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The prethalamus (formerly described as ventral thalamus) or subthalamus is part of the diencephalon and therefore part of the brain. The subthalamus, or ventral thalamus, is part of the diencephalon. ...
The diencephalon is the region of the brain that includes the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus. ...
In animals, the brain, or encephalon (Greek for in the head), is the control center of the central nervous system. ...
Developmental biologist prefer the term prethalamus, as it can be genetically defined (Puelles and Rubenstein, 2003), whereas (human) anatomists often use the expression subthalamus.
The prethalamus is part of the mid-diencephalic territory (MDT) containning also the zona limitans intrathalamica (ZLI), and the thalamus. Caudally, the prethalamus is separated from the thalamus by the ZLI acting as lineage restriction boundary. The pro-neural gene Dlx2 serves a typical marker of the prethalamus. Typical nuclei of the prethalamus are the zona incerta, thalamic reticular nucleus, and the fields of Forel. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
In neuroanatomy, a nucleus is a central nervous system structure that is composed mainly of gray matter, and which acts as a hub or transit point for electrical signals in a single neural subsystem. ...
The zona incerta is a small region of gray matter that is part of the subthalamus. ...
The thalamic reticular nucleus is part of the ventral thalamus that forms a capsule around the thalamus laterally. ...
The prethalamus is patterned by Sonic hedgehog signalling from the ZLI. Anatomically, it develops efferent (output) connections to the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) in the telencephalon, to the thalamus (medial and lateral nuclear groups) in the diencephalon, and to the red nucleus and substantia nigra in the mesencephalon. It receives afferent (input) connections from the substantia nigra and striatum. Sonic hedgehog homolog (SHH) is one of five proteins in the vertebrate hedgehog (HH) family thus far described, the others being desert hedgehog (DHH), Indian hedgehog (IHH), echidna hedgehog (EHH) and tiggywinkle hedgehog (TwHH). ...
In the nervous system, efferent nerves otherwise known as motor or effector neuron carry nerve impulses away from the central nervous systemto effectors - either muscles or glands. ...
Coronal slices of human brain showing the basal ganglia, globus pallidus: external segment (GPe), subthalamic nucleus (STN), globus pallidus: internal segment (GPi), and substantia nigra (SN). ...
Grays Fig. ...
The putamen is a structure in the middle of the brain, forming the striatum together with the caudate nucleus. ...
The telencephalon (te-len-seff-a-lon) is the technical name for a large region within the brain which is attributed many functions, which some groups would class as unique features which make humans stand out from other species. ...
The red nucleus is a structure in the rostral midbrain involved in motor coordination. ...
The substantia nigra (Latin for black substance) is a portion of the midbrain thought to be involved in certain aspects of movement and attention. ...
In biological anatomy, the mesencephalon (or midbrain) is the middle of three vesicles that arise from the neural tube that forms the brain of developing animals. ...
In the nervous system, afferent neurons, otherwise known as sensory or receptor neurons carry nerve impulses from receptors or sense organs towards the central nervous system. ...
| Diencephalon - edit | | third ventricle, interventricular foramina, optic chiasm, subfornical organ The diencephalon is the region of the brain that includes the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus. ...
The third ventricle is one of the four connected fluid-filled cavities within the human brain. ...
The interventricular foramen (aka the foramen of Monro) joins the lateral ventricles of the brain with the anterior third ventricle. ...
Visual pathway with optic chiasm circled The optic chiasm (from the Greek χλαζειν to mark with an X, after the letter Χ chi) is the part of the brain where the optic nerves partially cross, those parts of the right eye which see things on the right side being connected to the...
The Subfornical organ is one of the circumventricular organs of the brain and is involved in thirst-regulation. ...
epithalamus: pineal body, habenula, habenular nuclei The epithalamus is a dorsal posterior segment of the diencephalon (a segment in the middle of the brain also containing the hypothalamus and the thalamus) which includes the habenula, the stria medullaris and the pineal body. ...
Diagram of pituitary and pineal glands. ...
This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. ...
The habenular nuclei are a group of small nuclei which are part of the diencephalon. ...
anterior hypothalamus: anterior hypothalamic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, preoptic area, supraoptic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus In the anatomy of mammals, the hypothalamus is a region of the brain located below the thalamus, forming the major portion of the ventral region of the diencephalon and functioning to regulate certain metabolic processes and other autonomic activities. ...
The Anterior hypothalamic nucleus is a nucleus of the hypothalamus. ...
The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is an aggregation of neurons in the hypothalamus, adjacent to the third ventricle. ...
The preoptic area is a region of the hypothalamus. ...
The supraoptic nucleus (SON) is a nucleus of magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus of the mammalian brain. ...
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a nucleus in the hypothalamus situated immediately above the optic chiasm, on either side of the third ventricle. ...
intermediate/middle/tuberal/pituitary hypothalamus: infundibulum, median eminence, arcuate nucleus, ventromedial nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, tuber cinereum, pituitary gland (anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary) The pituitary stalk, also known as the infundibular stalk or simply the infundibulum is the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary. ...
Median Eminence The median eminence is part of the inferior boundary for the hypothalamus. ...
The arcuate nucleus is an aggregation of neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus, adjacent to the third ventricle and the median eminence. ...
The ventromedial hypothalamus has two parts; The superior and anterior parts. ...
The Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus is a nucleus of the hypothalamus. ...
The tuber cinereum is a hollow madda of gray substance situated between the corpora mammillaria behind, and the optic chiasma in front. ...
The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea that sits in the small, bony cavity (sella turcica) at the base of the brain. ...
The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis) comprises the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. ...
The posterior pituitary (also called the neurohypophysis) comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. ...
posterior/lateral hypothalamus: posterior nucleus, mammillary body, lateral nucleus The posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus is one of the many nuclei that make up the hypothalamic region of the brain. ...
The mammillary bodies (Latin: corpus mamillare) are a pair of small round bodies in the brain forming part of the limbic system. ...
The Lateral hypothalamus is a part of the hypothalamus. ...
subthalamus: subthalamic nucleus The subthalamus, or ventral thalamus, is part of the diencephalon. ...
Coronal slices of human brain showing the basal ganglia, globus pallidus: external segment (GPe), subthalamic nucleus (STN), globus pallidus: internal segment (GPi), and substantia nigra (SN). ...
thalamus: pulvinar, medial geniculate nucleus, lateral geniculate nucleus, list of thalamic nuclei To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
The pulvinar is the caudal-most nucleus of the thalamus that is conventionally divided into oral, inferior, lateral, and medial subnuclei. ...
The medial geniculate nucleus is a nucleus of the thalamus that acts as a relay for auditory information. ...
Grays FIG. 719– Hind- and mid-brains; postero-lateral view. ...
Nuclear groups of the thalamus include: anterior nuclear group anteroventral nucleus anterodorsal nucleus anteromedial nucleus medial nuclear group dorsomedial nucleus parvocellular part magnocellular part midline nuclear group paratenial nucleus parventricular nucleus reuniens nucleus rhombodoidal nucleus intralaminar nuclear group centromedian nucleus parafascicular nucleus paracentral nucleus central lateral nucleus central medial nucleus...
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