NationMaster - Encyclopedia: President Ronald Reagan

Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975). Before entering politics, Reagan was also a broadcaster, film actor, and head of the Screen Actors Guild. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (594x750, 49 KB) Official Portrait of President Reagan, 1981. ... January 20 is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1981 (MCMLXXXI) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 20 is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... George Herbert Walker Bush (born in Milton, Massachusetts June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States (1989â€“1993). ... James Earl Jimmy Carter, Jr. ... George Herbert Walker Bush (born in Milton, Massachusetts June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States (1989â€“1993). ... February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... Tampico is a village located in Whiteside County, Illinois. ... June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Bel Air is a neighborhood in west Los Angeles, California, USA. The faux-gated community was founded by Alphonzo E. Bell, Sr. ... -1... White House portrait Nancy Davis Reagan (born July 6, 1921) is the widow of President Ronald Reagan and was First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989. ... February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The President of the United States (unofficially abbreviated â€œPOTUSâ€) is the head of state of the United States. ... 1981 (MCMLXXXI) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Governors Arnold Schwarzenegger and Gray Davis with President George W. Bush (2003) Seal of the Governor of California (without the Roman numerals designating the governors sequence) See also: List of pre-statehood governors of California, List of Governors of California The Governor of California is the highest executive authority... State nickname: The Golden State Official languages English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger (R) Senators Dianne Feinstein (D) Barbara Boxer (D) Area - Total - % water Ranked 3rd 410,000 kmÂ² 4. ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Films are produced by recording actual people and objects with cameras, or by creating them using animation techniques and/or special effects. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The Screen Actors Guild (SAG) is the labor union representing over 120,000 film actors in the United States. ...

Reagan beat incumbent President Jimmy Carter to win the election in a 1980 electoral college landslide. That win, which started off Reagan's presidency and gave the Republican Party a majority for the first time in 28 years, is widely perceived as the beginning of the political domination later exerted by the United States Republican Party and the American conservative movement. Dubbed "The Great Communicator" by many who knew him well, his presidency was marked by new economic policies, dubbed Reaganomics, and a confrontational foreign policy towards the Soviet Union and Socialist movements around the world. James Earl Jimmy Carter, Jr. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... The Republican Party, often called the GOP (for Grand Old Party, although one early citation described it as the Gallant Old Party) [1], is one of the two major political parties in the United States. ... Conservatism or political conservatism is any of several historically related political philosophies or political ideologies. ... The term Reaganomics, a portmanteau of Reagan and economics, was used to describe, and decry, the economic policies of U.S. President Ronald Reagan during the 1980s. ... The color red and particularly the red flag are traditional symbols of Socialism. ...

Upon his election, Reagan became the oldest president to enter office, at the age of 69. He was the first Republican to defeat an incumbent Democratic president since 1888, and the first from any party to defeat an incumbent elected president since 1932. Reagan was reelected in a landslide in the 1984 presidential election, defeating Carter's Vice President Walter Mondale by winning 49 of 50 states (the only state that he did not receive was Minnesota) and receiving nearly 60 percent of the popular vote. Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... In politics, a landslide victory (or just a landslide) is the victory of a candidate or political party by an overwhelming majority in an election. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... The Vice President of the United States is the second-highest executive official of the United States government, the person who, in the words of Adlai Stevenson, is a heartbeat from the presidency. ... Walter Frederick Fritz Mondale (born January 5, 1928 in Ceylon, Minnesota) is an American politician and member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party. ... State nickname: North Star State, The Land of 10,000 Lakes, The Gopher State Official languages None Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Governor Tim Pawlenty (R) Senators Mark Dayton (D) Norm Coleman (R) Area - Total - % water Ranked 12th 225,365 kmÂ² 8. ...

He died at his home in Bel-Air, California in 2004 at the age of 93, after a decade suffering from Alzheimer's Disease. Bel Air is the name of several places in the United States of America: Bel Air, Alabama Bel Air, Los Angeles, California Bel Air, Kentucky Bel Air, Maryland Bel Air, Tennessee Bel Air, Texas Bel Air, Virginia (two places): in Fairfax County in Stafford County Outside America: Bel Air, Mauritius... State nickname: The Golden State Official languages English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger (R) Senators Dianne Feinstein (D) Barbara Boxer (D) Area - Total - % water Ranked 3rd 410,000 kmÂ² 4. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Early life and career

Reagan was born in Tampico, Illinois, the second of two sons to Catholic, Irish-American democrat John "Jack" Reagan and Nelle Wilson, who was of Scottish and English descent. His paternal great-grandfather, Michael Reagan, immigrated to the United States from Ballyporeen, County Tipperary, Ireland in the 1860s. Prior to his immigration, the family name was spelled Regan. His maternal great-grandfather, John Wilson, immigrated to the United States from Paisley, Scotland in the early 1800s. Tampico is a village located in Whiteside County, Illinois. ... State nickname: Land of Lincoln, The Prairie State Official languages English Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Governor Rod Blagojevich (D) Senators Richard Durbin (D) Barack Obama (D) Area - Total - % water Ranked 25th 149,998 kmÂ² 4. ... Irish population density in the United States, 1872. ... In political science, a democrat is an advocate, follower, or proponent of democracy. ... Scottish Executive - official site of the Scottish Executive Scottish Parliament - official site of The Scottish Parliament BBC Scotland - Scottish history, news and travel pages from BBC The Gazetteer for Scotland - Extensive guide to the places and people of Scotland, by the Royal Scottish Geographical Society and University of Edinburgh Scotland... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: England Travel guide to England from Wikitravel English language English law English (people) List of monarchs of England â€“ Kings of England family tree List of English people Angeln (region in northern Germany, presumably the origin of the Angles for whom England is named) UK... Ballyporeen is a town in County Tipperary, Ireland. ... County Tipperary (Tiobraid Árann in Irish) is a county in the Republic of Ireland, in the province of Munster. ... // Events and trends Technology The First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States is built in the six year period between 1863 and 1869. ... Paisley (PÃ islig in Scottish Gaelic) is a large town, and former royal burgh in the Central Lowlands of Scotland. ... Scottish Executive - official site of the Scottish Executive Scottish Parliament - official site of The Scottish Parliament BBC Scotland - Scottish history, news and travel pages from BBC The Gazetteer for Scotland - Extensive guide to the places and people of Scotland, by the Royal Scottish Geographical Society and University of Edinburgh Scotland... Events and Trends Beginning of the Napoleonic Wars (1803 - 1815). ...

In 1920, after years of moving from town to town, the family settled in Dixon, Illinois. In 1921, at the age of 10, Reagan was baptized in his mother's Disciples of Christ church in Dixon (although his brother, Neil, became a Roman Catholic, like their father, Jack), and in 1924 Ronald Reagan began attending Dixon's Northside High School. Reagan always considered Dixon to be his hometown. 1920 (MCMXX) is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... Dixon is a city located in Lee County, Illinois, USA. It is the county seat of Lee CountyGR6. ... 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Baptism is any water purification ritual practiced in any of various religions including Christianity, Mandaeanism, and Sikhism, and has its origins with the Jewish ritual of mikvah. ... The insignia of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ). ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

In 1927, at age 16, Reagan took a summer job as a lifeguard in Lowell Park, two miles away from Dixon on the nearby Rock River. He continued to work as a lifeguard for the next seven years, reportedly saving 77 people from drowning. Reagan would later joke that none of them ever thanked him. In future years, he would point to that achievement proudly showing visitors a picture of Rock River in the Oval Office. Many that lived in Dixon would remark years later that the now President Reagan was always their "bronzed lifeguard boy." Download high resolution version (421x622, 59 KB) Ronald and his older brother Neil, with parents Jack and Nelle Reagan. ... Download high resolution version (421x622, 59 KB) Ronald and his older brother Neil, with parents Jack and Nelle Reagan. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January-February January 1 -The first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Australian Lifeguard The modern lifeguard profession originated in Australia in 1906 and in the most general sense of the word is defined as an emergency service worker, who is a qualified strong swimmer, trained and certified in water rescue, first aid, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR); who is responsible for overseeing... The Rock River is a tributary of the Mississippi River, approximately 285 miles (459 km) long, in the U.S. states of Wisconsin and Illinois. ...

In 1928, Reagan entered Eureka College in Eureka, Illinois, majoring in economics and sociology, and graduating in 1932. In 1929 Reagan joined the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity which he later recalled during numerous interviews and conversations as one of the greatest experiences he had during his college years. Though earning mediocre grades, he made many lasting friendships. Reagan developed an early gift for storytelling and acting. He was a radio announcer as an affiliate of the Chicago Cubs baseball games, getting only the bare outlines of the game from a ticker and relying on his imagination and storytelling gifts to flesh out the game. Once in 1934, during the ninth inning of a Cubs-St. Louis Cardinals game, the wire went dead. Reagan smoothly improvised a fictional play-by-play (in which hitters on both teams fouled off pitches) until the wire was restored. 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Eureka College is a school in Eureka, Illinois founded in 1855. ... Eureka is a city located in Woodford County, Illinois. ... U.S. Economic Calendar Economics at the Open Directory Project Economics textbooks on Wikibooks The Economists Economics A-Z Daily analysis of economics in the news (UK focus) Institutions and organizations Bureau of Labor Statistics - from the American Labor Department Center for Economic and Policy Research (USA) National Bureau... Social interactions of people and their consequences are the subject of sociology studies. ... 1932 (MCMXXXII) is a leap year starting on Friday. ... -1... Nickname: Teke or TKE Official Name Tau Kappa Epsilon International Fraternity Founded January 10, 1899 International Headquarters Indianapolis, Indiana Grand Council Grand Prytanis Mark A. Fite, CFC Grand Epiprytanis Robert I. McMurry Grand Grammateus Mark K. Johnson Grand Crysophylos Julius J. Edelmann, Jr. ... While the terms fraternity and sorority may be used to describe any number of social and charitable organizations, including the Lions Club, Epsilon Sigma Alpha, International, and the Shriners, in the United States and Canada fraternities and sororities are most commonly known as social organizations of higher education students - organizations... An announcer is a voice actor who works in television, radio and film, usually providing narrations, news updates, station identification, or an introduction of a product in television commercials or a guest on a talk show. ... Major league affiliations National League (1876-present) Central Division (1994-present) East Division (1969-1993) Major league titles World Series titles (2) 1908 â€¢ 1907 NL Pennants (16) 1945 â€¢ 1938 â€¢ 1935 â€¢ 1932 1929 â€¢ 1918 â€¢ 1910 â€¢ 1908 1907 â€¢ 1906 â€¢ 1886 â€¢ 1885 1882 â€¢ 1881 â€¢ 1880 â€¢ 1876 Central Division titles (1) 2003 East Division... Picture of Fenway Park. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Major league affiliations National League (1892-present) Central Division (1994-present) Eastern Division (1969-1993) American Association (1882-1891) Major league titles World Series titles (9) 1982 â€¢1967 â€¢ 1964 â€¢ 1946 1944 â€¢ 1942 â€¢ 1934 â€¢ 1931 1926 NL Pennants (16) 2004 â€¢ 1987 â€¢ 1985 â€¢ 1982 1968 â€¢ 1967 â€¢ 1964 â€¢ 1946 1944 â€¢ 1943 â€¢ 1942 â€¢ 1934...

Hollywood

In 1937, when in California to cover spring training for the Chicago Cubs as a Headline radio announcer, Reagan took a screen test that led to a seven-year contract with the Warner Brothers studio. Reagan's clear voice and athletic physique made him popular with some audiences; the majority of his screen roles were as the leading man in B movies. His first screen credit was the starring role in the 1937 movie Love Is On the Air. By the end of 1939, he had appeared in 19 films. Before Santa Fe Trail in 1940, he played the role of George "The Gipper" Gipp in the film Knute Rockne, All American. From this role he acquired the nickname the Gipper, which he retained the rest of his life. Reagan considered his best acting work to have been in Kings Row (1942). He played the part of a young man whose legs were amputated. He used a line he spoke in this film, "Where's the rest of me?", as the title for his autobiography. Other notable Reagan films include Hellcats of the Navy, This Is the Army, and Bedtime for Bonzo. Reagan was kidded widely about the last named film because his co-star was a chimpanzee. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6374 Hollywood Boulevard. 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... State nickname: The Golden State Official languages English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger (R) Senators Dianne Feinstein (D) Barbara Boxer (D) Area - Total - % water Ranked 3rd 410,000 kmÂ² 4. ... Major league affiliations National League (1876-present) Central Division (1994-present) East Division (1969-1993) Major league titles World Series titles (2) 1908 â€¢ 1907 NL Pennants (16) 1945 â€¢ 1938 â€¢ 1935 â€¢ 1932 1929 â€¢ 1918 â€¢ 1910 â€¢ 1908 1907 â€¢ 1906 â€¢ 1886 â€¢ 1885 1882 â€¢ 1881 â€¢ 1880 â€¢ 1876 Central Division titles (1) 2003 East Division... Warner Bros. ... The term B-movie originally referred to a film designed to be distributed as the lower half of a double feature, often a genre film featuring cowboys, gangsters or vampires. ... See also: 1936 in film 1937 category:1937 films 1938 in film 1930s in film years in film film // Events April 16 - Way Out West premieres in the US. May 7 - Shall We Dance premieres in the US. Top grossing films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Conquest Damaged Lives... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Santa Fe Trail was a historic 19th century transportation route across southwestern North America connecting Missouri with Santa Fe, New Mexico. ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... George The Gipper Gipp (February 18, 1895 â€“ December 14, 1920) was a famous college football player who played for the University of Notre Dame. ... Knute Rockne, All American is a 1940 biographical film which tells the story of Knute Rockne, perhaps the most famous of all of the football coaches at Notre Dame, one of the most successful football programs in history. ... Kings Row is a 1942 film which tells the story of a group of children who grow up leading supposedly idyllic lives in a small town with disturbing secrets. ... This article is about the year. ... Hellcats of the Navy is a movie starring Ronald Reagan and wife Nancy Davis (her then professional name) — a moral WWII submarine tale — the only film in which they appear together. ... This Is the Army is a 1943 American motion picture produced by Hal B. Wallis and Jack L. Warner, and directed by Michael Curtiz. ... Bedtime for Bonzo is a 1951 comedy film directed by Frederick De Cordova. ... Type species Simia troglodytes Blumenbach, 1775 Species Pan troglodytes Pan paniscus Chimpanzee, often abbreviated to chimp, is the common name for two species in the genus Pan. ... An example of a Hollywood Walk of Fame star, for the film actress Carole Lombard. ...

