The President of the Arab Republic of Egypt is the elected Head of State of Egypt. Under the Egyptian Constitution, the President is also the Supreme Commander of the armed forces and head of the Executive branch of the Egyptian government. Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak (Arabic: محمد حسنى سيد مبارك Muḥammad Ḥusnī Mubārak), commonly known as Hosni Mubarak (Arabic: حسنى مبارك Ḥusnī Mubārak), has been the President of Egypt since 14 October 1981. ... List of Heads of Government of Egypt List of Heads of Government of Southern Region of Egypt Affiliations:- See also:- Egypt Rulers and Heads of State of Egypt Colonial Heads of Egypt Lists of Incumbents Categories: Egypt ... Dr. Ahmed Nazif (Arabic: أحمد نظيف ; born 8 July 1952 in Alexandria) has served as the Prime Minister of Egypt since 14 July 2004. ... The Cabinet of Egypt (Arabic: Al-Hokouma Al-Misreya) is the chief executive body of the Arabic Republic of Egypt. ... The Parliament of Egypt is a bicameral legislature. ... The Shura Council (Arabic: Majilis Al-Shura مجلس الشورى) is the upper house of Egyptian bicameral parliament. ... The Peoples Assembly (Arabic: Majilis Al-Sha’ab مجلس الشعب) is the lower house of Egypts bicameral parliament. ... The Egyptian Judicial System (or judicial branch) in Egypt, is an independent branch of the government which includes both secular and religious courts. ... The Supreme Constitutional Court is an independent judiciary body in the Arab Republic of Egypt, with its new seat in the Cairo suburban, Maadi. ... Egypt elects on national level a head of state – a president – and a bicameral legislature. ... The Egyptian presidential election of 2005, held on September 7, 2005, was the first contested presidential election in Egypts history. ... The Egyptian parliamentary elections of 2005 was the scheduled three-stage elections for determining its lower house membership. ... Political parties in Egypt lists political parties in this country. ... Political Parties has existed in Egypt approximately during the late 19th century. ... Egypt is divided into 26 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah): Ad Daqahliyah Al Bahr al Ahmar Al Buhayrah Al Fayyum Al Gharbiyah Al Iskandariyah Al Ismailiyah Al Jizah Al Minufiyah Al Minya Al Qahirah Al Qalyubiyah Al Wadi al Jadid Ash Sharqiyah As Suways Aswan Asyut Bani Suwayf Bur Sa... Egypts foreign policy operates along a non-aligned level. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... Queen Elizabeth II, is the Head of State of 16 countries including: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Jamaica, New Zealand and the Bahamas, as well as crown colonies and overseas territories of the United Kingdom. ... The Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt is the supreme law of Egypt. ... Supreme Commander, sometimes shortened to SupCom, is a real-time strategy computer game designed by Chris Taylor and developed by his company, Gas Powered Games. ... The Cabinet of Egypt (Arabic: Al-Hokouma Al-Misreya) is the chief executive body of the Arabic Republic of Egypt. ...

The First President of Egypt, Muhammad Naguib, took office on June 18, 1953. Template:Infobox President Muhammad Naguib (محمد نجيب in Arabic; 20 February 1901 – 29 August 1984) was the first President of the Republic of Egypt. ... June 18 is the 169th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (170th in leap years), with 196 days remaining. ... 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday. ...

The 4th and current President of Egypt is Hosni Mubarak. His first term ran from October 14, 1981 and as of September 2005 is serving his fifth term in office. President Mubarak is not constitutionally barred from another term. Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak (Arabic: محمد حسنى سيد مبارك Muḥammad Ḥusnī Mubārak), commonly known as Hosni Mubarak (Arabic: حسنى مبارك Ḥusnī Mubārak), has been the President of Egypt since 14 October 1981. ... October 14 is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Presidential Powers

