed, I think that people want peace so much that one of these days governments had better get out of the way and let them have it.
-- Dwight D. Eisenhower

In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist.
-- Dwight D. Eisenhower, Farewell Address January 17, 1961 (source: Fortune program) The term military-industrial complex usually refers to the combination of the U.S. armed forces, arms industry and associated political and commercial interests, which grew rapidly in scale and influence in the wake of World War II, although it can also be used to describe any such relationship of... January 17 is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Should any political party attempt to abolish social security, unemployment insurance, and eliminate labor laws and farm programs, you would not hear of that party again in our political history. There is a tiny splinter group, of course, that believes you can do these things. Among them are H. L. Hunt (you possibly know his background), a few other Texas oil millionaires, and an occasional politician or business man from other areas. Their number is negligible and they are stupid.
-- Dwight D. Eisenhower in a letter to his brother Edgar, November 8, 1954, Snopes page Haroldson Lafayette Hunt, Jr. ... November 8 is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 53 days remaining. ... 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Footnotes

A watchtower is a type of fortification. ... March 29 is the 88th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (89th in Leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Media

Image File history File links Image:FilmRoll-small. ... Eisenhower video montage. ... A megabyte is a unit of information or computer storage equal to one million bytes. ... OGG can refer to several items: Ogg is a multimedia bitstream container, used for audio and video files, especially Vorbis audio files. ... Theora is a video codec being developed by the Xiph. ...

See also

Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Cassandra Is born 1993 // The Cold War Main article: Cold War (1953-1962) The origins of the Cold War For more than a decade after the end of World War II, few American historians saw any reason to challenge the official U.S. interpretation of the beginning of the Cold... The term military-industrial complex usually refers to the combination of the U.S. armed forces, arms industry and associated political and commercial interests, which grew rapidly in scale and influence in the wake of World War II, although it can also be used to describe any such relationship of... Atoms for Peace was the title of a speech delivered by Dwight D. Eisenhower to the UN General Assembly in New York City on December 8, 1953. ... People to People Logo People to People is owned by Ambassadors Group, Inc. ... Mount Eisenhower. ... Kay Summersby or Kay Summersby Morgan (1908-1975), was born in County Cork, Ireland. ... The Eisenhower Presidential Center includes the Eisenhower presidential library, President Dwight David Eisenhowers boyhood home, Museum, and gravesite. ... Elvis gyrated and McCarthy railed. ... // Accusation of genocide According to Canadian historian James Bacque hundreds of thousands or millions of German POWs died of starvation or exposure while held in post-war internment camps. ...

External links

Image File history File links i would like to see some quotations by or about goebbels. ... Wikiquote logo Wikiquote is a sister project of Wikipedia, using the same MediaWiki software. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikisource â€“ The Free Library â€“ is a Wikimedia project to build a free, wiki library of primary source texts, along with translations of source-texts into any language and other supporting materials. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ... Project Gutenberg (often abbreviated as PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize, archive, and distribute cultural works. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... George C. Marshall George Catlett Marshall (December 31, 1880–October 16, 1959), an American military leader and statesman, was born into a middle-class family in Uniontown, Pennsylvania. ... The Flag of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army The Chief of Staff of the United States Army (CSA) is the professional head of the United States Army who is responsible for insuring readiness of the Army. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... Omar Nelson Bradley (February 12, 1893 - April 8, 1981) was one of the main US Army field commanders in North Africa and Europe during World War II. Bradley was born to a poor family near Clark, Missouri, the son of a schoolteacher. ... Columbia University is a private university in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1953 (MCMLIII) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Grayson Louis Kirk (b. ... The NATO structure is divided into two commands, one for operations and one for transformation. ... The NATO flag NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), sometimes called North Atlantic Alliance, Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for defence collaboration established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, D.C., on April 4... 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a [[leap year starting on Tueday] (link will take you to calendar). ... Matthew Bunker Ridgway (March 3, 1895 - July 26, 1993) was a United States Army general. ... Thomas Edmund Dewey (March 24, 1902 â€“ March 16, 1971) was the Governor of New York (1943-1955) and the Republican candidate for the U.S. Presidency in two elections (1944 and 1948), losing both times. ... [1] Died in office. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 â€“ April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ... Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 â€“ December 26, 1972) was the thirty-fourth Vice President (1945) and the thirty-third President of the United States (1945â€“53), succeeding to the office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. ... The President of the United States (fully, President of the United States of America; unofficially abbreviated POTUS) is the head of state of the United States and the chief executive of the federal government. ... January 20 is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1953 (MCMLIII) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... January 20 is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 â€“ November 22, 1963), often referred to as John F. Kennedy, JFK, or Jack Kennedy, was the 35th President of the United States. ...