Reagan was commissioned as a reserve cavalry officer in the U.S. Army in 1935. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, he was activated and assigned, partially due to his poor eyesight, to the First Motion Picture Unit in the United States Army Air Forces, which made training and education films. He remained in Hollywood for the duration of the war, attaining the rank of captain. Reagan tried repeatedly to go overseas for combat duty, but was turned down because of his astigmatism. Download high resolution version (714x900, 95 KB)Public photo of Nancy Davis and Ronald Reagan File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Download high resolution version (714x900, 95 KB)Public photo of Nancy Davis and Ronald Reagan File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Italian cavalry officers practice their horsemanship in 1904 outside Rome. ... US Army Seal HHC, US Army Distinctive Unit Insignia The Army is the branch of the United States armed forces that has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Combatants United States of America Empire of Japan Commanders Husband Kimmel (USN) Walter Short (USA) Chuichi Nagumo (IJN) Strength 8 battleships, 8 cruisers, 29 destroyers, 9 submarines, ~50 other ships, ~390 planes 6 aircraft carriers, 2 battleships, 3 cruisers, 9 destroyers, 8 tankers, 23 fleet submarines, 5 midget submarines, 441... The United States Army Air Forces, or USAAF, was a part of the U.S. military during World War II. The direct precursor to the U.S. Air Force, the USAAF formally existed between 1941 and 1947. ... Captain is both a nautical term and a military rank. ... Astigmatism is a refraction error of the eye in which there is a difference in degree of refraction in different meridians. ...

Reagan later married actress Jane Wyman on January 26, 1940. They had a daughter, Maureen in 1941 and adopted a son, Michael in 1945. Their second daughter, Christine Reagan , was born four months prematurely on June 26, 1947 and lived only one day. They divorced on June 28, 1948, later making Reagan the first American President to have been divorced. Reagan remarried on March 4, 1952 to actress Nancy Davis. Their daughter Patti was born on October 21 of the same year. On 20 May 1958 they had a second child, Ron. Jane Wyman (born on January 4, 1914, though some sources claim she was born January 5, 1917) is an Oscar-winning American actress best known for playing disabled characters such as Belinda MacDonald in Johnny Belinda and Helen Phillips in Magnificent Obsession. ... January 26 is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Maureen Elizabeth Reagan Revell (January 4, 1941 - August 8, 2001) was the daughter of former President Ronald Reagan and his first wife, Jane Wyman. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film) 1941 (MCMXLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Michael Edward Reagan (born March 18, 1945 as John Flaugher), adopted son of President Ronald Reagan and his first wife Jane Wyman, is the host of a conservative talk radio show, the Michael Reagan Show, which is syndicated to over 200 radio stations in the United States through Radio America. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... June 26 is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 188 days remaining. ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... (Some entries on this page have been duplicated on August 1. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... White House portrait Nancy Davis Reagan (born July 6, 1921) is the widow of President Ronald Reagan and was First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989. ... On the cover of Playboy, July 1994 Patti Davis (born Patricia Ann Reagan on October 21, 1952) is the daughter of Ronald Reagan and Nancy Davis. ... October 21 is the 294th day of the year (295th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 71 days remaining. ... 20 May is the 140th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (141st in leap years). ... 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ronald Prescott Reagan (born May 20, 1958), usually known as Ron Reagan Jr. ...

As Reagan's film roles became fewer in the late 1950s, he moved into television as a host and frequent performer for General Electric Theater. Reagan appeared in many live television plays and often co-starred with Nancy. Reagan served as the president of the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) from 1947 until 1952, and again from 1959 to 1960. In 1952, a Hollywood scandal raged over his granting of a SAG blanket waiver to MCA, which allowed it to both represent and employ talent for its burgeoning TV franchises. He went from host and program supervisor of General Electric Theater to producing and claiming an equity stake in the TV show itself. At one point in the late 1950s, Reagan was earning approximately $125,000 per year. His final regular acting job was as host and performer on Death Valley Days. Reagan's final big-screen appearance came in the 1964 film The Killers, in which, uncharacteristically, he played a mob chieftain. This film was a remake of an earlier version, based on a short story by Ernest Hemingway. Reagan's co-stars were John Cassavetes and Lee Marvin. // Events and trends This map shows two essential global spheres during the Cold War in 1959. ... General Electric Theater was a half-hour CBS television anthology broadcast every Sunday evening beginning February 1, 1953 and ending May 27, 1962. ... The Screen Actors Guild (SAG) is the labor union representing over 120,000 film actors in the United States. ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Music Corporation of America, legally incorporated as MCA, Inc. ... In the television industry (as in radio), syndication is the sale of the right to broadcast television programs to multiple television stations, without going through a broadcast network. ... // Events and trends This map shows two essential global spheres during the Cold War in 1959. ... Death Valley Days was a long-running American radio and television anthology about true stories of the old American West, particularly the Death Valley area. ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... The Killers, sometimes called Ernest Hemingways The Killers, released by Universal Studios in 1964, was Hollywoods second adaptation of the Hemingway short story. ... Ernest Hemingway, 1950 Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 â€“ July 2, 1961) was an American novelist and short story writer whose works, drawn from his wide range of experiences in World War I, the Spanish Civil War, and World War II, are characterized by terse minimalism, understatement and primer style... John Cassavetes John Nicholas Cassavetes (December 9, 1929 - February 3, 1989) was a Greek American actor, screenwriter, and director. ... Lee Marvin Lee Marvin, (February 19, 1924 â€“ August 29, 1987) was an American film actor. ...

Early political career

Reagan began his political life as a Democrat, supporting Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal. He gradually became a staunch social and fiscal conservative, and, in 1976, said "fascism was really the basis of the New Deal." He embarked upon the path that led him to a career in politics during his tenure as president of the Screen Actors Guild. In this position, he testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee on Communist influence in Hollywood. He also kept tabs on actors he considered disloyal and informed on them to the FBI under the code name "Agent T-10," but he would not denounce them publicly. He supported the practice of blacklisting in Hollywood. Believing that the Republican Party was better able to combat communism, Reagan gradually abandoned his left-of-center political views, supporting the presidential candidacies of Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956 and Richard Nixon in 1960—all while Reagan was still a Democrat. The Democratic Party is one of the two major political parties in the United States. ... Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 â€“ April 12, 1945), 32nd President of the United States (1933-1945), is best known for his leading the U.S. through the Great Depression via his New Deal, his building a powerful political coalition, the New Deal Coalition, that dominated American politics for decades... Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: New Deal The New Deal is the name given to the series of programs used by Franklin Delano Roosevelt with the goal of stabilizing, reforming and stimulating the United States economy in the Great Depression. ... Conservatism or political conservatism is any of several historically related political philosophies or political ideologies. ... HUAC hearings The House Committee on Un-American Activities or HUAC (or, rarely, HCUA) (1945-1975) was an investigating committee of the United States House of Representatives. ... Communism refers to a theoretical system of social organization and a political movement based on common ownership of the means of production. ... The cinema of the United States, sometimes simply referred to as Hollywood, can perhaps be summed up by the title American film critic Pauline Kael gave a 1968 collection of her reviews: Kiss Kiss Bang Bang. ... The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a Federal police force which is the principal investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). ... A blacklist is a list or register of entities who, for one reason or another, are being denied a particular privilege, service, or mobility. ... -1... Dwight David Ike Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 â€“ March 28, 1969) was an American soldier and politician. ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 â€“ April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ... 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...

His employment by the General Electric company further enhanced his political image; he traveled widely as a GE spokesman, and was noted for his anti-Communist speeches. By the 1964 election, Reagan was an outspoken supporter of conservative Republican Barry Goldwater. His nationally televised speech "A Time for Choosing" electrified conservatives; soon after, several top Republican contributors visited Reagan at his home in Pacific Palisades, California, urging him to seek the governorship in 1966. Though these requests were initially "laughed off" by Reagan, he says in his autobiography, he eventually gave in, after countless sleepless nights. The General Electric Company, or GE (NYSE: GE) is a multinational technology and services company. ... Anti-communism is opposition to communist ideology, organization, or government, on either a theoretical or practical level. ... North Korean propaganda showing a soldier destroying the United States Capitol building. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Barry Goldwater Barry Morris Goldwater (January 1, 1909 â€“ May 29, 1998) was a United States politician and a founding figure in the modern conservative movement in the USA as well as being a major inspiration for many of his youthful followers to join the libertarian movement. ... A Time for Choosing, also known as The Speech, was presented on a number of speaking occasions during the 1964 U.S. presidential election campaign by (later President) Ronald Reagan on behalf of Republican candidate Barry Goldwater. ... Pacific Palisades is a district within the city of Los Angeles, California located between Brentwood to the east, Malibu to the west, Santa Monica to the southeast, the Santa Monica Bay to the southwest, and the Santa Monica Mountains to the north. ... 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link goes to calendar) // Events January January 1 - In a coup, Colonel Jean-BÃ©del Bokassa ousts president David Dacko and takes over the Central African Republic. ...

Party Affiliation: From Democrat to Republican

Ronald Reagan was a well-known Democrat before becoming a Republican. Growing up, his father was a staunch Democrat. Reagan remembered that his father had refused to take him to the movie "Birth of a Nation", because of its racial stereotypes. He's referred to his father's not wanting to stay in a certain hotel because they did not accept Jews; his only alternative was to sleep in his car. Ronald Reagan himself had supported FDR and gave speeches for Harry S Truman. Reagan’s change in party affiliation came about at a time when the country seemed to be making a different turn. In the 60's Reagan became a Republican due to the party's hard-line stance against communism. He began to campaign for Barry Goldwater in 1964. He was well known for his anti-communism speeches. The Birth of a Nation is a controversial silent film directed by D.W. Griffith, based on the play The Clansmen and the book The Leopards Spots, both by Thomas Dixon. ... Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882–April 12, 1945), 32nd President of the United States, the longest-serving holder of the office and the only man to be elected President more than twice, was one of the central figures of 20th century history. ... For the victim of Mt. ... Barry Goldwater Barry Morris Goldwater (January 1, 1909 â€“ May 29, 1998) was a United States politician and a founding figure in the modern conservative movement in the USA as well as being a major inspiration for many of his youthful followers to join the libertarian movement. ...

Governorship

In 1966, he was elected the 33rd Governor of California, defeating two-term incumbent Pat Brown; he was reelected in 1970, defeating Jesse Unruh, but chose not to seek a third term. During the People's Park protests, he sent 2,200 National Guard troops onto the Berkeley campus of the University of California. Reagan made it clear that the policies of his administration would not be influenced by student agitation, saying "If it takes a bloodbath, let's get it over with, no more appeasement." When left-wing SLA terrorists kidnapped Patty Hearst in Berkeley and gave a list of demands that included free distribution of food to the poor, Reagan suggested that it would be a good time for an outbreak of botulism. After the media caught wind of the comment, he apologized. 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link goes to calendar) // Events January January 1 - In a coup, Colonel Jean-BÃ©del Bokassa ousts president David Dacko and takes over the Central African Republic. ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ... Edmund Gerald Brown Sr. ... Edmund Gerald Brown Jr. ... Political parties in the United States lists political parties in the United States. ... -1... This a List of Lieutenant Governors of the State of California, 1850-present. ... 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link goes to calendar) // Events January January 1 - In a coup, Colonel Jean-BÃ©del Bokassa ousts president David Dacko and takes over the Central African Republic. ... Governors Arnold Schwarzenegger and Gray Davis with President George W. Bush (2003) Seal of the Governor of California (without the Roman numerals designating the governors sequence) See also: List of pre-statehood governors of California, List of Governors of California The Governor of California is the highest executive authority... Edmund Gerald Brown Sr. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Jesse Marvin Unruh (1922 - 1987) -- also known as Big Daddy Unruh -- was a Democratic politician. ... Peoples Park, Berkeley Peoples Park in Berkeley, California, USA is a park off of Telegraph Avenue, bound by Haste and Bowditch Streets and Dwight Way, near the University of California (UC) that was created as part of the citys radical activism in the 1960s. ... Seal of the National Guard Bureau Seal of the Army National Guard Seal of the Air National Guard // Background The United States National Guard is a significant component of the United States armed forces military reserve. ... Berkeley as seen from the Claremont Canyon Regional Preserve Berkeley is a city in the San Francisco Bay Area of northern California, in the United States. ... The University of California (UC) is a public university system within the State of California. ... The examples and perspective in this article do not represent a worldwide view. ... SLA stands for South Los Angeles Stererolithographic apparatus a rapid prototyping machine Symbionese Liberation Army, kidnappers of Patty Hearst South Lebanon Army, an Israeli-backed militia during the Lebanese Civil War Sudan Liberation Army rebel group in the sudanese region Darfur SLA Industries, a role-playing game written by Nightfall... Patricia Campbell Hearst, better known as Patty Hearst (born February 20, 1954), now known as Patricia Hearst Shaw, is an American newspaper heiress and socialite. ... Poverty describes a wide range of circumstances associated with need, hardship and lack of resources. ... Botulism (from Latin botulus, sausage) is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin, botulin, that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. ...

In his first term, he froze government hiring, but also approved tax hikes to balance the budget. He worked with Democrat Assembly Speaker, Bob Moretti, to reform welfare in 1971. Reagan also opposed the construction of a large federal dam, the Dos Rios, which would have flooded a valley of Indian ranches. Later, Reagan and his family took a summer backpack trip into the high Sierra to a place where a proposed trans-Sierra highway would be built. Once there, he declared it would not be built. One of Reagan's greatest frustrations in office concerned capital punishment. He had campaigned as a strong supporter; however, his efforts to enforce the state's laws in this area were thwarted when the Supreme Court of California issued its People v. Anderson decision, which invalidated all death sentences passed in California prior to 1972, although the decision was quickly overturned by a constitutional amendment. Although he was a supporter of death penalty; in capital cases which arrived in his office, Reagan granted two clemencies and a temporary reprieve. As of December 2005; no other clemency has been granted to a condemned man in California. The only execution during Reagan's governorship was on April 12, 1967, when Aaron Mitchell's life ended in San Quentin's gas chamber. There would not be another execution in California until 1992. Welfare has four main meanings. ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) is a common year starting on Friday (click for link to calendar). ... Scrivener Dam, in Canberra, Australia, was engineered to withstand a once-in-5000-years flood event A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment. ... Dos Ríos was a battle in Cubas war for independence from Spain. ... The Sierra Nevada is a mountain range that is almost entirely in eastern California. ... Capital punishment, also referred to as the death penalty, is the execution of a convicted felon as a punishment for a crime (often called a capital offence or a capital crime). ... Justices of the Supreme Court of California (circa. ... 1972 California Supreme Court decision declaring that the state death penalty law violated the California constitutional prohibition against â€œcruel or unusual punishment. ... Capital punishment, also referred to as the death penalty, is the judicially ordered execution of a prisoner as a punishment for a serious crime, often called a capital offense or a capital crime. ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ... A constitutional amendment is an alteration to the constitution of a nation or a state. ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ...

Reagan promoted the dismantling of the public psychiatric hospital system, proposing that community-based housing and treatment replace involuntary hospitalization, which he saw as a violation of civil liberties issue. According to some Reagan critics, the community replacement facilities were never adequately funded, either by Reagan or by his successors. A psychiatric hospital (also called at various places and times, mental hospital, mental ward, asylum, insane asylum, lunatic asylum, or colloquially nut house, funny farm, and other synonyms listed below) is a hospital specialising in the treatment of persons with mental illness. ... Civil liberties are protections from the power of governments. ...

Presidential campaigns

Reagan's first attempt to gain the Republican presidential nomination in 1968 was unsuccessful. He tried again in 1976 against incumbent Gerald Ford, but was narrowly defeated at the Republican National Convention. 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... 1976 (MCMLXXVI) is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. ...

The 1976 campaign was a critical moment for Ronald Reagan's political development. Gerald Ford was largely a symbol of the "old guard" of the Republican party. Reagan's success was remarkable considering Ford's status as an incumbent President. At the convention in 1976, Reagan gave a stirring speech in which he discussed the dangers of nuclear war and the moral threat of the Soviet Union. After that speech, to many at the convention, they felt like "they had voted for the wrong man."

In 1980, Ronald Reagan finally succeeded in gaining the Republican nomination for president. During the convention, Reagan discussed the possibility of choosing former President Gerald Ford as his running mate, but he ultimately selected George H. W. Bush. As an opponent of Reagan's during the presidential primaries, Bush had declared he would never be Reagan's Vice-President. Bush was many things Reagan was not--a lifelong Republican, a combat veteran and an internationalist with UN, CIA and China experience. Bush's economic and political philosophies were decidedly more moderate than Reagan's. Bush had, in fact, referred to Reagan's supply-side influenced proposal for a 30% across-the-board tax cut as "voodoo economics." 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. ... George Herbert Walker Bush (born in Milton, Massachusetts June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States (1989â€“1993). ... Main articles: League of Nations & History of the United Nations The term United Nations was coined by Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II, to refer to the Allies. ... The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ...

After the Republican National Convention, Ronald Reagan gave a campaign speech at an annual county fair outside of Philadelphia, Mississippi, the site of the Mississippi Civil Rights Workers Murders of 1964. Philadelphia is a city located in Neshoba County, Mississippi. ... The Mississippi Civil Rights Workers Murders were the 1964 slayings of three political activists during the Civil Rights Movement. ...

During the speech, Reagan stated "I believe in states' rights" and "I believe we have distorted the balance of our government today by giving powers that were never intended to be given in the Constitution to that federal establishment." He went on to promise to "restore to states and local governments the power that properly belongs to them." [1]

The campaign, led by William J. Casey, was conducted in the shadow of the Iran hostage crisis; some analysts believe President Jimmy Carter's inability to solve the hostage crisis played a large role in Reagan's victory against him in the 1980 election. On the other hand, Carter's inability to deal with double-digit inflation and unemployment, lackluster economic growth, instability in the petroleum market leading to long gas lines, and the perceived weakness of the U.S. national defense may have had a greater impact on the electorate. With respect to the economy, Reagan famously said, "A recession is when your neighbor loses his job. A depression is when you lose yours. And recovery is when Jimmy Carter loses his." Download high resolution version (1182x635, 107 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: U.S. presidential election, 1980 Categories: National Atlas images ... Download high resolution version (1182x635, 107 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: U.S. presidential election, 1980 Categories: National Atlas images ... William Joseph Casey (March 13, 1913 â€“ May 6, 1987) was the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency from 1981 to 1987. ... The Iran hostage crisis was a 444-day period during which the new government of Iran after the Iranian Revolution held hostage 66 diplomats and citizens of the United States. ... James Earl Jimmy Carter, Jr. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Dorothea Langes Migrant Mother depicts destitute pea pickers in California during the Great Depression. ... A recession is usually defined in macroeconomics as a fall of a countrys real Gross Domestic Product in two or more successive quarters of a year. ... In economics, a depression is a term commonly used for a sustained downturn in the economy. ...

Reagan's showing in the televised debates boosted his campaign. He seemed more at ease, deflecting President Carter's criticisms with remarks like "There you go again." Perhaps his most influential remark was a closing question to the audience, during a time of skyrocketing global oil prices and highly unpopular Federal Reserve interest rate hikes, "Are you better off today than you were four years ago?" Senator John F. Kennedy debates Vice President Richard M. Nixon in the first televised debates, 1960. ... The Federal Reserve System is headquartered in the Eccles Building on Constitution Avenue in Washington, DC. The Federal Reserve System (also the Federal Reserve; informally The Fed) is the central banking system of the United States. ...

Carter's eventual ouster was accompanied by a 12-seat change in the Senate from Democratic to Republican hands, giving the Republicans a majority in the Senate for the first time in 28 years. Upon his election, Reagan became the oldest president to enter office, at the age of 69. When Ronald Reagan was elected president of the United States in the 1980 election, his victory was accompanied by the change of 12 seats in the U.S. Senate from Democratic to Republican hands. ...

In the 1984 presidential election, he was reelected in a landslide over Carter's Vice President Walter Mondale, winning 49 of 50 states and receiving nearly 60 percent of the popular vote. At the Democratic National Convention, Mondale accepted the party nomination with a speech that is believed to have constituted a self-inflicted mortal wound. In it he remarked "Mr. Reagan will raise your taxes, I will raise your taxes. He won't tell you this, I just did."[2] Reagan accepted the Republican nomination in Dallas, Texas, on a wave of good feeling bolstered by the recovering economy and the dominating performance by the U.S. athletes at the Los Angeles Olympics that summer. Download high resolution version (1182x635, 103 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: U.S. presidential election, 1984 Categories: National Atlas images ... Download high resolution version (1182x635, 103 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: U.S. presidential election, 1984 Categories: National Atlas images ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Walter Frederick Fritz Mondale (born January 5, 1928 in Ceylon, Minnesota) is an American politician and member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party. ... Featured at the Democratic National Convention are speeches by prominent party figures. ... Aerial view of Dallas Nickname: Big D Motto: {{{motto}}} Official website: www. ... The Games of the XXIII Olympiad were held in 1984 in Los Angeles, United States. ...

The campaign of 1984 also featured one of Reagan's most famous gaffes-- The infamous quotation "My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you today that I've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever. We begin bombing in five minutes", spoken as a sound check prior to a radio address.[3] Spoken during a time of great tension between the United States and the Soviet Union, it left many (particularly outside the United States) questioning Reagan's understanding of some of the realities of his foreign policy and of international affairs in general. Samples of the recording of the quotation were later turned into the dance record "Five Minutes" by Jerry Harrison and Bootsy Collins. Doubts regarding Reagan's foreign policy and understanding of international affairs were dismissed after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and subsequent treaties with the Soviet Union that actually eliminated whole classes of nuclear weapons. Jerry Harrison (born February 21, 1949) is the keyboardist of the influential New Wave group Talking Heads. ... Bootsy Collins on the cover of Bootsys Rubber Bands Live in Louisville 1978 Bootsy Collins (born William Collins on October 26, 1951, Cincinnati, Ohio) is a pioneering funk bassist, singer, and songwriter. ...

Despite a weak performance in the first debate, Reagan recovered in the second and was considerably ahead of Mondale in polls taken throughout much of the race. Reagan's landslide win in the 1984 presidential election is often attributed by political commentators to be a result of his conversion of the "Reagan Democrats," the traditionally Democratic voters who voted for Reagan in that election. President Ronald Reagan. ...

Presidency

President Reagan, with his Cabinet and staff, in the Oval Office (February 4, 1981) Headed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1989, the Reagan Administration was conservative, steadfastly anti-Communist and in favor of tax cuts and smaller government. ...

Domestic record

Reagan portrayed himself as being economicaly libertarian, in favor of tax cuts, smaller government, and deregulation. He also took a strong "tough-on-crime" stance. File links The following pages link to this file: Ronald Reagan James Brady John Hinckley, Jr. ... File links The following pages link to this file: Ronald Reagan James Brady John Hinckley, Jr. ... 1981 (MCMLXXXI) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... See also Libertarianism and Libertarian Party Libertarian,is a term for person who has made a conscious and principled commitment, evidenced by a statement or Pledge, to forswear violating others rights and usually living in voluntary communities: thus in law no longer subject to government supervision. ... A tax cut is a reduction in the rate of tax charged by a government, for example on personal or corporate income. ... Deregulation is the process by which governments remove restrictions on business in order to (in theory) encourage the efficient operation of markets. ...

The high point of the Reagan presidency's first 100 days was the end of the Iran hostage crisis after the American hostages were freed within minutes of his inauguration. Reagan's first official act upon entering office was to terminate oil price controls, a policy designed to boost America's domestic production and exploration of oil. [4] The Iran hostage crisis was a 444-day period during which the new government of Iran after the Iranian Revolution held hostage 66 diplomats and citizens of the United States. ...

In the summer of 1981 Reagan fired a majority of federal air traffic controllers when they went on an illegal strike. Since this union was one of only two unions to support Reagan in the prior election, this action proved to be a political coup. This set limits for public employee unions, and also signaled that it was acceptable for businesses to play hardball with unions. File links The following pages link to this file: George H. W. Bush Ronald Reagan Reagan Administration Categories: U.S. history images ... File links The following pages link to this file: George H. W. Bush Ronald Reagan Reagan Administration Categories: U.S. history images ... Controllers survey the field at Misawa Air Base, Japan. ...

A major focus of Reagan's first term was reviving the economy his administration inherited, which was plagued by a new phenomenon known as stagflation (a stagnant economy combined with high inflation). His administration fought double-digit inflation by supporting Federal Reserve Board chairman Paul Volcker's decision to tighten the money supply by dramatically hiking interest rates (Paul Volcker was appointed by President Carter in 1979). While successfully lowering inflation, this policy caused a short term recession from 1981-1982, which temporarily lowered Reagan's public support. Others commended him for taking a tough strategy. Nobel economist Milton Friedman praises him for "being willing to take a severe recession to end inflation" and said in 2004: "In my opinion, no other post-war president would have been willing to back the Volcker Fed in its tough stance in 1981–82. I can testify from personal knowledge that Reagan knew what he was doing. He understood that there was no way of ending inflation without monetary restraint and a temporary recession. As in every area, he stuck to his principles and looked at the long term" (Freedom's Friend). Stagflation is a term in macroeconomics used to describe a period characteristic of high inflation combined with economic stagnation, unemployment, or economic recession. ... The Federal Reserve System is headquartered in the Eccles Building on Constitution Avenue in Washington, DC. The Federal Reserve System (also the Federal Reserve; informally The Fed) is the central bank of the United States. ... Paul Adolph Volcker (born September 5, 1927), economist, is best-known as the Chairman of the Federal Reserve under United States Presidents Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan (from August 1979 to August 1987). ... An interest rate is the rental price of money. ... 1982 (MCMLXXXII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Milton Friedman (born July 31, 1912) is a U.S. economist, known primarily for his work on macroeconomics and for his advocacy of laissez-faire capitalism. ...

Reagan pursued a strategy of combining this tight-money policy with across-the-board tax cuts designed to boost business investment (in Reagan's words: "Chicago school economics, supply-side economics, call it what you will — I noticed that it was even known as Reaganomics at one point until it started working..."). [5] While ridiculed by opponents as "voodoo," "trickle-down," and "Reaganomics," he managed to push across-the-board tax cuts through Congress in 1981. At the same time, the administration also slowed the growth of welfare and other social programs, eliciting protests from Democrats. The Chicago School is a loose, unofficial group of economists that are generally associated with neoclassical price theory and free market libertarianism. ... Supply-side economics is a school of macroeconomic thought which emphasizes the importance of tax cuts and business incentives in encouraging economic growth, in the belief that businesses and individuals will use their improved terms of trade to create new businesses and expand old businesses, which in turn will increase... The term Reaganomics, a portmanteau of Reagan and economics, was used to describe, and decry, the economic policies of U.S. President Ronald Reagan during the 1980s. ...

Following the recession of 1981-82, the economy staged a dramatic recovery beginning in 1983. The Reagan administration claimed the tax cuts helped revive the economy and create jobs, which led to the increase of federal income tax revenues during the 1980's from $517 billion to over $1 trillion per annum. 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Despite this, increases in the military budget stemming from the administration's new cold war strategy led to the federal deficit reaching record highs. The U.S. House of Representatives, with a Democrat majority, opposed slowing the growth of social welfare spending. To cover the deficit, the administration borrowed heavily both domestically and abroad, and by the end of Reagan's second term the national debt had increased from 32.6% to 53.1% of annual GDP. A budget deficit occurs when an entity (often a government) spends more money than it takes in. ... Government debt (public debt, national debt) is money owed by government, at any level (central government, federal government, national government, municipal government, local government, regional government). ...

During the Reagan presidency, the inflation rate dropped from 13.6% in 1980 (President Carter's final year in office) to 4.1% by 1988, the economy added 16,753,000 jobs and the unemployment rate fell from 7.5% to 5.3%.

While Reagan's opponents charged that his economic policies created an increase in the gap between the rich and the poor, it should be noted that during the Reagan presidency, all economic groups saw their income rise in real terms, including the bottom quintile, which rose 6% (Bureau of the Census, Income Statistics Branch, Current Population Reports, Series P60, 1996).

A renewal of the "war on drugs" was also declared during his presidency, spearheaded by Nancy Reagan's high-profile "Just Say No" series of messages. The War on Drugs is an initiative undertaken in the United States to carry out an all-out offensive (as President Nixon described it) against the non-medical use of certain prohibited drugs. ... Mrs. ...

President Reagan was criticized by the gay rights movement and others for the perception that his administration and others did not respond quickly enough to the HIV-AIDS situation. The first official mention of the disease in the White House was on October 15, 1982 when Reagan's press secretary Larry Speakes, in response to a reporter's inquiry about "the gay plague," said "I don't have it, do you?" to general laughter. (Note that the term AIDS was not yet widely used, hence the reporter calling it "the gay plague," and that HIV was not identified until 1984.) Reagan himself first publicly discussed the federal government's role in fighting the disease at a press conference in 1985. The gay rights movement is a collection of loosely aligned civil rights groups, human rights groups, support groups and political activists seeking acceptance, tolerance and equality for non-heterosexual, (homosexual, bisexual), and transgender people - despite the fact that it is typically referred to as the gay rights movement, members also... Human immunodeficiency virus, commonly known by the acronym HIV, is a retrovirus that primarily infects vital components of the human immune system such as CD4+ T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. ... The Red Ribbon is the global symbol for solidarity with HIV-positive people and those living with AIDS. AIDS is an acronym for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and is defined as a collection of symptoms and infections resulting from the depletion of the immune system caused... October 15 is the 288th day of the year (289th in Leap years). ... 1982 (MCMLXXXII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Larry Speakes (born September 13, 1939) was the spokesman for the White House under President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1987. ... This article is about the year. ...

Despite the criticism, under Reagan $5.7 billion was spent on AIDS and HIV, with large amounts going to the National Institutes of Health. The resources for research increased by 450% in 1983, 134% in 1984, 99% the next year, and 148% the year after. In September of 1985, Reagan said: "Including what we have in the budget for '86, it will amount to over a half a billion dollars that we have provided for research on AIDS, in addition to what I'm sure other medical groups are doing. And we have $100 million in the budget this year; it'll be $126 million next year. So this is a top priority with us. Yes, there's no question about the seriousness of this and the need to find an answer." By 1986 Reagan had endorsed a large prevention and research effort and declared in his budget message that AIDS "remains the highest public health priority of the Department of Health and Human Services." The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for medical research. ... September is the ninth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of four Gregorian months with 30 days. ... Public health is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. ... The United States Department of Health and Human Services, often abbreviated HHS, is a Cabinet department of the United States government with the goal of protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services. ...

Reagan's policies in regard to AIDS and gay rights became a subject of controversy after his death. Liberals and libertarians pointed out that he had gone on record as supporting sodomy laws, opposing anti-discrimination laws including sexual preference, and the conservative United States Supreme Court Justices that he appointed would help produce the majority opinion in the 1986 case of Bowers v. Hardwick. Yet, after his death, family members and homosexual Republicans (known as Log Cabin Republicans) pointed out that he opposed the 1978 California anti-gay Briggs Initiative. In 1984 he had the first openly homosexual couple spend the night in the White House. He is also said to have taught his children that homosexuality was a normal state of being for some people and was a longtime friend of Rock Hudson. In a rare public pronouncement on the topic of AIDS, Reagan stated his belief that morality and science conflate to make abstinence the best method to prevent the disease. In politics, the term liberal refers to: an adherent of the ideology of liberalism or a state or quality of this ideology. ... This article deals with the libertarianism as defined in America and several other nations. ... Sodomy is a term of religious origin to characterise certain sexual acts. ... The term sexual preference encompasses heterosexual and homosexual desire. ... The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States... 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Holding A Georgia law prohibiting sodomy was valid because there was no constitutionally protected right to engage in homosexual sodomy. ... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1978 calendar). ... The Briggs Initiative can refer popularly to one of two pieces of legislation sponsoned by California politician John Briggs: California Proposition 6 (1978), a failed initiative which would have prevented gays and lesbians from teaching in Californias public schools Another 1978 law which did pass, which expanded the types... 1984 (MCMLXXXIV) is a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Since its inception, the word homosexuality has acquired multiple meanings. ... Rock Hudson Rock Hudson (November 17, 1925 â€“ October 2, 1985) was an American actor, famous for his rugged good looks. ... Abstinence is the act or habit of refraining from some tempting activity, usually sex, but also other activities such as alcohol or food consumption. ...

Reagan had another, more unusual, role to play in the whole HIV & AIDS issue. Controversy surrounding the discovery of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was intense after American researcher Robert Gallo and French scientist Luc Montagnier both claimed to have discovered it. Both scientists had given the new virus different names !. The controversy was eventually settled by an agreement (helped along by the mediation of Dr Jonas Salk) between President Ronald Reagan and Mitterand which gave equal credit to both men and their teams. This was an extraordinary event, which ignored scientific realities and wasthe first time a biological controversy had had to be resolved at such an elevated political level. Clearly, Mitterand and Reagan felt that this was not an issue for two great nations to fall out over. Human immunodeficiency virus, commonly known by the acronym HIV, is a retrovirus that primarily infects vital components of the human immune system such as CD4+ T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. ... The Red Ribbon is the global symbol for solidarity with HIV-positive people and those living with AIDS. AIDS is an acronym for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and is defined as a collection of symptoms and infections resulting from the depletion of the immune system caused... Dr. Robert C. Gallo Robert C. Gallo (born March 23, 1937) is a U.S. biomedical researcher. ... Luc Montagnier (born 1932) is a French virologist. ... Jonas Edward Salk (October 28, 1914 â€“ June 23, 1995) was an American physician, best known as the inventor of the first polio vaccine (the eponymous Salk vaccine). ...

Reagan made the abolition of communism and the implementation of supply-side economics the primary focuses of his presidency, but he also took a strong stand against abortion. He published the book Abortion and the Conscience of a Nation, which decried what Reagan saw as disrespect for life, promoted by the practice of abortion. Many conservative activists refer to Reagan as the most pro-life president in history. (However, two of the three Supreme Court justices he selected, Sandra Day O'Connor and Anthony Kennedy, voted to uphold Roe v. Wade, to Reagan's disappointment). Supply-side economics is a school of macroeconomic thought which emphasizes the importance of tax cuts and business incentives in encouraging economic growth, in the belief that businesses and individuals will use their improved terms of trade to create new businesses and expand old businesses, which in turn will increase... Pro-life is a term used in English-speaking countries to refer to those who oppose abortion. ... Scotus redirects here. ... Justice Sandra Day OConnor Sandra Day OConnor (born March 26, 1930) has been an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States since 1981. ... Justice Anthony Kennedy For other people of the same name, see Anthony Kennedy (disambiguation). ... Holding Texas laws criminalizing abortion violated womens Fourteenth Amendment right to choose whether to continue a pregnancy. ...

Although Reagan's second term was mostly noteworthy for matters related to foreign affairs, his administration supported significant pieces of legislation on domestic matters. In 1982, Reagan signed legislation reauthorizing the Voting Rights Act of 1965 for another 25 years. This extension added protections for blind, disabled, and illiterate voters.[6] The United States Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed requiring would-be voters to take literacy tests and provided for federal registration of African American voters in areas that had less than 50% of eligible voters registered. ...

Other significant legislation included the overhaul of the Internal Revenue Code in 1986, as well as the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 which compensated victims of the Japanese American Internment during World War II. Reagan also signed legislation authorizing the death penalty for offenses involving murder in the context of large-scale drug trafficking; wholesale reinstatement of the federal death penalty would not occur until the presidency of Bill Clinton. President Ronald Reagan signs the Tax Reform Act of 1986 on the South Lawn. ... The Civil Liberties Act of 1988 granted reparations to Japanese Americans who had been interned by the United States government during World War II. Each internee was granted $20,000 in compensation. ... Jerome Relocation Camp The Japanese American internment refers to the forcible relocation of approximately 112,000 to 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans, 62 percent of whom were United States citizens, from the west coast of the United States during World War II to hastily constructed housing facilities called War... Combatants Allied Powers Axis Powers Commanders {{{commander1}}} {{{commander2}}} Strength {{{strength1}}} {{{strength2}}} Casualties 17 million military deaths 7 million military deaths World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a mid-20th century conflict that engulfed much of the globe and is accepted as the largest and deadliest... Capital punishment, also referred to as the death penalty, is the judicially ordered execution of a prisoner as a punishment for a serious crime, often called a capital offense or a capital crime. ... Retail selling Street selling is the bottom of the chain and can be accomplished through purchasing from prostitutes, through cloaked retail stores or refuse houses for users in the act located in red-light districts which often also deal in paraphernalia, dealers marketing merriment at night clubs and other events... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe, III on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ...

Milton Friedman, has pointed to the number of pages added to the Federal Register each year as evidence of the anti-regulatory nature of Reagan's presidency (the Register records the rules and regulations that federal agencies issue per year). [7] The number of pages added to the Register each year declined sharply at the start of the Ronald Reagan presidency breaking a steady and sharp increase since 1960. The increase in the number of pages added per year resumed an upward, though less steep, trend after Reagan left office. In contrast, the number of pages being added each year increased under Ford, Carter, H.W. Bush, Clinton, and others. Milton Friedman (born July 31, 1912) is a U.S. economist, known primarily for his work on macroeconomics and for his advocacy of laissez-faire capitalism. ... The Federal Register contains most routine publications and public notices of United States government agencies. ...

Foreign policy and interventions

Reagan forcefully confronted the Soviet Union, marking a sharp departure from the détente observed by his predecessors Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, and Jimmy Carter. Under the assumption that the Soviet Union could not then outspend the US government in a renewed arms race, he strove to make the Cold War economically and rhetorically hot. Public photo of US President Ronald Reagan holding discussions with USSR General Secretary Gorbachev http://www. ... Public photo of US President Ronald Reagan holding discussions with USSR General Secretary Gorbachev http://www. ... Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov (Gorbachev) â–¶ (helpÂ· info) (Russian: ; pronunciation: ) (born March 2, 1931), was leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. ... This article is about the year. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... DÃ©tente is French for relaxation. ... Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 â€“ April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ... Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. ... James Earl Jimmy Carter, Jr. ... An arms race is a competition between two or more countries for military supremacy. ... For the generic term for a high-tension struggle between countries, see cold war (war). ...

The administration oversaw a massive military build-up that represented a policy called "peace through strength." The Reagan administration set a new policy toward the Soviet Union with the goal to win the Cold War through a three-pronged strategy outlined in NSDD-32 (National Security Decisions Directive). The directive outlined Reagan's plan to confront the Soviet Union on three fronts: economic - decrease Soviet access to high technology and diminish their resources, including depressing the value of Soviet commodities on the world market; military - increase American defense expenditures to strengthen the U.S. negotiating position and force the Soviets to devote more of their economic resources to defense; and clandestine - support anti-Soviet factions around the world from Afghani insurgents to Poland's Solidarity movement. He proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative, dubbed "Star Wars", a space-based missile shield, widely viewed outside the US as an offensive weapon. In October 1986, Reagan met with Mikhail Gorbachev in Iceland where Gorbachev ardently opposed this defensive/offensive shield. By 1991, the Soviet Union was officially dissolved. Former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Margaret Thatcher said, "Ronald Reagan won the Cold War without firing a shot." Soviet redirects here. ... Mujahideen (Arabic: , also transliterated as mujÄhidÄ«n, mujahedeen, mujahedin, mujahidin, mujaheddin, etc. ... Solidarity (Polish SolidarnoÅ›Ä‡) is a Polish trade union federation founded in September 1980 at the GdaÅ„sk Shipyards, originally led by Lech WaÅ‚Ä™sa. ... The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), commonly called Star Wars after the popular science fiction series, was a system proposed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983 to use space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear missiles. ... Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov (Gorbachev) â–¶ (helpÂ· info) (Russian: ; pronunciation: ) (born March 2, 1931), was leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. ... In the United Kingdom, the Prime Minister is the head of government, exercising many of the executive functions nominally vested in the Sovereign, who is head of state. ... The Right Honourable Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925), is a British politician. ...

Many analysts argue that the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union was due more to the re-emergence of separatist movements under glasnost, an inherent weakness in communist economic theory, and the depressed global price of crude oil, on which the Soviet economy during those years depended heavily. Furthermore, Reagan's much heralded military buildup that increased American military spending by 8% per annum in fact did not appear to have the planned effect of forcing the Soviets to mirror American growth: according to CIA estimates, Soviet military spending leveled off at a growth rate of 1.3% per annum in 1975 and remained at that level for a decade, although it more than tripled to approximately 4.3% in 1985 through 1987 (though spending on offensive strategic weapons continued to grow at 1.3% during that period), before returning to 1.3% in 1988. The rise of Gorbachev Although reform stalled between 1964–1982, the generational shift gave new momentum for reform. ... Glasnost (Russian: Ð³Ð»Ð°ÌÑÐ½Ð¾ÑÑ‚ÑŒ, â–¶(?)) was one of Mikhail Gorbachevs policies introduced to the Soviet Union in 1985. ... Nodding donkey pumping an oil well near Sarnia, Ontario, 2001 Petroleum (from Latin petrus – rock and oleum – oil), mineral oil, or crude oil, sometimes colloquially called black gold, is a thick, dark brown or greenish flammable liquid, which exists in the upper strata of some areas of the Earths...

Among European leaders, his main ally and undoubtedly his closest friend was Thatcher, who as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom supported Reagan's policies of deterrence against the Soviets. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (503x750, 64 KB) President Reagan walking with Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher at Camp David, 1986. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (503x750, 64 KB) President Reagan walking with Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher at Camp David, 1986. ... The Right Honourable Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925), is a British politician. ... Main Lodge at Camp David during Nixon administration, February 9, 1971. ... Deterrence ALOHA!! is a means of controlling a persons behavior through negative motivational influences, namely fear of punishment. ...

Although the administration negotiated arms-reduction treaties such as the INF Treaty and START Treaty with the U.S.S.R., it also aimed to increase strategic defense. A controversial plan, named the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), was proposed to deploy a space-based defense system to make the U.S. invulnerable to nuclear weapon missile attack, by means of a network of armed satellites orbiting the Earth. Critics dubbed the proposal "Star Wars" and argued that SDI was unrealistic, a violation of ABM treaties, and as a weapon that defends the U.S. if it strikes first, would inflame the Arms Race. Supporters responded that even the threat of SDI forced the Soviets into unsustainable spending to keep up. In fact, the Soviets did not attempt to follow suit with their own program, but instead followed a program of arms reduction treaties. The technology required to implement SDI is still being researched in the U.S., and it is currently in testing with stations in Alaska and islands in the Pacific Ocean. The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty was an agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union signed in Washington, D.C. on December 8, 1987 by Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev. ... START, officially the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty was a nuclear weapons limitation treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union. ... The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), commonly called Star Wars after the popular science fiction series, was a system proposed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983 to use space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear missiles. ... Layers of Atmosphere - not to scale (NOAA) Outer space, also called just space, refers to the relatively empty regions of the Universe outside the atmospheres of celestial bodies. ... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the hypocenter. ... ABM is a three-letter abbreviation with multiple meanings, as described below: Activity-based management (see cost management) Anti-ballistic missile or the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty Asynchronous Balanced Mode Automatic Banking Machine, usually referred to by the term Automatic teller machine The IATA airport code for the airport in... An arms race is a competition between two or more countries for military supremacy. ... State nickname: The Last Frontier, The Land of the Midnight Sun Official languages English Capital Juneau Largest city Anchorage Governor Frank Murkowski (R) Senators Ted Stevens (R) Lisa Murkowski (R) Area - Total - % water Ranked 1st 663,267 miÂ² / 1,717,854 kmÂ² 13. ...

Support for anti-communist groups including armed insurgencies against communist governments was also a part of administration policy, referred to by his supporters as the Reagan Doctrine. Following this policy, the administration funded groups they called "freedom fighters"— described as terrorists by their detractors — such as the mujahideen in Afghanistan, the Contras in Nicaragua, and Jonas Savimbi's rebel forces in Angola. The Reagan administration increased military funding for anti-communist dictatorships throughout Latin America, and has been widely accused of ordering the assassination of several Latin American presidents and prime ministers. The administration also helped fund central European anti-communist groups such as the Polish Solidarity movement and took a hard line against the Communist regime in Cambodia. Covert funding of the Contras in Nicaragua would lead to the Iran Contra Affair, while overt support led to a World Court ruling against the United States in Nicaragua v. United States. An insurgency is an armed rebellion by any irregular armed force that rises up against an established authority, government, administration or occupation. ... Communism refers to a theoretical system of social organization and a political movement based on common ownership of the means of production. ... The Reagan Doctrine was created in response to the Brezhnev Doctrine of the Soviet Union. ... Freedom fighter is a relativistic local term for those engaged in rebellion against an established government that is held to be oppressive and illegitimate. ... Mujahideen (Arabic: , also transliterated as mujÄhidÄ«n, mujahedeen, mujahedin, mujahidin, mujaheddin, etc. ... The Contras (from the Spanish term La Contra, short for movement of the contrarrevolucionarios, meaning counter-revolutionaries) were the armed opponents of Nicaraguas Sandinista Junta of National Reconstruction following the July 1979 overthrow of Anastasio Somoza Debayle and the ending of the Somoza familys 43-year rule. ... Jonas Malheiro Savimbi (August 3, 1934â€“February 22, 2002) was a rebel leader in Angola who founded the UNITA movement in 1966, and ultimately proved a central figure in 20th century Cold War politics. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... A satellite composite image of Europe // Etymology Picture of Europa, carried away by bull-shaped Zeus. ... Solidarity (Polish SolidarnoÅ›Ä‡) is a Polish trade union federation founded in September 1980 at the GdaÅ„sk Shipyards, originally led by Lech WaÅ‚Ä™sa. ... In the Iran-Contra Affair, United States President Ronald Reagans administration secretly sold arms to Iran, which was engaged in a bloody war with its neighbor Iraq from 1980 to 1988 (see Iran-Iraq War), and diverted the proceeds to the Contra rebels fighting to overthrow the leftist and... Peace Palace, seat of the ICJ. The International Court of Justice (known colloquially as the World Court or ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. ... The Republic of Nicaragua v. ...

The administration took a strong stance against the Lebanese Hezbollah terrorist organization, which was taking American citizens hostage and attacking civilian targets after Israel invaded Lebanon in the 1982 Lebanon War. It similarly took a strong stance against Palestinian terrorists in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. More disputed was Reagan's consideration of the Salvadoran FMLN and Honduran guerrilla fighters as terrorists, as the two countries' respective militaries were known to have used torture and indiscriminate tactics against those suspected of collaboration or sympathy with the guerrillas. Reagan also considered the anti-apartheid ANC armed wing known as Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation) as a terrorist organization. The Hezbollah flag Hezbollah (Arabic â€®ØØ²Ø¨ Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡â€¬, meaning Party of God, for other designations or alternative spellings, see name part of this article) is a Shia Islamist group in Lebanon founded in 1982 to fight the Israeli occupation in southern Lebanon. ... Terrorism is the unconventional use of violence for political gain. ... The 1982 Lebanon War, also known as the 1982 Invasion of Lebanon or Operation Peace of the Galilee (×ž×‘×¦×¢ ×©×œ×•× ×”×’×œ×™×œ Mivtza Shlom HaGalil in Hebrew), began June 6, 1982, when the Israel Defense Force invaded southern Lebanon. ... The term Palestinian has other usages, for which see definitions of Palestinian. ... Guerrilla War redirects here. ... The Iron Maiden of Nuremberg was an infamous and rarely used torture device. ... A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982. ... The African National Congress (ANC) is a centre-left political party, and has been South Africas governing party (in a coalition) since the establishment of majority rule in May 1994. ... For other uses of Umkhonto, see Umkhonto (disambiguation) Umkhonto we Sizwe (or MK), translated Spear of the Nation, was the military wing of the African National Congress (ANC). ...

U.S. involvement in Lebanon followed a limited-term United Nations mandate for a multinational force. A force of 800 U.S. Marines was sent to Beirut to evacuate PLO forces. The September 16, 1982 massacre of hundreds of Palestinian civilians in Beirut (see Sabra and Shatila Massacre) prompted Reagan to form a new multinational force. Intense administration diplomatic efforts resulted in a peace agreement between Lebanon and Israel. U.S. forces were withdrawn shortly after the October 23, 1983 bombing of a barracks in which 241 Marines were killed. Reagan called this day the saddest day of his presidency and of his life. Main articles: League of Nations & History of the United Nations The term United Nations was coined by Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II, to refer to the Allies. ... France Marines is the name of a commune in the département of Val dOise, France. ... Central Beirut (2004) Beirut (Arabic: , transliterated BayrÅ«t - the French name, Beyrouth, was also commonly used in English in the past) is the capital, largest city and chief seaport of Lebanon. ... The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (Arabic Munazzamat al-Tahrir Filastiniyyah منظمة تحرير فلسطينية ) is a political and paramilitary organization of Palestinian Arabs dedicated to the establishment of an independent Palestinian state to consist of the area between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea, with an intent to destroy Israel. ... September 16 is the 259th day of the year (260th in leap years). ... 1982 (MCMLXXXII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The term Palestinian has other usages, for which see definitions of Palestinian. ... Combatants Lebanese Phalangist Palestinian refugees Commanders Elie Hobeika Strength 150 irregulars Casualties 2 700-3500 This page is related to the 1982 events only. ... October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 69 days remaining. ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

A communist coup on the small island nation of Grenada in 1983 led the administration to develop an invasion plan to restore the former government. The resulting Operation Urgent Fury achieved this goal. A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Invasion of Grenada, known to US forces as Operation Urgent Fury, was an invasion of the island nation of Grenada by the military forces of the United States of America and several Caribbean nations. ...