Under the system created by the 1980 constitutional amendments, the President is the pre-eminent executive figure, who names the Prime Minister. During martial law, the president also anoints deans of faculties and majors, and can also fire or hire people in the private sector. Egypt has been under martial law since 1981. When the President's political party or supporters control Parliament, the President is in effect the ‘dominant’ player in executive action, choosing whoever he wishes for government, and having it follow ‘his’ political agenda. However, when the President's political opponents control parliament, the President's dominance can be severely limited, as he must choose a prime minister and cabinet reflecting the majority in Parliament. By convention, the President controls foreign-affairs and defence related issues of the state, while the Prime Minister manages the day-to-day affairs including the economy. List of Heads of Government of Egypt List of Heads of Government of Southern Region of Egypt Affiliations:- See also:- Egypt Rulers and Heads of State of Egypt Colonial Heads of Egypt Lists of Incumbents Categories: Egypt ... The Parliament of Egypt is a bicameral legislature. ...

In the late 1970s Egypt had several cohabitation governments which proved to be unstable, due to the struggle arising between the President and the Prime Minister. However, since 1981, the National Democratic Party has maintained a majority in the People’s Assembly and supplied the Presidency.

Vice President office

The constitution doesn't directly stipulate any role for the Vice-President in the egyptian political process or Presidential succession. Moreover, it leaves the office's existance as non-mandatory office, to be filled or left vacant according to the incumbent president's political agenda. However, it had become a tradition to nominate presidential candidates from this position, which made the egyptians look at this position if ever filled, to be the second in line for the succession of the president. Both Sadat and Mubarak served as Vice-Presidents at the time when the Presidential office became vacant. Mubarak has not appointed anyone for the position of the Vice-President, although many intellectuals and activists have called for an active Vice-Presidency. Field Marshal Mohammed Anwar Al Sadat (Arabic:محمد أنورالسادات) in (December 25, 1918 – October 6, 1981) was an Egyptian soldier and politician, who served as the third President of Egypt from October 15, 1970 until his assassination on October 6, 1981. ... Hosni Mubarak, President of Egypt Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak (Arabic : محمد حسنى سيد مبارك ) (born May 4, 1928) commonly known as Hosni Mubarak (Arabic: حسنى مبارك ) has been the President of the Arab Republic of Egypt for twenty-four years, since 14 October 1981. ...

Requirements to hold office

Article 75 of the Egyptian Constitution establishes the requirements one must meet in order to become President. The President of the Republic should be an Egyptian born to Egyptian parents and enjoy civil and political rights. His age must not be less than 40 Gregorian years.

Election

Election procedures are taken before the end of the incumbent president’s term by 60 days.

Candidancy

Additional requirements were provisioned in Article 76 of the Egyptian constitution concerning candidates for the President's office.

• A political party nominee:

A political party may nominate a member of the party's highest leadership body for the first Presidential election to be held in light of the amendment, in accordance with the by-laws of each political party.

• • The candidate must have occupied one of the top leadership positions in the party for a period of one year.
  • The political party must have been established for a period of five years, and managed to win 3% of the seats in the People’s Assembly (the lower house of Parliament), and 5% in the Shoura Council (the upper house).

• An independent candidate:

An independent candidate must receive the endorsement of 250 elected members from Egypt’s representative bodies (approximately 6.5% from a total of 3847 representatives), from which a minimum of 65 endorsements to be obtained from the People’s Assembly (which constitutes 14%), 25 endorsements from the Shoura Council (also 14%) and 10 Local Council endorsements from 14 Governorates (4.5%) in order to ensure geographic representation.

Election Procedure

Old system

Under the 1980 amendments of the Egyptian Constitution, the President of Republic is elected indirectly in a two-stage system unique to Egypt. The People’s Assembly, the lower house of Parliament, nominates one of a number of candidates for presidency. The presidential candidate requires at least a two-thirds majority in the People’s Assembly in order to proceed to the second stage of the elections. The presidential candidate is voted on in a yes-or-no binding public referendum. On achieving a simple majority in the public referendum, the presidential candidate is sworn in as President. However, if the candidate is fails to obtain the required majority, the People’s Assembly nominates a new candidate for presidency, thus returning to the first stage of elections. The President may be re-elected multiple times with no limitation on the number of terms allowed to be served.

This system for the Egyptian presidential election was regarded by many as not being fully democratic due to the fact that it is the People’s Assembly and not the populace itself, who retains the upper-hand in choosing the Chief of State. In addition, it allowed for whatever party or coalition controlling the People’s Assembly to put forward their candidate as the presidential candidate.

Current system

In February 2005, President Mubarak asked the Egyptian Parliament to pass a new Election law that would allow a change to the country's presidential elections. President Mubarak’s letter to Parliament outlined a set of principles to be included in the new constitutional amendment. These principles include: Hosni Mubarak, President of Egypt Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak (Arabic : محمد حسنى سيد مبارك ) (born May 4, 1928) commonly known as Hosni Mubarak (Arabic: حسنى مبارك ) has been the President of the Arab Republic of Egypt for twenty-four years, since 14 October 1981. ...

• The election of the President of the Republic by direct secret ballot from among all citizens who enjoy the right to vote.
• Ensuring the necessary guarantees for multiple candidates to be put forward to the people so as to be elected by direct vote.
• Provisions that would ensure the credibility of the nomination process.
• Providing the opportunity for political parties to put forward one of their leadership to contest the first presidential elections to be held in light of this amendment.
• The establishment of an Election Commission that would enjoy complete independence to supervise the election process.
• Convening the election in a single day.
• Provision of the required modalities to ensure judicial supervision over the voting process.

The following provisions regarding the election process are stipulated in Article 76 as amended:

A successful candidate must be elected by the majority of the votes. If no candidate attains such a majority, elections will be repeated after at least 7 days between the two candidates having the highest votes. In case of a tie between the candidate who attained the second highest votes and a third candidate, the third candidate shall participate in the second round. The candidate who receives the highest votes in the second round shall be declared President.

The amendment also provides that a law will be passed to regulate the relevant election procedures. This law is expected to regulate the various aspects of the election process itself, including campaign funding, equal access to the media, and guarantees of fair competition.

As required by the amendment, this law will be submitted to the Supreme Constitutional Court to opine on its constitutionality. This establishes an important precedent in Egypt’s legal tradition, by which the Supreme Constitutional Court shall have the right of prior review of national legislation to decide on its compatibility with the Constitution. This differs from the practice thus far by which the review process undertaken by the Court on national legislation was done subsequent to the passage of legislation.

Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak (Arabic: محمد حسنى سيد مبارك Muḥammad Ḥusnī Mubārak), commonly known as Hosni Mubarak (Arabic: حسنى مبارك Ḥusnī Mubārak), has been the President of Egypt since 14 October 1981. ... The National Democratic Party (Al-Hizb Al-Watany Al-Demoqraty) was established in 1978 by late president Anwar Sadat who headed the party till 1981. ... Ayman Abd El-Aziz Nour (Arabic: ) is an Egyptian politician, a former member of that countrys Parliament and chairman of the al-Ghad party (Tomorrow Party). He became famous around the world following his January 2005 imprisonment by the government of President Hosni Mubarak, which was widely understood as... The Tomorrow Party (Hizb al-Ghad) is an active political party in Egypt that was granted license in October 2004. ... Numan Gumaa, 70, works as an attorney in Cairo and is chairman of the liberal Wafd Party, founded in 1919 and Egypts oldest political party. ... The New Wafd Party (New Delegation Party; Arabic: Hizb al-Wafd al-Jadid حزب الوفد الجديد) is a nationalist liberal party in Egypt. ...

Presidential campaign

Presidential Election Commission

The amendment to Article 76 of the constitution provides for the establishment of a “Presidential Election Commission” that would enjoy complete independence, and would be charged with the supervision of the Presidential election process.

The Commission will be composed of 10 members, presided by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Constitutional Court and four other ex officio members of the judiciary who are the most senior serving Deputy President of each of the Supreme Constitutional, the Court of Cassation, and the High Administrative Court, and the President of the Cairo Court of Appeal.

The rest of the Commission will be made up from five independent and neutral public figures: 3 to be selected by the Peoples Assembly and 2 to be selected by the Shoura Council.