Awards and decorations

United States

This article concerns the United States Army Distinguished Service Medal. ... Bronze and Silver oak leaf clusters An Oak leaf cluster is a common device which is placed on military awards and decorations to denote those who have received more than one bestowal of a particular decoration. ... The Navy Distinguished Service Medal is a military award of the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps which was first created in 1919. ... The Legion of Merit is an awesome award which only the bravest of Americans will ever win. ... The World War I Victory Medal is a decoration of the United States military which was first created in 1919. ... The European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal is a miliary decoration of the United States armed forces which was first created in 1942 by Executive Order of President Franklin Roosevelt. ... Bronze and Silver Service Stars A Service star is an attachment to a military decoration which denotes participation in military campaigns or multiple bestowals of the same award. ... American Campaign Medal The American Campaign Medal was a decoration of the United States military which was first created in 1942 by order of President Franklin Roosevelt. ... The American Defense Service Medal is a decoration of the United States military which was created in 1941 by Executive Order of President Franklin Roosevelt. ... Campaign Clasp Examples A Campaign clasp is an attachment to a military award consisting of a metal bar which is pinned to the upper cloth portion of an award medal. ... WWII Victory Medal The World War II Victory Medal is a decoration of the United States military which was created by an act of Congress in July 1945. ... Mexican Border Service Medal The Mexican Border Service Medal was a decoration of the United States military which was established by an act of the United States Congress on July 9, 1918. ... Army of Occupation Medal with Germany Clasp The Army of Occupation Medal is a military decoration of the United States military which was established by the United States War Department in 1946. ...

International Awards

In addition, Eisenhower's name was given to a variety of streets, avenues, etc. in cities around the world, including Paris, France. Military Badge of the Order of the Bath Listen to this article Â· (info) This audio file was created from the revision dated 2005-04-11, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ... For other Orders see Order of Merit (disambiguation). ... Africa Star Medal The Africa Star was a decoration of the British Empire that was issued between 1939 and 1945 for service in the North African theater of the Second World War. ... Order of Leopold The Order of Leopold is the highest military order of Belgium and is named in honor of King Leopold I. The decoration was established in 1832 and is awarded for extreme bravery in combat or for meritorious service of immense benefit to the Belgian nation. ... The Croix de guerre is a military decoration of both Belgium and France which was first created in 1915. ... Knights badge of the Legion of Honour The LÃ©gion dhonneur (Legion of Honor (AmE) or Legion of Honour (ComE)) is an Order of Chivalry first established by NapolÃ©on Bonaparte, First Consul of the French Republic, on May 19, 1802. ... The Croix de guerre is a military decoration of both Belgium and France which was first created in 1915. ... The French Liberation Medal is a decoration of the French Republic which is issued to any veteran of the Second World War who participated in the European campaigns to liberate France from German occupation between 1944 and 1945. ... Luxembourg Croix de guerre The Luxembourg War Cross is a military decoration of Luxembourg which was first created in 1945 by the Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg. ... 4th Class Medal of the Order of the White Lion, Military Division The Order of the White Lion is the highest order of the Czech Republic, which continues a Czechoslovak order of the same name created in 1922 as an award for foreigners ( Czechoslovakia had no decoration for its citizens... The Order of the Elephant is the highest Order (decoration) of Denmark. ... Medal of the Order of Ouissan Alaouite The Order of Ouissan Alaouite is a military decoration of Morocco which is bestowed upon those military officers who have displayed heroism in combat or have contributed meritorious service to the Moroccan state. ... The Order of Victory (Russian: ÐžÑ€Ð´ÐµÐ½ ÐŸÐ¾Ð±ÐµÐ´Ñ‹) was the highest military decoration in the Soviet Union, and one of the rarest orders in the world. ... The Order of Suvorov (Russian ÐžÑ€Ð´ÐµÐ½ Ð¡ÑƒÐ²Ð¾Ñ€Ð¾Ð²Ð°) is a Soviet award, named after Aleksandr Suvorov, was established on July 29, 1942 (during World War II) by a Decision of the Presidium of Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The medal was created to award army personnel for exceptional duty in combat operations. ... Order of Virtuti Militari The Order of Virtuti Militari (Latin: For Military Valor) is Polands highest military decoration for valor in the face of the enemy. ... The Order of George I was formally a Order of Greece named after King George I of Greece. ... The neutrality and factual accuracy of this article are disputed. ...