Initially neutral, the administration increasingly became involved in the Iran-Iraq War. At various times, the administration supported both nations, but mainly sided with Iraq, believing that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein was less of a threat to the stability of the region than Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini. Henry Kissinger articulated the administration's policy when he stated "Too bad they both can't lose". The American fear was that an Iranian victory would embolden Islamic fundamentalists in the Arab states, perhaps leading to the overthrow of secular governments, and Western corporate holdings, in Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Kuwait. After initial Iraqi military victories were reversed and an Iranian victory appeared possible in 1982, the American government initiated Operation Staunch to attempt to cut off the Iranian regime's access to weapons (notwithstanding their later shipment of weapons to Iran in the Iran-Contra Affair). The U.S. also provided intelligence information and financial assistance to the Iraqi military regime. The administration also allowed the shipment of "dual use" materials, that could be used for chemical and biological weapons, which Iraq claimed were required for agriculture, medical research, and other civilian purposes, but which were diverted to use in Saddam's weapons of mass destruction programs[8]. After Saddam Hussein used the "dual use" materials to gas the Kurds in Halabja in 1988, the Reagan administration continued to supply nerve gas and technology. Combatants Iran Iraq Commanders Strength Casualties Est. ... -1... Ayatollah Khomeini founded the first modern Islamic republic Ayatollah Seyyed Ruhollah Khomeini (آیت‌الله روح‌الله خمینی in Persian) (May 17, 1900 – June 3, 1989) was an Iranian Shia cleric and the political and spiritual leader of the 1979 revolution that overthrew Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the then Shah of Iran. ... Henry Kissinger Henry Alfred Kissinger (born May 27, 1923 in FÃ¼rth as Heinz Alfred Kissinger) is a German-born Jewish American diplomat and statesman. ... The phrase Islamic fundamentalism is primarily used in the West to describe Islamist groups. ... The Arabs (Arabic: Ø¹Ø±Ø¨ Ê»arab) are a large and heterogenous ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa, originating in the Arabian Peninsula of southwest Asia. ... 1982 (MCMLXXXII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A TIME Magazine cover of Oliver North testifying in front of the U.S. Congress. ... Military intelligence (abbreviated MI, int. ... Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) generally include nuclear, biological, chemical and, increasingly, radiological weapons. ...

Concurrently with the support of Iraq, the administration also engaged in covert arms sales to Iran in order to fund Contra rebels in Nicaragua. The resulting Iran-Contra Affair became a scandal. Reagan professed ignorance of the plot's existence and quickly called for an Independent Counsel to investigate. Ten officials in the Reagan administration were later convicted and others forced to resign as a result of the investigation. His secretary of defense Weinberger was indicted for perjury and later received a presidential pardon from George H W Bush, days before the trial was to begin. This is a magazine cover. ... This is a magazine cover. ... (Clockwise from upper left) Time magazine covers from May 7, 1945; July 25, 1969; December 31, 1999; September 14, 2001; and April 21, 2003. ... Oliver North Oliver Laurence North (born October 7, 1943) was a member of the Marine Corps who achieved the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. ... A TIME Magazine cover of Oliver North testifying in front of the U.S. Congress. ... July 20 is the 201st day (202nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 164 days remaining. ... 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A TIME Magazine cover of Oliver North testifying in front of the U.S. Congress. ... United States Office of the Independent Counsel was an independent prosecutor — distinct from the Attorney General of the United States Department of Justice — that provided reports to the Congress under Title 28 of the United States Code, Section 595. ... Perjury is lying or making verifiably false statements under oath in a court of law. ... Order: 41st President Term of Office: January 20, 1989–January 20, 1993 Preceded by: Ronald Reagan Succeeded by: Bill Clinton Date of birth: June 12, 1924 Place of birth: Milton, Massachusetts Date of death: Place of death: First Lady: Barbara Pierce Bush Political party: Republican Vice President: Dan Quayle George...

On April 11, 1985, it was announced that Reagan would visit the Kolmeshohe Cemetery near Bitburg, at the suggestion of Chancellor Helmut Kohl of West Germany, to pay respects to the soldiers interred there. The White House staff was under the impression that those interred included both American and German soldiers. The visit was intended to be symbolic of the goodwill between the two countries, but unbeknownst to Reagan and deputy chief of staff Michael Deaver, who visited the cemetery in advance of the event, 49 of the graves contained the remains of men who had served in the Waffen-SS. The cemetery also contained remains of about 2,000 other German soldiers who had died in both World Wars, but no Americans. April 11 is the 101st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (102nd in leap years). ... This article is about the year. ... Bitburg is a city in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate which currently has Bitburg Air Force Base, an American airbase, nearby. ... Various governments have a Chancellor who serves as some form of junior or senior minister. ... Dr. Helmut Kohl (full name Helmut Josef Michael Kohl) (born 3 April 1930) is a German conservative politician and statesman. ... The southern side of the White House The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States of America. ... Waffen-SS recruitment poster; Volunteer to the Waffen-SS The Waffen-SS was the armed wing of the Schutzstaffel. ...

Reagan also visited the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, where he cited Anne Frank and ended his speech with the words, "Never again." Bergen-Belsen, sometimes referred to as just Belsen, was a German concentration camp in the Nazi era. ... A concentration camp is a large detention center created for political opponents, aliens, specific ethnic or religious groups, civilians of a critical war-zone, or other groups of people, often during a war. ... Anne Frank Her handwriting, translated: This is a photo as I would wish myself to look all the time. ...

"The Great Communicator"

Reagan was dubbed "The Great Communicator" for his ability to express ideas and emotions in an almost personal manner, even when making a formal address. He honed these skills as an actor, live television and radio host, and politician, and as president hired skilled speechwriters who could capture his folksy charm. Speaking in front of the Berlin Wall on June 12, 1987 Ronald Reagan challenged reformist Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down this wall. ... Speaking in front of the Berlin Wall on June 12, 1987 Ronald Reagan challenged reformist Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down this wall. ... Berlin Wall on November 16, 1989 The Berlin Wall (German: Die Berliner Mauer) was a long barrier separating West Berlin from East Berlin and the surrounding territory of East Germany. ... June 12 is the 163rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (164th in leap years), with 202 days remaining. ... 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Tear down this wall is the famous challenge from a speech by Ronald Reagan, the 40th US president, who is credited by his supporters with winning the Cold War. ...

Reagan's rhetorical style varied. He used strong, even ideological language to condemn the Soviet Union and communism, particularly during his first term.

Whatever may be said of Reagan, he was an advocate of liberty and above all, free speech. Unlike Richard Nixon before him, Reagan never attempted to suppress criticism, even when it was directed at him. This is one reason why his legacy has better survived the test of time than Nixon's. Those who honor Reagan's memory would also cherish the right of free speech and the right of public dissent. Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 â€“ April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ...

But he could also evoke lofty ideals and a vision of the United States as a defender of liberty. His October 27, 1964 speech entitled "A Time for Choosing" reintroduced a phrase, "rendezvous with destiny," first made famous by Franklin D. Roosevelt, to popular culture.[9] Other speeches recalled America as the "shining city on a hill", "big-hearted, idealistic, daring, decent, and fair," whose citizens had the "right to dream heroic dreams." [10][11] October 27 is the 300th day of the year (301st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 65 days remaining. ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 â€“ April 12, 1945), 32nd President of the United States (1933-1945), is best known for his leading the U.S. through the Great Depression via his New Deal, his building a powerful political coalition, the New Deal Coalition, that dominated American politics for decades...

On January 28, 1986, after the Challenger accident, he postponed his State of the Union address and addressed the nation on the disaster. In a speech written by Peggy Noonan, he said, "We will never forget them, nor the last time we saw them, this morning, as they prepared for their journey and waved good-bye and 'slipped the surly bonds of earth' to 'touch the face of God.'" [12] (quotations in this speech are from the famous poem "High Flight" by John Gillespie Magee, Jr..) January 28 is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... STS-51-L was the 25th launch of a Space Shuttle and the tenth launch of the Challenger. ... Alternative meanings in State of the Union (disambiguation) The State of the Union Address is an annual event in which the President of the United States reports on the status of the country, normally to a joint session of the U.S. Congress (the House of Representatives and the Senate). ... Peggy Noonan, on Hannity and Colmes. ... John Gillespie Magee Jr Magees Grave, Scopwick Pilot Officer John Gillespie Magee, Junior (June 9, 1922 â€“ December 11, 1941) was an American aviator and poet who died fighting in World War II while serving in the Royal Canadian Air Force, which he had joined before the United States had...

It was perhaps Reagan's humor, especially his one-liners, that disarmed his opponents and endeared him to audiences the most. Discussion of his advanced age led him to quip in his second debate against Walter Mondale during the 1984 campaign, "I will not make age an issue of this campaign. I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent's youth and inexperience." On his career he joked, "Politics is not a bad profession. If you succeed there are many rewards, if you disgrace yourself you can always write a book." A one-liner is a joke that takes to its heart the principle that brevity is the soul of wit. ... Walter Frederick Fritz Mondale (born January 5, 1928 in Ceylon, Minnesota) is an American politician and member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party. ... 1984 (MCMLXXXIV) is a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Both opponents and supporters noted his "sunny optimism", which was welcomed by many in comparison to his Presidential predecessor, the often smiling, but somewhat dour and serious, Carter.

Assassination Attempt

While leaving the Hilton Hotel in Washington, DC on March 30, 1981, Reagan, his press secretary James Brady, Secret Service agent Tim McCarthy, and MPDC officer Thomas Delehanty were shot by John Hinckley, Jr. during an assassination attempt. Hinckley's bullet missed Reagan's heart, and likely spared his life, by less than one inch. Categories: Companies traded on NYSE | Corporation stubs | Fortune 500 companies | Hotels | Companies based in California ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United... March 30 is the 89th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (90th in Leap years). ... 1981 (MCMLXXXI) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... James Brady James â€œJimâ€ Scott Brady (born August 29, 1940) was Assistant to the President and White House Press Secretary under President Ronald Reagan. ... United States Secret Service Secret Service Categories: Disambiguation ... Timothy J. McCarthy (born c1950) is the police chief of Orland Park, Illinois, but is most famous for leaping in front of US President Ronald Reagan and stopping one of John Hinckley, Jr. ... MPDC Chief Charles Ramsey with his staff The Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia, also known as the D.C. Police, or MPDC, is the municipal police force for Washington, DC. Headed by a Chief of Police it was formed in 1861 in accordance with the personal wishes... Thomas K. Delehanty (born c. ... John Warnock Hinckley, Jr. ...

Reagan turned what could have been a low point in his first 100 days into another high point when he joked, "I hope you're all Republicans" to his surgeons. (Though they were not, Dr. Joseph Giordano replied "We're all Republicans today, Mr. President.") He later famously told his wife, "Honey, I forgot to duck." [13] Reagan also said that he forgave Hinckley and hoped he would ask for God's forgiveness as well.

According to the March 31, 1981 edition of the Houston Post, and reported by AP, UPI, NBC News and Newsweek, Hinckley was the son of one of George H.W. Bush's better supporters in his 1980 presidential campaign against Ronald Reagan. John Hinckley Sr.'s Vanderbilt Energy was also threatened with a $2 million fine the morning of the assassination attempt. John Jr.'s older brother Scott Hinckley and Neil Bush had a dinner appointment for the next day. Order: 41st President Vice President: Dan Quayle Term of office: January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993 Preceded by: Ronald Reagan Succeeded by: Bill Clinton Date of birth: June 12, 1924 Place of birth: Milton, Massachusetts First Lady: Barbara Pierce Bush Political party: Republican George Herbert Walker Bush, KBE (born June...

By surviving the assassination attempt and the rest of his term of office, Reagan was said to break (or at least skip) the alleged Tecumseh's Curse. The term Tecumsehs curse or zero year curse is sometimes used to describe a chain of events that began with the death of United States President William Henry Harrison from pneumonia. ...

Criticisms

A frequent objection by his critics, however, was that his personal charm also permitted him to say nearly anything and yet prevail, a quality that earned him the nickname "the Teflon President" (i.e., nothing sticks to him). His denial of awareness of the Iran-Contra scandal was belied by quotations in now-archived notes by his defense secretary, Casper Weinberger, that he (Reagan) could survive violating the law or Constitution, but not the negative public image that "big, strong Ronald Reagan passed up a chance to get the hostages free." In December 1985, Reagan signed a secret presidential "finding" describing the deal as "arms-for-hostages." Reagan-era papers which might provide further details were originally scheduled to be released starting in 2001, but President George W. Bush enacted a rule change to allow many of these to be withheld indefinitely. Teflon is the brand name of a polymer compound discovered by Roy J. Plunkett (1910â€“1994) of DuPont in 1938 and introduced as a commercial product in 1946. ... In the Iran-Contra Affair, United States President Ronald Reagans administration secretly sold arms to Iran, which was engaged in a bloody war with its neighbor Iraq from 1980 to 1988 (see Iran-Iraq War), and diverted the proceeds to the Contra rebels fighting to overthrow the leftist and... Caspar Willard Weinberger (born August 18, 1917) is best known as United States Secretary of Defense under President Ronald Reagan from 1982 through 1987, and for his related roles in the Strategic Defense Initiative program (popularly known as Star Wars), and in the Iran-Contra Affair. ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States. ...