Decisions of this Committee shall be passed by a majority of 7 votes. This Commission will have a term of five years and will be exclusively competent to supervise the presidential election process, including accepting nominations, announcing the names of accepted candidates, supervision of election procedures, vote counting and announcement of the results.

It will also have final judicial competence to rule on any contestation or challenge submitted in relation to the presidential elections, and its decision will be final and subject to no appeal. The Committee will issue its own regulations and shall be competent to establish general sub-committees from among members of the Judiciary, to monitor the various phases of the election process, under its supervision. The election process will be completed in one day.

Inauguration and oath of office

In accordance with Article 79 of the constitution, the President must take the following oath or affirmation before exercising his functions: "I swear by Almighty God to uphold the Republican system with loyalty, to respect the Constitution and the law, and to look after the interests of the people fully and to safeguard the independence and territorial integrity of the motherland".

Term(s) of office

Under the Constitution, the President serves six Gregorian years starting from the date of the announcement of result of the plebiscite. The President of the Republic may be re-elected for other successive terms. The constitution did not specify the number of terms a president shall remain in office, however recent reformers have continuously asked for such a limit to be incorporated in the constitution.

In case a term ends without a new president is chosen, the incumbent president continues to serve until a president is chosen. If the president-elect is announced before the end of the incumbent president’s term, the incumbent president continues in office till the end of his term.

As of 2006, President Mohamed Hosni Mubarak has been the President of the Republic since 14 October 1981 and is currently serving his fifth term. President Mubarak was re-elected in 1987, 1993, 1999, and 2005, making him the longest serving Egyptian President in the history of the Republic.

Succession

In the case of temporary incapacitation of the president, the constitution provides the president to relinquish his powers to a vice-president. If there is no Vice President in-office, the prime minister takes office. However the person who takes office is limited in power as the new president can not dissolve the parliament, propose constitutional amendments or remove the cabinet from office.

In case of the vacancy of the Presidential office or the permanent incapacitation of the President, the Speaker of the People’s Assembly shall temporarily assume the Presidency. In case the People’s Assembly is dissolved at such a time the chief justice of the Supreme Constitutional Court shall take over the Presidency on condition that neither shall nominate himself for the Presidency. Both are also limited in power as in they can not dissolve the parliament, remove the cabinet, propose constitutional amendments.

The People’s Assembly shall then proclaim the vacancy of the office of President, and a new president shall be chosen within a maximum period of sixty days form the date of the vacancy of the office.

Although, the constitution doesn't directly stipulate any role for the Vice-President in the process of Presidential succession, It had become a tradition for the People's Assembly under the old system to nominate the Vice-President for the vacant office of the President. Both Sadat and Mubarak served as Vice-Presidents at the time the Presidential office became vacant. Mubarak has not appointed anyone for the position of the Vice-President, although many intellectuals and activists have called for an active Vice-Presidency. Field Marshal Mohammed Anwar Al Sadat (Arabic:محمد أنورالسادات) in (December 25, 1918 – October 6, 1981) was an Egyptian soldier and politician, who served as the third President of Egypt from October 15, 1970 until his assassination on October 6, 1981. ... Hosni Mubarak, President of Egypt Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak (Arabic : محمد حسنى سيد مبارك ) (born May 4, 1928) commonly known as Hosni Mubarak (Arabic: حسنى مبارك ) has been the President of the Arab Republic of Egypt for twenty-four years, since 14 October 1981. ...

Resignation

The president may resign by delivering his resignation to the People's Assembly. The only president to resign was President Nasser, who submitted his resignation after the overwhelming Egyptian defeat in 1967 war with Israel, before returning back to office after mass demonstrations by the egyptian public. Gamal Abdel Nasser (Arabic: جمال عبد الناصر) Gamal Abdel Nasser (January 15, 1918 - September 28, 1970) was the second President of Egypt after Muhammad Naguib and is considered one of the most important Arab leaders in history. ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ...

