Indonesia

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Indonesia Image File history File links Coat_of_Indonesia. ... The politics of Indonesia takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Indonesia is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ...

Pancasila Constitution President (List) Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Vice-president Jusuf Kalla Cabinet People's Consultative Assembly Regional Representatives Council People's Representative Council Political parties Elections Parliament, 2004 President, 2004 Provinces Regional government Foreign relations Foreign aid

Other countries · Atlas  Politics Portal view • talk • edit

The President of the Republic of Indonesia (Presiden Republik Indonesia) is the Head of State as well as the Head of the Government of the Republic of Indonesia. This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This is the list of the presidents of Indonesia. ... General (ret. ... List of Vice Presidents of Indonesia Dr. Mohammad Hatta (1945 - 1956) Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX (1973 -1978) Adam Malik (1978 - 1983) Umar Wirahadikusumah (1983 - 1988) Sudharmono (1988 - 1993) Try Sutrisno (1993 - 1998) B.J.Habibie (1998) Megawati Sukarnoputri (1999 - 2001) Hamzah Haz (2001 - 2004) Jusuf Kalla (2004 - 2009) See also... Jusuf Kalla Jusuf Kalla (born Watampone, South Sulawesi; May 15, 1942) is the current Vice President of Indonesia. ... United Indonesia Cabinet (Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu) is a presidential cabinet led by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Indonesia has moved towards bicameralism by establishing the Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, most commonly called the DPD in the Indonesian media. ... The Peoples Representative Council is the lower house of the legislature of Indonesia. ... A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around very special issues with the aim to participate in power, usually by participating in elections. ... Politics of Indonesia Categories: Election related stubs | Elections in Indonesia ... Legislative elections were held in Indonesia on April 5, 2004. ... A sample ballot paper showing the five presidential candidates and their vice-presidential running-mates. ... The province (Indonesian: provinsi) is the highest tier of local government subnational entity in Indonesia. ... There are four levels of government administration in Indonesia, plus one community-led level of administration. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... US$43 billion in International Monetary Fund (IMF) aid in 2003 was sent as foreign aid to Indonesia, and this assistance has traditionally been an important part of the central government’s budget. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... Queen Elizabeth II, is the Head of State of 16 countries including: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Jamaica, New Zealand and the Bahamas, as well as crown colonies and overseas territories of the United Kingdom. ... The head of government is the leader of the government or cabinet. ...

The History of the Office

The Indonesian Presidency was established during the formulation of the 1945 constitution by the Researching Body for the Preparation of the Indonesian Independence (BPUPKI) ^[1]. The office was first filled on 18th August 1945 when Sukarno was elected by acclamation ^[2]. The election was conducted by the Committee for the Preparation of Indonesian Independence (PPKI) because the body responsible for the Presidential elections, the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), had not been formed yet. On 16th October 1945, Vice President Mohammad Hatta announced a Vice Presidential decree which turned the Central National Committee of Indonesia (KNIP) equal status with that of the President ^[3]. On 11th November 1945, the KNIP made the decision to separate the role of Head of State with that of Head of Government. Although a new constitution had not been set up yet, Indonesia was now a de facto Parliamentary Democracy with the President as a ceremonial Head of State whose function was to ask the Prime Minister as the Head of the Government to form a new Cabinet. Sukarno (June 6, 1901 – June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Mohammad Hatta Mohammad Hatta (born August 12, 1902, Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia); died March 14, 1980, Jakarta) was Indonesias first vice president, after being the countrys Prime Minister. ... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without...

During the Indonesian National Revolution, both Sukarno and Hatta were captured by the Dutch in Yogyakarta on 18th December 1948. Sukarno then gave mandate for Syarifuddin Prawiranegara to form an emergency Government^[4]. This was done and the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI) was formed in Sumatra with Prawiranegara as its Chairman. Prawiranegara handed back his mandate to Sukarno on 13th July 1949 ^[5]. On 17th December 1949, Sukarno was elected President of the Republic of the United States of Indonesia (RIS) and Presidential mandate passed to Asaat ^[6]. When it became clear that RIS was going to be replaced by a unitary state, Asaat stepped down from the Presidency and Sukarno once again became President on 15th August 1950. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... The Special Region of Yogyakarta (Indonesian: Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, or DIY), is a province of Indonesia on the island of Java. ... A map showing the unitary states. ...

Indonesia now adopted the constitution that had been intended for RIS. Officially known as the Provisional Constitution, the document confirms the President's role as the Head of State and his duty to appoint a Prime Minister on the advice of formateurs ^[7]. Sukarno was never content with the role of ceremonial Head of State and did not like Parliamentary Democracy. The people were also not happy with Parliamentary Democracy. Taking advantage of the situation, Sukarno made a speech in April 1959 and suggested that Indonesia return to the 1945 Constitution ^[8]. The People reacted enthusiastically and there was strong pressure on the Constituante, the body responsible for formulating a new constitution, to adopt the 1945 Constitution. When the Constituante did not budge, Sukarno issued a Presidential Decree on 5th July 1959 declaring that Indonesia was returning to the 1945 Constitution ^[9]. With that, Sukarno took back full power and also became the Head of the Government.