Reagan's fiscal and tax policies were purported to have increased social inequality and economic instability, his efforts to cut welfare and income taxes becoming common flashpoints between critics who charged that this primarily benefited the well off in America. The unprecedented growth of the national debt during his presidency also sparked charges of endangering the economic health of the nation. Welfare has four main meanings. ...

Reagan's foreign policy also drew criticisms, many opponents making the charge that rather than genuinely upholding the cause of human rights throughout the globe, Reagan used it merely as an ideological tool against socialist and communist countries. Often cited are the administration's support of many widely condemned and bloody regimes, including apartheid-era South Africa, the Pinochet military junta in Chile, and the Suharto regime in Indonesia. One opponent was East Timorese Nobel Peace Prize recipient Jose Ramos-Horta: A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982. ... General Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte1 (born November 25, 1915) was head of the military government that ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990. ... In modern usage, junta (pronounced as in Spanish HUN-ta or HOON-ta) typically refers to a military dictatorship, especially in Latin America, which is officially run by a committee of high-ranking military officers. ... General Haji Mohammad Soeharto (commonly spelled Suharto in the English-speaking world) (born June 8, 1921) was an Indonesian leader and military strongman. ... National motto: Honra, PÃ¡tria e Povo (Portuguese: Honor, Homeland, and People) Official languages Tetum, Portuguese Capital Dili Largest city Dili President Xanana GusmÃ£o Prime Minister MarÃ Alkatiri Area - Total - % water Ranked 154th 15,007 kmÂ² Negligible Population - Total (2005) - Density Ranked 153rd 1,040,880 69/kmÂ² HDI... The Nobel Peace Prize Medal featuring a portrait of Alfred Nobel The Nobel Peace Prize is one of five Nobel Prizes bequested by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel. ... Jos Ramos Horta (born December 26, 1949) has been Foreign Minister of East Timor since independence in 2002, having previously been a spokesman for the East Timorese resistance in exile during the years of Indonesian occupation betweeen 1975 and 1999. ...

Reagan's support of apartheid South Africa has been among the most heavily criticized aspects of his foreign policy, though it was considerably lessened during his second term. Among the most vocal critics is Nobel Peace Prize recipient Bishop Desmond Tutu who commented in 1984 that Reagan was "immoral, evil, and totally un-Christian...you are either for or against apartheid and not by rhetoric." He was unconvinced by the later reformist "constructive engagement" posture of Reagan. Following a 1986 speech in which Reagan called proposed sanctions against South Africa "a historic act of folly," Tutu's response was "nauseating...your president is the pits as far as blacks are concerned."[14]. Although Reagan sought an end to apartheid and liberalization of South Africa, he opposed economic sanctions "on grounds that it would diminish influence on the South African government and create economic hardship for the very people in South Africa that the sanctions were ostensibly designed to help" (Donald T. Regan, "For the Record"). Archbishop Desmond Tutu Desmond Mpilo Tutu (born October 7, 1931) is a South African cleric and activist who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. ...

Residents of Western European countries often saw Reagan very differently from many Americans. In the United Kingdom, though Reagan had the strong support of Margaret Thatcher, he was routinely lampooned by much of the media as being dim-witted, if not senile. This was fueled by certain real-life incidents, including a November 9, 1985, speaking engagement in which he forgot the name of Diana, Princess of Wales and after some hesitation referred to her as 'Princess David', to widespread embarrassment. In the nations of Eastern Europe, however, Reagan enjoyed a good deal of popularity among residents (though not their governments) for his harsh criticism of communism, and has been praised extensively for his role in ending the Cold War. Western Europe is distinguished from Eastern Europe by differences of history and culture rather than by geography. ... The Right Honourable Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925), is a British politician. ... November 9 is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 52 days remaining. ... This article is about the year. ... 1-Biography subject name Diana, Princess of Wales date of birth[1 July,1961] place of birth[Sandringham,Norfolk,England] date of death[31 August, 1997] | place of death[Paris,France] Diana, Princess of Wales(Diana Frances,Mountbatten-Windsor, nÃ©e Spencer) (1 July 1961;31 August 1997) was the... Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange) and other former communist regimes (light orange). ...

Appointments

Headline text

[[[====Cabinet==

]]] ==]]]] Download high resolution version (900x709, 97 KB) Front row: Alexander Haig, Secretary of State; President Reagan; Vice President Bush; Caspar Weinberger, Secretary of Defense Second row: Raymond Donovan, Secretary of Labor; Donald Regan, Secretary of Labor; Terrel Bell, Secretary of Education; David Stockman, Director, Office of Management & Budget; Andrew Lewis... Download high resolution version (900x709, 97 KB) Front row: Alexander Haig, Secretary of State; President Reagan; Vice President Bush; Caspar Weinberger, Secretary of Defense Second row: Raymond Donovan, Secretary of Labor; Donald Regan, Secretary of Labor; Terrel Bell, Secretary of Education; David Stockman, Director, Office of Management & Budget; Andrew Lewis... February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1981 (MCMLXXXI) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The President of the United States (unofficially abbreviated â€œPOTUSâ€) is the head of state of the United States. ... The Vice President of the United States is the second-highest executive official of the United States government, the person who, in the words of Adlai Stevenson, is a heartbeat from the presidency. ... George Herbert Walker Bush (born in Milton, Massachusetts June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States (1989â€“1993). ... The Seal of the United States Department of State The United States Secretary of State is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with foreign affairs. ... Alexander Meigs Haig, Jr. ... Shultz in his official D.O.L. portrait. ... John W. Snow, the current Secretary of the Treasury. ... Donald Regan Donald Thomas Regan (December 21, 1918 â€“ June 10, 2003) was the 66th United States Secretary of the Treasury, from 1981 to 1985, and Chief of Staff from 1985 to 1987 in the Reagan administration, where he advocated supply-side economics and tax cuts to create jobs and stimulate... James Addison Baker III (born April 28, 1930), American politician and diplomat, was Chief of Staff in the President Ronald Reagans first administration, and Secretary of State in the administration of President George H. W. Bush and as United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1985 to 1988 in... Nicholas F. Brady Nicholas Frederick Brady (born April 11, 1930, in New York City) was United States Secretary of the Treasury under Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush, and is also known for articulating the Brady Plan in March 1989. ... Seal of the United States Department of Defense The United States Secretary of Defense is the head of the United States Department of Defense, concerned with the armed services and The Secretary is appointed by the President with the approval of the Senate, and is a member of the Cabinet. ... Caspar Willard Weinberger (born August 18, 1917) is best known as United States Secretary of Defense under President Ronald Reagan from 1982 through 1987, and for his related roles in the Strategic Defense Initiative program (popularly known as Star Wars), and in the Iran-Contra Affair. ... Frank Charles Carlucci III (born October 18, 1930) was a government official in the United States associated with the Republican Party who was United States Secretary of Defense from 1987 until 1989. ... The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement officer of the United States government. ... Wiiliam F. Smith may refer to: William Farrar Smith -- Union Army General William French Smith -- U.S. Attorney General This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Edwin Meese III (born December 2, 1931) served as the seventy-fifth Attorney General of the United States (1985 - 1988). ... Categories: People stubs | 1932 births | U.S. Attorneys General | Governors of Pennsylvania ... The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior, concerned with such matters as national parks and The Secretary is a member of the Presidents Cabinet. ... James Gaius Watt (born January 31, 1938 in Lusk, Wyoming) served as U.S. Secretary of the Interior under President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1983. ... William Patrick Clark, Jr (born October 23, 1931), American politician, served under President Ronald Reagan as the United States National Security Advisor from 1982 to 1983, and the Secretary of the Interior from 1983 until 1985. ... Categories: 1935 births | U.S. Secretaries of Energy | U.S. Secretaries of the Interior | People stubs ... The office of the U.S. Secretary of Commerce in the mid-20th century. ... Link titleLink titleLink titleLink titleLink titleLink titleLink titleLink titleLink titleLink titleLink titleLink titleLink titleLink titleLink titleLink titleLink titleLink titleLink titleInsert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted... Calvin William Verity Jr. ... Raymond J. Donovan (August 31, 1930-) is an American politician and former federal office-holder. ... Bill Brock William Emerson Bill Brock III (born November 23, 1930) was a Republican United States Senator from Tennessee from 1971 to 1977. ... Categories: People stubs ... John Rusling Block was born in 1935 in Galesburg, Illinois. ... Richard Edmund Lyng (June 29, 1918-February 1, 2003) was a U.S. administrator. ... The United States Secretary of Health and Human Services is the head of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, concerned with The Secretary is a member of the Presidents Cabinet. ... Richard S. Schweiker Richard Schultz Schweiker (born June 1, 1926) is a former U.S. Congressman and Senator representing the state of Pennsylvania. ... Margaret M. Heckler Margaret Mary Heckler (born June 21, 1931) is a Republican politician from Massachusetts who served in the United States House of Representatives from 1967 until 1983 and was later the Secretary of Health and Human Services under President Ronald Reagan. ... Otis Ray Bowen (born 26 February 1918) is a retired U.S. politician and physician. ... Terrell H. Bell (born November 11, 1921) was the first United States Secretary of Education in the Cabinet of President Ronald Reagan, initially appointed with the expectation that he would preside over the dismantling of his department. ... This article is about William Bennett the US politician. ... Lauro Fred Cavazos (born January 4, 1927) is a U.S. educator. ... The United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development is the head of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, concerned with The Secretary is a member of the Presidents Cabinet. ... Samuel Riley Silent Sam Pierce, Jr. ... Andrew Lindsay Lewis, Jr. ... Sen. ... James H. Burnley IV is an American politician and lawyer born in 1948 and from DC. He graduated magna cum laude from Yale University in 1970 with a Bachelor of Arts and got his Juris Doctor from Harvard in 1973. ... James Burrows Edwards (born June 24, 1927) is an American politician and administrator. ... John S. Herrington was the Secretary of Engergy of the United States under Ronald Reagan during his second term. ...

Supreme Court appointments

Justice Sandra Day OConnor Sandra Day OConnor (born March 26, 1930) has been an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States since 1981. ... 1981 (MCMLXXXI) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... William Hubbs Rehnquist (October 1, 1924 â€“ September 3, 2005) was an American lawyer, jurist and political figure, who served as an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court of the United States from 1972 until 1986, and as the 16th Chief Justice of the United States from 1986 until his death... 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ... Justice Antonin Scalia Justice Antonin Scalia (born March 11, 1936) (sometimes known by the nickname Nino) has been a U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice since 1986. ... 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Robert Bork Robert Heron Bork (born March 1, 1927 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is a conservative American legal scholar who advocates the judicial philosophy of originalism. ... 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Douglas H. Ginsburg (born May 25, 1946) is the Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. ... Justice Anthony Kennedy Anthony McLeod Kennedy (born July 23, 1936) has been a US Supreme Court Associate Justice since 1988. ... 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on a Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Major legislation approved

The Kemp-Roth Tax Cut (officially the Economic Recovery Tax Act, or ERTA) of 1981 reduced marginal income tax rates in the United States by approximately 25% over three years (the top rate falling to 50% from 70% while the bottom rate dropped to 11% from 14%) and indexed them... The United States Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 rescinded some of the effects of the huge Kemp-Roth Tax Cut passed the year before. ... Social Security in the United States is a social insurance program funded through a dedicated payroll tax. ... President Ronald Reagan signs the Tax Reform Act of 1986 on the South Lawn. ... The Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986 (PL 99-433) was a reorganization plan which focused the chain of command in military operations undertaken by the United States Department of Defense. ...

Religious beliefs

Reagan was a committed Christian from his childhood, and frequently addressed Christian groups. (He rarely attended church during his presidency, citing security concerns, but became a member and regular attendee of Bel Air Presbyterian Church after leaving office.) He argued that communism's atheistic worldview was one of its worst features. As a noun, Christian is an appellation and moniker deriving from the appellation Christ, which many people associate exclusively with Jesus of Nazareth. ... Communism refers to a theoretical system of social organization and a political movement based on common ownership of the means of production. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Nontheism. ...

In a March 1978 letter to a liberal Methodist minister who was skeptical about Christ's divinity—and accused Reagan of a "limited Sunday school level theology"—Reagan argued strongly for Christ's divinity: 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1978 calendar). ... The Christian Left encompasses those who hold a strong Christian belief and share left-wing or socialist ideals. ... The Methodist movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity. ... Icon depicting the Holy Fathers of the First Council of Nicaea holding the Nicene Creed. ...

This was similar to the "Trilemma" argument of C.S. Lewis. The Gospel of John is the fourth gospel in the sequence of the canon as printed in the New Testament, and scholars agree it was the fourth to be written. ... Crucifixion is an ancient method of execution, where the victim was tied or nailed to a large wooden cross (Latin: crux) and left to hang there until dead. ... Clive Staples Lewis (November 29, 1898 â€“ November 22, 1963), commonly referred to as C. S. Lewis, was an Anglo-Irish author and scholar, born into a Protestant family in Belfast, though mostly resident in England. ...

Even though Reagan was firmly Christian, his funeral was an interfaith service. President George W. Bush, his wife, Laura, Vice-President Richard Cheney and his wife, Lynne, and former president Bill Clinton and his wife, Hillary, New York Democratic senator, watch the casket of former president Ronald Reagan carried into the Washington National Cathedral Nancy Reagan was escorted by Army Major General...

Reagan was a Creationist and favored teaching Creationism in public schools. This article is about the Abrahamic belief; creationism can also refer to origin beliefs in general or, centuries earlier, to an alternative to traducianism. ...

Legacy and retirement from public life

On January 11, 1989, Reagan addressed the nation one last time on television from the Oval Office of the White House, nine days before handing over the presidency to George H. W. Bush. After Bush's inauguration, Reagan returned to his estate, Rancho del Cielo, near Santa Barbara, California, to write his autobiography, ride his horses, and chop wood. He eventually moved to a new home in Bel-Air, Los Angeles. As of 2005, Reagan is one of only three presidents to serve two full terms since the adoption of the 22nd Amendment in 1951 (The others are Dwight D. Eisenhower and Bill Clinton). January 11 is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Oval Office is the official office of the President of the United States, in the West Wing of the White House, built in 1909. ... George Herbert Walker Bush (born in Milton, Massachusetts June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States (1989â€“1993). ... An inauguration is a ceremony of formal investiture whereby an individual assumes an office or position of authority or power. ... Rancho del Cielo, or Ranch in the Sky, is a 688 acre (2. ... Mission Santa Barbara, known as the queen of the missions. Santa Barbara is a city in California, United States. ... Bel Air is a neighborhood in west Los Angeles, California, USA. The faux-gated community was founded by Alphonzo E. Bell, Sr. ... 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Twenty-second Amendment of the United States Constitution sets a two-term limit for the President of the United States. ... 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ... Dwight David Ike Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 â€“ March 28, 1969) was an American soldier and politician. ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe, III on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ...

Reagan received an honorary British knighthood, as a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, and thus was entitled to use the postnominal GCB, but not to call himself "Sir Ronald". Military Badge of the Order of the Bath Listen to this article Â· (info) This audio file was created from the revision dated 2005-04-11, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ...

In the autumn of 1989, Fujisankei Communications Group of Japan hired him to make two speeches and attend a small number of corporate functions. Reagan's weekly fee was about $2 million, more than he had earned during eight years as president. Reagan made occasional appearances on behalf of the Republican Party, including a well-received speech at the 1992 Republican National Convention. He publicly spoke out in favor of a line-item veto, a constitutional amendment requiring a balanced budget, and repealing the 22nd Amendment, which prohibits a president from serving more than two terms. Fujisankei Communications Group (ãƒ•ã‚¸ã‚µãƒ³ã‚±ã‚¤ã‚°ãƒ«ãƒ¼ãƒ—) is a group in Japan that consists many companies. ... The 1992 Republican National Convention was held in the Astrodome in Houston, Texas from August 17 to August 21. ... In government, the line-item veto is the power of an executive to veto parts of a bill, usually budget appropriations. ... A constitutional amendment is an alteration to the constitution of a nation or a state. ... A balanced budget embodies maintaining a net government surplus, meaning the government takes in more in taxes than in spends. ...

In 1994, Reagan was officially diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. He informed the nation of his condition on November 5, 1994 with a hand-written letter, which displayed his trademark optimism, stating in conclusion: "I now begin the journey that will lead me into the sunset of my life. I know that for America there will always be a bright dawn ahead. Thank you, my friends. May God always bless you." As the years went on, the disease slowly destroyed his mental capacity, forcing him to live in quiet isolation. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. ... Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 â€“ April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ... George Herbert Walker Bush (born in Milton, Massachusetts June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States (1989â€“1993). ... James Earl Jimmy Carter, Jr. ... Download high resolution version (934x578, 121 KB)Five presidents and first ladies attended the funeral of Richard Nixon on April 27, 1994, in Nixons hometown of Yorba Linda, California. ... Download high resolution version (934x578, 121 KB)Five presidents and first ladies attended the funeral of Richard Nixon on April 27, 1994, in Nixons hometown of Yorba Linda, California. ... The President of the United States (unofficially abbreviated â€œPOTUSâ€) is the head of state of the United States. ... Martha Washington, 1st First Lady of the United States Laura Bush, current First Lady of the United States (2001-present) First Lady of the United States is the unofficial title of the hostess of the White House. ... Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 â€“ April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ... April 27 is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 248 days remaining. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... Yorba Linda is a city located in Orange County, California, approximately 13 miles northeast of Downtown Santa Ana. ... State nickname: The Golden State Official languages English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger (R) Senators Dianne Feinstein (D) Barbara Boxer (D) Area - Total - % water Ranked 3rd 410,000 kmÂ² 4. ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe, III on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... Hillary Clinton Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (born October 26, 1947), was First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, as the wife of President Bill Clinton. ... George Herbert Walker Bush (born in Milton, Massachusetts June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States (1989â€“1993). ... Barbara Pierce Bush (born June 8, 1925) is the wife of the 41st President of the United States, George H. W. Bush, and was First Lady of the United States from 1989 to 1993. ... White House portrait Nancy Davis Reagan (born July 6, 1921) is the widow of President Ronald Reagan and was First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989. ... James Earl Jimmy Carter, Jr. ... White House portrait Eleanor Rosalynn Smith Carter (born August 18, 1927 at 7:00 AM in Plains, Georgia) is a former First Lady of the United States. ... Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. ... White House portrait Elizabeth Ann Bloomer Warren Ford (born April 8, 1918), a First Lady of the United States, Chicago, Illinois, the daughter of William Stephenson Bloomer, an industrial supply salesman, and his wife Hortense Neahr. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... November 5 is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 56 days remaining. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ...

Reagan's health was further destabilized by a fall in January 2001, which shattered part of his hip and rendered him virtually immobile. By late 2004, Reagan had begun to enter the final stage of Alzheimer’s disease. 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Job approval rating

April 22 is the 112th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (113th in leap years). ... 1981 (MCMLXXXI) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 22 is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 26 is the 116th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (117th in leap years). ... 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... February 26 is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Look up January in Wiktionary, the free dictionary January is the first month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... July 30 is the 211th day (212th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 154 days remaining. ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ...

Death

Reagan died of pneumonia on June 5, 2004 at his home in Bel-Air and is buried at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley. President George W. Bush, First Lady Laura Bush, Vice-President Dick Cheney, Lynne Cheney, and former President Bill Clinton and Senator Hillary Clinton, watch the casket of former President Ronald Reagan carried into the Washington National Cathedral The death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan took place in June 2004. ... Pneumonia is an illness of the lungs and respiratory system in which the microscopic, air-filled sacs (alveoli) responsible for absorbing oxygen from the atmosphere become inflamed and flooded with fluid. ... June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Bel Air is a neighborhood in west Los Angeles, California, USA. The faux-gated community was founded by Alphonzo E. Bell, Sr. ... The inner courtyard of the library. ... Simi Valley is an incorporated city located in the extreme southeast corner of Ventura County, California, bordering the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles. ...

Reagan holds the record as the longest lived U.S. president, at 93 years and 120 days. Since Reagan's death, Gerald Ford is now the oldest surviving president at 92, and will overtake Reagan's record if he lives to or beyond November 11, 2006. Reagan also holds the record as the oldest-elected president at 69 and oldest president to serve at 77. Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. ... November 11 is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 50 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Nicknames

Reagan is often referred to as the Gipper, referencing his performance as George Gipp in the film Knute Rockne, All-American, often along with his popular line "win one for the Gipper." As a youth he was called "Dutch." As president he was dubbed "The Great Communicator," and more recently "The Great Liberator," referring to his policies which led to the defeat of communism in the Cold War. George The Gipper Gipp (February 18, 1895 â€“ December 14, 1920) was a famous college football player who played for the University of Notre Dame. ...

Honors

In a 1995 poll of 2,307 coin collectors by the Littleton Coin Company, Reagan was ranked as the most popular person to appear on a future U.S. coin. Image File history File links This image is a postage stamp produced by the United States Postal Service after 1978. ... This is a list of things named after former President of the United States Ronald Reagan. ... 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

On February 6, 1998, Washington National Airport was renamed Ronald Reagan National Airport by a bill signed into law by President Bill Clinton. Three years later, on March 4, 2001, USS Ronald Reagan was christened by the Navy. It is one of few ships christened in honor of a living person and the first to be named in honor of a living former president. Many other highways, schools and institutions were also named after Reagan in the years after his retirement and death. In 2005, Reagan was given two posthumous honors: February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ... Color enhanced USGS satellite image of Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, taken April 26, 2002. ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe, III on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76), the ninth and penultimate Nimitz-class supercarrier, was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for former President of the United States Ronald Reagan. ...

The honors were "a final win for the Gipper," as Hemmer said on May 14 to close his broadcast. May 14 is the 134th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (135th in leap years). ... The Cable News Network, usually referred to as CNN, is a cable television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner & Reese Schonfeld [1] [2] (although the latter is not currently recognized in CNNs official history). ... (Clockwise from upper left) Time magazine covers from May 7, 1945; July 25, 1969; December 31, 1999; September 14, 2001; and April 21, 2003. ... Bill Hemmer (born November 14, 1964) is a journalist who spent 10 years at CNN. Before leaving the network in June 2005, he and Soledad OBrien were the anchors on American Morning, CNNs flagship morning news program. ... June 26 is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 188 days remaining. ... The Greatest American is a public vote, modeled after the 100 Greatest Britons competition, in which citizens of the United States are being asked to nominate, and then later vote for, the Greatest American of all time. ... America Online, or AOL for short, is a U.S.-based online service provider and Internet service provider that is owned by Time Warner. ... Discovery Channel is an American cable TV network, based in Silver Spring, Maryland, that has a variety of science programming, particularly documentaries and nature shows. ...

Awards and Decorations

Military Badge of the Order of the Bath Listen to this article Â· (info) This audio file was created from the revision dated 2005-04-11, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Grand Order of the Badge of the Chrysanthemums (å¤§å‹³ä½èŠèŠ±ç« ), better known in the West as the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum, is Japans highest order. ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Presidential Medal of Freedom The Presidential Medal of Freedom is one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States, considered the equivalent of the Congressional Gold Medal of Honor. ... ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ...

Scholarly Secondary Sources

Primary Sources

Polemical or Humorous Attacks

Alan Moore Alan Moore (born November 18, 1953, in Northampton, England) is a British writer most famous for his work in comics. ... The front and back covers of Bill Sienkiewicz Stray Toasters model three (number 3). ...

Reagan documentaries

January 25 is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 19 is the 292nd day of the year (293rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... September 7 is the 250th day of the year (251st in leap years). ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... August 10 is the 222nd day of the year (223rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... July 13 is the 194th day (195th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 171 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 22 is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 192 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... May 11 is the 131st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (132nd in leap years). ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Contents

Early life and career

Hollywood

Early political career

Party Affiliation: From Democrat to Republican

Governorship

Presidential campaigns

Presidency

Domestic record

Foreign policy and interventions

"The Great Communicator"

Assassination Attempt

Criticisms

Appointments

Headline text

[[[====Cabinet==

Supreme Court appointments

Major legislation approved

Religious beliefs

Legacy and retirement from public life

Job approval rating

Death

Nicknames

Honors

Awards and Decorations

Scholarly Secondary Sources

Primary Sources

Polemical or Humorous Attacks

Reagan documentaries

See also

External links

Biographical information

Speeches and Interviews

Multimedia links

Contents

Early life and career var ACE_AR = {Site: '756743', Size: '300250'};

Hollywood

Early political career

Party Affiliation: From Democrat to Republican

Governorship

Presidential campaigns

Presidency

Domestic record

Foreign policy and interventions

"The Great Communicator"

Assassination Attempt

Criticisms

Appointments

Headline text

[[[====Cabinet==

Supreme Court appointments

Major legislation approved

Religious beliefs

Legacy and retirement from public life

Job approval rating

Death

Nicknames

Honors

Awards and Decorations

Scholarly Secondary Sources

Primary Sources

Polemical or Humorous Attacks

Reagan documentaries

See also

External links

Biographical information

Speeches and Interviews

Multimedia links

Early life and career