Other Information

The official residence and office of the president is Abdeen Palace, in Old Cairo, Cairo. However, every president have served in a different palace of the former royal palaces.
Today, President Mubarak the 4th President usually serves in another presidential palace located in Heliopolis, the Heliopolis Presidential Palace. Abdeen Palace was one of the palaces of the former Egyptian royal family, the descendants of Mohamed Ali. ... Nickname: Egypt: Site of Cairo (top center) Coordinates: Government  - Governor Dr. Abdul Azim Wazir Area  - City 214 km²  (82. ... The Heliopolis Presidential Palace, Kasr al-Ittihadiya (قصر رئاسة الجمهورية) is one of the various Egyptian presidential palaces and houses the executive office for President Mubarak, the 4th Egyptian president. ...

Other Presidential Palaces that function as Guest houses to visiting foreign dignitaries include:

• Koubbeh Palace, in Heliopolis, Cairo
• Tahra Palace, in Heliopolis, Cairo
• Ras Al-Teen Palace, in Alexandria
• Montaza Palace, in Alexandria

Koubbeh Palace, is one of the various Egyptian palaces who currently serves as the countrys official guest house for visiting dignitaries. ... Heliopolis (Greek Ἡλίου πόλις) was one of the most ancient cities of Egypt, and capital of the 13th Lower Egyptian nome. ... Nickname: Egypt: Site of Cairo (top center) Coordinates: Government  - Governor Dr. Abdul Azim Wazir Area  - City 214 km²  (82. ... Heliopolis (Greek Ἡλίου πόλις) was one of the most ancient cities of Egypt, and capital of the 13th Lower Egyptian nome. ... Nickname: Egypt: Site of Cairo (top center) Coordinates: Government  - Governor Dr. Abdul Azim Wazir Area  - City 214 km²  (82. ... Ras Al–Teen palace, located in Alexandria, Egypt, enjoys an outstanding historical position since it is one of few palaces that witnessed the initiation of Mohamed Aly’s dynasty. ... Alexandria (Greek: , Coptic: , Arabic: , Egyptian Arabic: Iskindireyya), (population of 3. ... Montaza Palace Montaza Palace Montaza palace was one of the palaces of the former Egyptian royal family (the descendants of Muhammad Ali) located in Alexandria, Egypt. ... Alexandria (Greek: , Coptic: , Arabic: , Egyptian Arabic: Iskindireyya), (population of 3. ...

Presidents of Egypt

Insignia of a United States Air Force Major General German Generalmajor Insignia Major General is a military rank used in many countries. ... Template:Infobox President Muhammad Naguib (محمد نجيب in Arabic; 20 February 1901 – 29 August 1984) was the first President of the Republic of Egypt. ... 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Colonel (IPA: or ) is a military rank of a commissioned officer, with the corresponding ranks existing in nearly every country in the world. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Note: This article is about the military usage of the word marshal. For other usages, see the end of this article. ... Muhammad Anwar Al-Sadat (محمد أنورالسادات in Arabic) (December 25, 1918 – October 6, 1981) was an Egyptian politician and served as the third President of Egypt from September 28, 1970 until his assassination on October 6, 1981. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Bill Murray Sufi Abu Taleb(born:1925 - ), served as Acting President of Egypt from 6 October 1981 to 14 October 1981, following the assasination of Egypts third president Anwar Sadat. ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 14 is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... An Air Chief Marshals sleeve/shoulder insignia Air Chief Marshal is the most senior rank active in the Royal Air Force (RAF) today, after the inactivation of Marshal of the Royal Air Force as a substantive rank in peacetime during defence cuts of the 1990s. ... Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak (Arabic: محمد حسنى سيد مبارك Muḥammad Ḥusnī Mubārak), commonly known as Hosni Mubarak (Arabic: حسنى مبارك Ḥusnī Mubārak), has been the President of Egypt since 14 October 1981. ... 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Dr. Atef Muhammad Ebeid (born 14 April 1932) was the Prime Minister of Egypt from October 1999 to July 2004. ... June 9 is the 160th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (161st in leap years), with 205 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 21 is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 193 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• Rulers and heads of state of Egypt

This page lists the rulers and heads of state of Egypt since 1805. ...

External links

• The Egyptian President
• Egypt’s Second Republic