Although Indonesia had re-adopted the 1945 Constitution, it did not mean that it was strictly adhered to. The MPR, which at this stage was still on a provisional basis (MPRS), was subservient to the President despite its status of the Nation's highest Governing Body. It was only in 1966, when the political tide began to turn against Sukarno that the MPRS regained its rightful constitutional status.

All throughout his rise to power, General Suharto seemed determined to do things constitutionally and that determination seemed to continue when he became President in 1967. Suharto allowed the MPR to execute its constitutional duty of formulating the Broad Outlines of State Policy (GBHN) whilst he as the President would be responsible for implementing GBHN. Suharto also made it a Presidential obligation to deliver accountability speeches towards the end of his terms. During the speech, Suharto outlined the achievements that his administration had made and how those achievements had adhered to the GBHN set by the MPR. Despite the constitutional and democratic façade, Suharto made sure that the MPR was also subservient to him. In 1969, a law was passed that required appointments to the MPR to be made official by the President ^[10]. In doing so, Suharto established an environment where it would be easy for him to be re-elected. Haji Mohammad Soeharto (born June 8, 1921), more commonly referred to as simply Soeharto (Suharto in the English-speaking world), is a former Indonesian military and political leader. ...

Suharto fell from power in May 1998 and the Presidency experienced changes that was brought forth by Reformasi. Compared to Suharto, who had all of his accountability speeches accepted, BJ Habibie had his only accountability speech rejected. Abdurrahman Wahid then made history by being Indonesia's first democratically elected President because of the lack of unconstitutional manipulation evident in the Sukarno and Suharto Presidencies. He also became the first President who had to beat another candidate to be elected whereas Sukarno and Suharto were sole candidates. As a result of this, Wahid was also the first President to be elected through counting votes instead of by acclamation. On the other side of the coin, Wahid ended his Presidency by being impeached by the MPR, a clear sign that the Presidency is now subservient to the MPR. This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Abdurrahman Wahid (also known as Gus Dur) (born August 4, 1940) was the President of Indonesia from 1999 to 2001, and founder of the National Awakening Party (PKB). ...

During the 2001 MPR Annual Session, it was finally decided that from 2004 onwards, the President will directly be elected by the people ^[11]. In 2004 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono became Indonesia's first directly elected President. General (ret. ...

The Presidency

Requirements to Run for Office

The 1945 Constitution: The Presidential candidate has to be of Indonesian origins.

The Provisional Constitution: The Presidential candidate has to be an Indonesian citizen aged at least 30 years old. He cannot be someone who is deemed to be undesirable or has had his right to take part in elections stripped. He is also required to not be involved with any private corporations.

The Amended 1945 Constitution: The Presidential candidate has to be an Indonesian citizen since his/her birth, who has not willingly become a citizen in another nation, has not betrayed the nation, and is physically and mentally capable of performing the duties. Amended Constitution also states that further criteria will be determined by laws. The President is also required to be nominated by a Political Party or a coalition of Political Parties.

Election, Oath/Promise/Statement of Office, Term of Office, Constitutional Requirement

The 1945 Constitution: Together with the Vice President, the President is elected by the MPR with the largest amount of votes. The President-elect is also required to read either an oath or a promise of office before officially becoming President. The term of office is Five years and after that the President can be re-elected again.

The Provisional Constitution: Together with the Vice President, the President is elected according to rules specified by laws. The President-elect is required to read either an oath or a promise or a statement of office before officially becoming President. The President is constitutionally required to live where the seat of Government is.

The Amended 1945 Constitution: Together with the Vice President, the President is elected directly by the people on a ticket. Further election rules are determined by laws passed by the DPR. The President-elect is required to read either an oath or a promise of office before officially becoming President. The term of office is Five years and after that the President can be re-elected for only one more term.

Powers

The 1945 Constitution: The President has constitutional authority over the Government and has the power to name and remove Ministers. He has the power to create laws with the agreement of the People's Representative Council (DPR) ,to make Government regulations in accordance to laws, and in the case of emergencies has the power to make Government regulations as a substitute to laws. Militarily, the President holds supreme authority over the Army, Navy, and Air Force whilst security-wise, the President has the power to declare a State of Emergency. Diplomatically, the President, with the agreement of the DPR, has the power to declare war, peace, and sign treaties. In addition, he appoints ambassadors and consuls as well as accepting ambassadors from other countries. Finally, the President has power to give amnesty and pardon as well as awarding titles and honours. The Peoples Representative Council is the lower house of the legislature of Indonesia. ...