Categories: 1890 births | 1969 deaths | Alpha Phi Omega honorary brothers | American World War I veterans | American World War II people | Army Black Knights football players | Columbia alumni | German-Americans | Knights Grand Cross of the Bath | Korean War people | Legion of Honor recipients | Members of the Order of Merit | Ordre de la Libération | People from Kansas | People from Texas | Presbyterians | Presidents of the United States | Recipients of the Legion of Merit | Recipients of Virtuti Militari | U.S. Army generals | U.S. Republican Party presidential nominees | West Point graduates [1] Died in office. ... Clean up of Image:Republicanlogo. ... John C. FrÃ©mont John Charles FrÃ©mont (January 21, 1813â€“July 13, 1890), born John Charles Fremon, was an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the United States Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first Presidential candidate of a major... Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 â€“ April 15, 1865), sometimes called Abe Lincoln and nicknamed Honest Abe, the Rail Splitter, and the Great Emancipator, was the 16th President of the United States (1861 to 1865), and the first president from the Republican Party. ... Ulysses S. Grant (April 27, 1822 â€“ July 23, 1885) was the 18th President of the United States (1869â€“1877). ... Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 â€“ January 17, 1893) was the 19th President of the United States (1877 â€“ 1881). ... James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 â€“ September 19, 1881) was the 20th President of the United States (1881), and the second U.S. President to be assassinated. ... James G. Blaine James Gillespie Blaine (January 31, 1830 â€“ January 27, 1893) was a U.S. Representative, U.S. Senator from Maine and a two-time United States Secretary of State. ... Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833 â€“ March 13, 1901) was the 23rd President of the United States (1889-1893). ... The name Mckinley redirects here. ... Theodore Roosevelt, formally Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ... William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 â€“ March 8, 1930) was an American politician, the 27th President of the United States, and the 10th Chief Justice of the United States. ... Charles Evans Hughes (April 11, 1862 â€“ August 27, 1948) was Governor of New York, United States Secretary of State, and Chief Justice of the United States. ... Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 â€“ August 2, 1923) was an American politician and the 29th President of the United States, serving from 1921 to 1923, when he became the sixth president to die in office. ... John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. ... Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 â€“ October 20, 1964) the 31st President of the United States (1929-1933). ... Alfred M. Landon Alfred Mossman Alf Landon (September 9, 1887 â€“ October 12, 1987) was an American Republican politician from Kansas, notable nationally for his 1936 nomination as the Republican opponent of Franklin D. Roosevelt. ... Wendell L. Willkie Wendell Lewis Willkie (February 18, 1892 â€“ October 8, 1944) was a lawyer, born in Elwood, Indiana, the only native of Indiana to be nominated as the presidential candidate for a national party, having never held any sort of high elected office. ... Thomas Edmund Dewey (March 24, 1902 â€“ March 16, 1971) was the Governor of New York (1943-1955) and the Republican candidate for the U.S. Presidency in two elections (1944 and 1948), losing both times. ... Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 â€“ April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ... Barry Goldwater Barry Morris Goldwater (January 1, 1909 â€“ May 29, 1998) was a United States politician and a founding figure in the modern conservative movement in the USA as well as being a major inspiration for many of his youthful followers to join the libertarian movement. ... Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 â€“ April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ... Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. ... Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 â€“ June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981â€“1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967â€“1975). ... George Herbert Walker Bush (born in Milton, Massachusetts, June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States (1989â€“1993). ... Robert Joseph Dole (born July 22, 1923) is best known as a former Republican United States Senate Majority Leader and Senator from Kansas from 1969-1996. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States. ... The President of the United States (fully, President of the United States of America; unofficially abbreviated POTUS) is the head of state of the United States and the chief executive of the federal government. ... Image File history File links USPresidentialSeal. ... George Washington (February 22, 1732 â€“ December 14, 1799) was the successful Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War (1775â€“1783), and later became the first President of the United States, an office to which he was elected twice (1789-1797). ... John Adams (October 30, 1735 â€“ July 4, 1826) was the first (1789â€“1797) Vice President of the United States, and the second (1797â€“1801) President of the United States. ... Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 N.S. â€“ July 4, 1826) was the third President of the United States (1801â€“1809), author of the United States Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential Founders of the United States. ... James Madison (March 16, 1751 â€“ June 28, 1836) was the fourth (1809â€“1817) President of the United States. ... James Monroe (April 28, 1758 â€“ July 4, 1831) was the fifth (1817â€“1825) President of the United States and author of the eponymous Monroe Doctrine. ... John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 â€“ February 23, 1848) was the sixth (1825-1829) President of the United States. ... Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 â€“ June 8, 1845), eponym of the era of Jacksonian democracy and a founder of the Democratic Party, was the seventh President of the United States, serving from 1829 to 1837. ... Martin Van Buren (December 5, 1782 â€“ July 24, 1862), nicknamed Old Kinderhook, was the eighth President of the United States. ... William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 â€“ April 4, 1841) was an American military leader, politician, and the ninth President of the United States. ... John Tyler (March 29, 1790 â€“ January 18, 1862) was the tenth (1841-1845) President of the United States. ... James Knox Polk (November 2, 1795â€“June 15, 1849) was the eleventh President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1845 to March 3, 1849. ... Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 â€“ July 9, 1850), also known as Old Rough and Ready, was the twelfth President of the United States, serving from 1849 to 1850. ... Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 â€“ March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold the nations highest office. ... Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804 â€“ October 8, 1869) was an American politician and the 14th President of the United States, serving from 1853 to 1857. ... James Buchanan (April 23, 1791 â€“ June 1, 1868) was the 15th president of the United States (1857â€“1861). ... Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 â€“ April 15, 1865), sometimes called Abe Lincoln and nicknamed Honest Abe, the Rail Splitter, and the Great Emancipator, was the 16th President of the United States (1861 to 1865), and the first president from the Republican Party. ... Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 â€“ July 31, 1875) was the sixteenth Vice President (1865) and the seventeenth President of the United States (1865â€“1869), succeeding to the presidency upon the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. ... Ulysses S. Grant (April 27, 1822 â€“ July 23, 1885) was the 18th President of the United States (1869â€“1877). ... Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 â€“ January 17, 1893) was the 19th President of the United States (1877 â€“ 1881). ... James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 â€“ September 19, 1881) was the 20th President of the United States (1881), and the second U.S. President to be assassinated. ... Chester Alan Arthur (October 5, 1829 â€“ November 18, 1886) was an American politician who served as 21st President of the United States. ... Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 â€“ June 24, 1908) was the 22nd (1885â€“1889) and 24th (1893â€“1897) President of the United States, and the only President to serve two non-consecutive terms. ... Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833 â€“ March 13, 1901) was the 23rd President of the United States (1889-1893). ... Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 â€“ June 24, 1908) was the 22nd (1885â€“1889) and 24th (1893â€“1897) President of the United States, and the only President to serve two non-consecutive terms. ... The name Mckinley redirects here. ... Theodore Roosevelt, formally Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ... William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 â€“ March 8, 1930) was an American politician, the 27th President of the United States, and the 10th Chief Justice of the United States. ... Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 â€“ February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States (1913â€“1921). ... Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 â€“ August 2, 1923) was an American politician and the 29th President of the United States, serving from 1921 to 1923, when he became the sixth president to die in office. ... John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. ... Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 â€“ October 20, 1964) the 31st President of the United States (1929-1933). ... Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 â€“ April 12, 1945), 32nd President of the United States (1933-1945), is best known for his leading the U.S. through the Great Depression via his New Deal, his building a powerful political coalition, the New Deal Coalition, that dominated American politics for decades... Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 â€“ December 26, 1972) was the thirty-fourth Vice President (1945) and the thirty-third President of the United States (1945â€“53), succeeding to the office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. ... John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 â€“ November 22, 1963), often referred to as John F. Kennedy, JFK, or Jack Kennedy, was the 35th President of the United States. ... Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908 â€“ January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was the 36th President of the United States (1963â€“1969). ... Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 â€“ April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ... Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. ... James Earl Jimmy Carter, Jr. ... Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 â€“ June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981â€“1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967â€“1975). ... George Herbert Walker Bush (born in Milton, Massachusetts, June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States (1989â€“1993). ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe, III on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States. ...

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