The Provisional Constitution: The President has the power to name Cabinets and appoint the Prime Minister with the advice of formateurs. The President is able to remove Ministers from office and has the right to be informed of important matters by the Council of Ministers. As the Head of State, the President has the power to dissolve the DPR and order for an election to be held within 30 days. Militarily, the President holds supreme authority over the Armed Forces although any decision on this matter needs to be countersigned by the appropriate ministers and wartime control of the troops has to be placed under an Armed Forces Commander. The President requires permission from the DPR to declare war and sign treaties although he has independent power to appoint ambassadors and to accept them. The President also has the power to grant pardons.

The Amended 1945 Constitution: The President has constitutional authority over the Government and has the power to name and remove Ministers. He has the right to propose bills to DPR, to discuss bills with the DPR to reach an agreement, make Government regulations in accordance to laws, and in the case of emergencies has the power to make Government regulations as a substitute to laws. Militarily, the President holds supreme authority over the Army, Navy, and Air Force. Diplomatically, the President can only sign treaties, appoint ambassadors, accept ambassadors from other countries, rehabillitate prisoners, and appoint Judicial Committee members with the DPR's agreement. The President has the power to grant pardons but must consider the advice of the Supreme Court. The President also has the final say over Chief Justice candidates.

Assistance in Performing Duties

The 1945 Constitution: The President is assisted by the Vice President and his Ministers. The President is also able to seek advice from the Supreme Advisory Council (DPA).

The Provisional Constitution: The President is assisted by the Vice President.

The Amended 1945 Constitution: The President is assisted by the Vice President and his Ministers. The President is also allowed to form his own advisory teams which will further be regulated by laws passed by DPR.

Line of Succession and Impeachment

The 1945 Constitution: If the President dies, resigns, or is unable to perform his/her duties for any reason, he/she is replaced by the Vice President.

The Provisional Constitution: If the President dies, resigns, or is unable to perform his/her duties for any reason, he/she is replaced by the Vice President.

The Amended 1945 Constitution: If the President dies, resigns, or is unable to perform his/her duties for any reason, he/she is replaced by the Vice President. If there is no Vice President, the government will be taken over together by Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Internal Affairs and Minister of Defense. Then the MPR will elect a new president from the two candidates nominated by the political parties whose candidates are the winner and the runner-up in the past presidential election. Under the amended constitution, the President can now be impeached and removed from office. If the President is viewed to be unfit to perform his duties and has committed crimes such as corruption and betraying the Nation, the DPR can appeal to the Supreme Court to try the President. Furthermore, the DPR can ask the Constitutional Court to look into the matter, during which it has 90 days to make a decision. With the decision made, the DPR can motion for the MPR to convene. The President would then be given one last chance to defend himself before the MPR makes the decision whether or not the President should be impeached.

Post-Presidency

Law 7 of 1978 ^[12] stipulates that former Presidents are entitled to a pension. Former Presidents are also entitled to a house with electricity, water, and telephone bills covered by the Government. In addition to that Former Presidents will have free healthcare for his family and a car with chauffeur.

List of Presidents

Official List

• Sukarno (18th August 1945-12th March 1967)
• Suharto (12th March 1967-21st May 1998)
• BJ Habibie (21st May 1998-20th October 1999)
• Abdurrahman Wahid (20th October 1999-23rd July 2001)
• Megawati Sukarnoputri (23rd July 2001-20th October 2004)
• Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (20th October 2004-Present)

Diah Permata Megawati Setiawati Soekarnoputri (born January 23, 1947), was President of Indonesia from July 2001 to October 20, 2004. ...

Unofficial List

• Ir. Sukarno (18th August 1945-18th December 1948)
• Syarifuddin Prawiranegara (18th December 1948-13th July 1949)
• Ir. Sukarno (13th July 1949-17th December 1949)
• Asaat (17th December 1949-15th August 1950)
• Ir. Sukarno (15th August 1950-12th March 1967)
• Major General Suharto (Ret.) (12th March 1967-21st May 1998)
• Professor Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie (21st May 1998-20th October 1999)
• KH. Abdurrahman Wahid (20th October 1999-23rd July 2001)
• Megawati Sukarnoputri (23rd July 2001-20th October 2004)
• General Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (Ret.) (20th October 2004-Present)

Diah Permata Megawati Setiawati Soekarnoputri (born January 23, 1947), was President of Indonesia from July 2001 to October 20, 2004. ...

External links

• 1945 Constitution {id}
• Provisional Constitution {id}
• Amended 1945 Constitution {id}

Notes

v • d • e Presidents of Indonesia
Sukarno | Suharto | Jusuf Habibie | Abdurrahman Wahid | Megawati Sukarnoputri | Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono